showNameProp O:PHYSSIZE Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories showNameProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText sharedText false textHeightProp Cuba Geography Total area: 110,860 km2 Land area: 110,860 km2 Comparative area: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania Land boundaries: 29.1 km; US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29.1 km note: Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba Coastline: 3,735 km Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October) Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica Land use: arable land 23%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and woodland 17%; other 31%; includes irrigated 10% Environment: averages one hurricane every other year Note: largest country in Caribbean; 145 km south of Florida Cuba People Population: 10,846,821 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992) Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 79 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Cuban(s); adjective - Cuban Ethnic divisions: mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1% Religions: 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power Languages: Spanish Literacy: 94% (male 95%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: 3,578,800 in state sector; services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June 1990); economically active population 4,620,800 (1988) Organized labor: Workers Central Union of Cuba (CTC), only labor federation approved by government; 2,910,000 members; the CTC is an umbrella organization composed of 17 member unions Cuba Government Long-form name: Republic of Cuba Type: Communist state Capital: Havana Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara Independence: 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898); administered by the US from 1898 to 1902 Constitution: 24 February 1976 Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953) Executive branch: president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular) Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular) Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in February 1959 and President since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976) Political parties and leaders: only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary Suffrage: universal at age 16 Elections: National Assembly of the People's Power: last held December 1986 (next to be held before December 1992); results - PCC is the only party; seats - (510 total) indirectly elected Communists: about 600,000 full and candidate members Member of: CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation: none; protecting power in the US is Switzerland - Cuban Interests Section; position vacant since March 1992; 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610 Cuba Government US: protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss Embassy; Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN; Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana (mailing address is USINT, Swiss Embassy, Havana, Calzada Entre L Y M, Vedado); telephone 32-0051, 32-0543 Flag: five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white five-pointed star in the center Cuba Economy Overview: The economy, centrally planned and largely state owned, is highly dependent on the agricultural sector and foreign trade. Sugar provided about two-thirds of export revenues in 1991, and over half was exported to the former Soviet republics. The economy has stagnated since 1985 under policies that have deemphasized material incentives in the workplace, abolished farmers' informal produce markets, and raised prices of government-supplied goods and services. In 1990 the economy probably fell 5% largely as a result of declining trade with the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Recently the government has been trying to increase trade with Latin America and China. Cuba has had difficulty servicing its foreign debt since 1982. The government currently is encouraging foreign investment in tourist facilities and in industrial plants idled by falling imports from the former Soviet Union. Other investment priorities include sugar, basic foods, and nickel. The annual Soviet subsidy dropped from $4 billion in 1990 to about $1 billion in 1991 because of a lower price paid for Cuban sugar and a sharp decline in Soviet exports to Cuba. The former Soviet republics have indicated they will no longer extend aid to Cuba beginning in 1992. Instead of highly subsidized trade, Cuba has been shifting to trade at market prices in convertible currencies. Because of increasingly severe shortages of fuels, industrial raw materials, and spare parts, aggregate output dropped by one-fifth in 1991. $17 billion, per capita $1,580; real growth rate -20% (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Budget: revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.) Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: sugar, nickel, medical products, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffee partners: former USSR 63%, China 6%, Canada 4%, Japan 4% (1991 est.) Imports: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: petroleum, capital goods, industrial raw materials, food partners: former USSR 47%, Spain 8%, China 6%, Argentina 5%, Italy 4%, Mexico 3% (1991 est.) External debt: $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989) Industrial production: growth rate 0%; accounts for 45% of GDP (1989) Electricity: 3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,272 million kWh produced, 1,516 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee, rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar) Cuba Economy Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion Currency: Cuban peso (plural - pesos); 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos Exchange rates: Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar) Fiscal year: calendar year Cuba Communications Railroads: 12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of 0.914-m and 1.435-m gauge Highways: 26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989 est.) Inland waterways: 240 km Ports: Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35 minor Merchant marine: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 537,464 GRT/755,824 DWT; includes 46 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an additional 45 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 574,047 DWT under the registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta Civil air: 88 major transport aircraft Airports: 189 total, 167 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; 229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station Cuba Defense Forces Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces (including Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force[DAAFR]), Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Defense Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops, Youth Labor Army, Civil Defense, National Revolutionary Police Manpower availability: eligible 15-49, 6,130,641; of the 3,076,276 males 15-49, 1,925,648 are fit for military service; of the 3,054,365 females 15-49, 1,907,281 are fit for military service; 97,973 males and 94,514 females reach military age (17) annually Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion, 6% of GNP (1989 est.) entryText (1sharedText false 1L1textHeightProp CUBA - Passport and visa required. Tourist visa $26, business visa $36, valid up to 6 months, requires 1 application and photo. Send cash or money order only and SASE for return of passport. Apply Cuban Interests Section, 2639 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/797-8609 or 8518). AIDS test required for those staying longer than 90 days. Attention: U.S. citizens need a Treasury Dept. license in order to engage in any transactions related to travel to and within Cuba. Before planning any travel to Cuba, U.S. citizens should contact the Licensing Division, Office of Foreign Assets Control, Department of the Treasury, 1331 G St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20220 (202/566-2701). Cuba - Consular Information Sheet October 27, 1992 U.S. Representation: The United States does not maintain an embassy in Cuba. U.S. citizens who travel to Cuba can contact and register with the U.S. Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy. The U.S. Interests Section is located in Havana at Calzada between L & M, Vedado; telephone 33-3550 through 33-3559. Country Description: Cuba is a developing country under the Communist rule of Fidel Castro. The United States has no direct diplomatic relations with Cuba. Entry Requirements: U.S. citizens need a Treasury Department license in order to engage in any transactions related to travel to and within Cuba. Information and the required license may be obtained by contacting the Licensing Division, Office of Foreign Assets Control at the Department of the Treasury (202/622-2480). Should a license be granted, a passport and a visa are also required for entry to Cuba. For current information on Cuban entry and customs requirements, travelers can contact the Cuban Interests Section, an office of the Cuban Government located at 2630 and 2639 16th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009, tel: (202) 797-8518. Medical Facilities: Medical care does not meet U.S. standards. Many U.S. medications are unavailable. It is useful for travelers to Cuba to bring with them any prescribed medicine which is for their personal use. A copy of the prescription and a letter from the physician explaining the need for prescription drugs will facilitate entry into the country. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. In some cases, supplemental medical insurance providing specific overseas coverage has proved useful. For additional health information, travelers can contact the Centers for Disease Control's international travelers hotline at (404) 332- 4559. Crime Information: Due to the deteriorating economic situation in Cuba, robberies, including those resulting in injuries, are increasing. Even the low-budget traveler has many items, including currency, that are attractive to thieves. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad". It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402. Currency Regulations (Cuban): The Cuban Government prohibits currency exchange except at the official rate and at government offices. Failure to properly declare currency and foreign goods brought into Cuba upon entry is punishable under Cuban law by imprisonment for two to five years. Questions about Cuban currency and import regulations may be directed to the Cuban Interests Section in Washington, D.C. Currency Regulations (U.S.): Effective November 1, 1991, a limit of $500 was placed on funds that U.S. citizens or residents may pay to Cuba relating to fees imposed by the Cuban Government relating to travel to Cuba. A limit of $300 per three-month period has been placed on family remittances sent from the U.S. to relatives in Cuba. The Treasury Department has also prohibited returning Cubans from taking more non-Cuban currency home than they brought to the U.S. Currency Regulations (Credit Card Restrictions): U.S. citizens and permanent resident aliens are prohibited from using credit cards in Cuba. U.S. credit card companies will not accept vouchers from Cuba, and Cuban shops, hotels, and other places of business do not accept U.S. credit cards. Personal checks drawn on U.S. banks may not be accepted in Cuba. Travelers checks may be acceptable, however. Currency Regulations (U.S. Treasury Department Restrictions): The Cuban Assets Control Regulations of the U.S. Treasury Department require that persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction be licensed to engage in any transactions related to travel to and within Cuba. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in prosecution upon return to the United States. For further information on the U.S. Treasury Department's licensing requirements, travelers can contact the Office of Foreign Assets Controls. Other Information (Dual Nationality): The Government of Cuba considers all Cuban-born U.S. citizens to be solely Cuban citizens. The Cuban Government does not recognize the right or obligation of the U.S. Government to protect dual U.S./Cuban citizens and has consistently denied U.S. consular officers the right to visit incarcerated dual U.S./Cuban nationals to ascertain their welfare and proper treatment under Cuban law. Dual U.S./Cuban nationals are required by Cuban law to enter and depart Cuba using Cuban passports. Using a Cuban passport for this purpose does not jeopardize one's U.S. citizenship; however, such persons must use their U.S. passports to enter and depart the U.S. and to transit any countries en route. Dual U.S./Cuban nationals may be subject to a range of restrictions and obligations, including military service, in Cuba. Other Information (Restriction on Photography): Photographing military or police installations or personnel, or harbor, rail and airport facilities is forbidden. Drug Penalties: Penalties for the possession, use, and dealing of illegal drugs are severe, and convicted offenders can expect lengthy jail sentences. Those accused of drug-related and other crimes can expect lengthy legal proceedings and delayed due process. Tips for Travelers: The Department of State's pamphlet "Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean", which offers general information on travel to the area, is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Interests Section in Havana can obtain updated information on travel and security within the country. Transportation and communication within Cuba, including Havana, can be extremely difficult. Telephone service within Cuba and between Cuba and the United States is very poor. It may therefore be very difficult for the U.S. Interests Section in Havana to assist distressed Americans, should an emergency arise. No. 92-067 Show Text objectFromPoint( bshowtext() buttonUp buttonUp bshowtext Show Text Eur-Asia :PHYSSIZE NE Asia objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Asia + SE Asia objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Southeast Asia Europe objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Europe Middle East objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Middle East Arctic Ocean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Arctic Ocean Pacific Ocean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Indian Ocean Eurasia :PHYSSIZE Eur-Asia objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Europe }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp :PHYSSIZE Western Europe Area }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Western Europe Scandinavia Area }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Northern Europe Eastern Europe Area }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Eastern Europe Arctic Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Atlantic Ocean Europea :PHYSSIZE Eur-Asia objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "Europe2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp Europe2.bmp showRegionX View Detailed Map Southern Africa :PHYSSIZE Angola }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Angola Namibia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Namibia Zambia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Zambia Zimbabwe }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Zimbabwe Botswana }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Botswana South Africa }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp S. Africa Mozambique }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Mozambique Lesotho }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Lesotho Swaziland }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Swaziland Malawi }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Malawi Tanzania }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Tanzania Zaire }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Zaire Rwanda }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Rwanda Burundi }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Burundi Saint Helena }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp St. Helena Indian Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Atlantic Ocean Southern Africa :PHYSSIZE Africa objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Madagascar Area :PHYSSIZE Madagascar }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Madagascar Comoros }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Comoros Mayotte }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Mayotte Reunion }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Reunion Mauritius }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Mauritius Seychelles }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Seychelles Juan de Nova Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Juan de Nova Bassas da India }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bassas da India Europa Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Europa Is. Glorioso Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Glorioso Is. Tromelin Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Tromelin Is. Indian Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Indian Ocean Madagascar Area :PHYSSIZE Africa objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp -- Copyright 1992 Wayzata Technology, Inc. (218) 326-0597 4s_bmpHandle selectedTextlines DOSfName regionfnames "earth_mi. "\maps\regions\bmap\" & fPath tbkBitmap("close bmpFile") " && 9 && "alias " style overlapped " && H state bitmap's translating emessages status translatewindowmessage bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown untranslate they unTranslateAllWindowMessages a timer edirectly (Alt-f4) lets efinish closing 4sending a --which turn sends a windows tbkTimerStart("single",500,100, tbkMMTimer bmpButtonDown buttonUp bmpWindowClose tbkMMTimer buttonUp \maps\regions\bmap\ close bmpFile tbkBitmap alias bmpFile style overlapped parent tbkBitmap window bmpFile state show tbkBitmap status bmpFile window tbkBitmap bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown fPath regionfnames s_bmpHandle bmpButtonDown close bmpFile tbkBitmap s_bmpHandle bmpWindowClose single tbkTimerStart tbkMMTimer 5fbmpButtonDown rName bmpButtonDown close bmpFile tbkBitmap s_bmpHandle bmpWindowClose single tbkTimerStart tbkMMTimer 5fbmpButtonDown 4lastCard leaveCountry() startCountry(); dobackup -- card that called -- Copyright 1992 Wayzata Technology, Inc. (218) 326-0597 4onCountryPage bshowtext -- the Hide/Show Text over map") redoCountryText() 4countryName 4countryNum 4doingHitList 4textshown 4firstSearchWord sysSuspendMessages redoCountryButtons() countryText -- avoid flashing entryText -- "most recent" "escape begin" ID 2 "Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories" showPhotos num 4s_bmpHandle -- DOSfName photofnames -- "earth_mi. "\photos\bmap\" & fPath tbkBitmap("close bmpFile") " && < && "alias # style overlapped " && J state bitmap's translating emessages status translatewindowmessage bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown untranslate they unTranslateAllWindowMessages a timer edirectly (Alt-f4) lets efinish closing 4sending a --which turn sends a windows tbkTimerStart("single",500,100, tbkMMTimer enterBackground leaveBackground enterPage bmpButtonDown bmpWindowClose leavePage tbkMMTimer dobackup startCountry leaveCountry bshowtext showPhotos leavePage leaveCountry lastCard enterPage startCountry dobackup lastCard enterBackground onCountryPage leaveBackground onCountryPage bshowtext Show Text over map active,checked Show Text over map Show Text over map redoCountryText startCountry redoCountryText redoCountryButtons firstSearchWord textshown doingHitList lastCard countryNum countryName leaveCountry lastCard showPhotos \photos\bmap\ close bmpFile tbkBitmap alias bmpFile style overlapped parent tbkBitmap window bmpFile state show tbkBitmap status bmpFile window tbkBitmap bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown fPath photofnames s_bmpHandle bmpButtonDown close bmpFile tbkBitmap s_bmpHandle bmpWindowClose single tbkTimerStart tbkMMTimer 5fbmpButtonDown dobackup -- card that called 4lastCard "Show Buttons over map" Text c"Options" "Wayzata World Factbook Help" "About "tbkmm.sbk" tbkmmInitializeSystem redoCountryText 4textshown entryText countryText BUTTON " "Hide BID 0 B"Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories" BID 0 suspendStack -- Called upon HELP --ConvertIt!: ccommands & ximplemented -- HyperTalk: reset -- Don't display CATEGORIES resumeStack helpMenu -- Re- -- Display no conversion THERE IS A operator, writing OpenScript functions: there helpMenuItems() following Ucould xbe translated ( ^names): menuMessage HelpFactbook ht_go 8" & wayzataGoTo cardName iris direction xsupported: mapping "visual", try: expression used zmay need tweaking: wayzataGoToNum wayzataGoToBack WayzataGoPrevious WayzataGoNext redoCountryButtons ap") ( "most recent" = "escape begin" sysErr B"Photos..." (result ("YES" ShowButtonsovermap 4onCountryPage ap") 1 ap" P-- redraw ]Coutries ShowTextovermap WayzataWorldFactbookHelp AboutWayzataWorldFactbook aboutText 1993 Edition" & CRLF & " HJames Wick Dave Jackson."\ (Copyright 1993 Technology, Inc." & RData compiled Hthe Central Intelligence Agency The State Department." & you publishing your tdatabase on CD-ROM."\ 1-800-735-7321 (218) 326-0597" helpMenu enterBook wayzataGoTo wayzataGoToNum enterSystem wayzataGoToBack WayzataGoPrevious suspendStack WayzataGoNext ShowButtonsovermap resumeStack ShowTextovermap WayzataWorldFactbookHelp leaveBook AboutWayzataWorldFactbook redoCountryText dobackup helpMenuItems redoCountryButtons dobackup lastCard enterSystem leaveBook enterBook sizeToPage tbkmm.sbk tbkmm.sbk tbkmmInitializeSystem Options Show Buttons over map Options Show Text over map Options Wayzata World Factbook Help About Wayzata World Factbook Show Buttons over map redoCountryText Show Text over map active,checked Show Text Hide Text Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories Show Text Show Text countryText entryText textshown suspendStack resumeStack khelpMenu helpMenu helpMenuItems Help Factbook wayzataGoTo cardName wayzataGoToNum cardName wayzataGoToBack WayzataGoPrevious WayzataGoNext redoCountryButtons Show Buttons over map active,checked most recent escape to begin Show Text Photos... most recent escape to begin Show Text Photos... sysErr ShowButtonsovermap Show Buttons over map active,checked Show Buttons over map Show Buttons over map redoCountryButtons onCountryPage ShowTextovermap Show Text over map active,checked Show Text over map Show Text over map redoCountryText onCountryPage WayzataWorldFactbookHelp AboutWayzataWorldFactbook Wayzata World Factbook 1993 Edition by James Wick and Dave Jackson. Copyright 1993 Wayzata Technology, Inc. Data compiled by the Central Intelligence Agency and The State Department. Let Wayzata help you in publishing your next database on CD-ROM. 1-800-735-7321 or (218) 326-0597 aboutText 4s_bmpHandle wtime "down" photofnames) countX lastC i >= 1 "\photos\bmap\" & fPath tbkBitmap("close bmpFile") " && G && "alias $ style overlapped " && L state -- bitmap's translating emessages status translatewindowmessage bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown untranslate they unTranslateAllWindowMessages a timer edirectly (Alt-f4) lets efinish closing 4sending a --which turn sends a windows tbkTimerStart("single",500,100, tbkMMTimer bmpButtonDown buttonUp bmpWindowClose tbkMMTimer buttonUp \photos\bmap\ close bmpFile tbkBitmap alias bmpFile style overlapped parent tbkBitmap window bmpFile state show tbkBitmap status bmpFile window tbkBitmap bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown sizeToPage fPath lastC countX photofnames wtime s_bmpHandle bmpButtonDown close bmpFile tbkBitmap s_bmpHandle bmpWindowClose single tbkTimerStart tbkMMTimer 5fbmpButtonDown 4s_bmpHandle DOSfName num HighName "earth_mi. "\charts\bmap\" & & ".BMP" fPath tbkBitmap("close bmpFile") " && 9 && "alias " style overlapped " && H state bitmap's translating emessages status translatewindowmessage bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown untranslate they unTranslateAllWindowMessages a timer edirectly (Alt-f4) lets efinish closing 4sending a --which turn sends a windows tbkTimerStart("single",500,100, tbkMMTimer bmpButtonDown buttonUp bmpWindowClose tbkMMTimer buttonUp \charts\bmap\ close bmpFile tbkBitmap alias bmpFile style overlapped parent tbkBitmap window bmpFile state show tbkBitmap status bmpFile window tbkBitmap bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown fPath HighName s_bmpHandle bmpButtonDown close bmpFile tbkBitmap s_bmpHandle bmpWindowClose single tbkTimerStart tbkMMTimer 5fbmpButtonDown 4s_bmpHandle DOSfName num LowName "earth_mi. "\charts\bmap\" & & ".BMP" fPath tbkBitmap("close bmpFile") " && 9 && "alias " style overlapped " && H state bitmap's translating emessages status translatewindowmessage bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown untranslate they unTranslateAllWindowMessages a timer edirectly (Alt-f4) lets efinish closing 4sending a --which turn sends a windows tbkTimerStart("single",500,100, tbkMMTimer bmpButtonDown buttonUp bmpWindowClose tbkMMTimer buttonUp \charts\bmap\ close bmpFile tbkBitmap alias bmpFile style overlapped parent tbkBitmap window bmpFile state show tbkBitmap status bmpFile window tbkBitmap bmpWindowClose bmpButtonDown fPath LowName s_bmpHandle bmpButtonDown close bmpFile tbkBitmap s_bmpHandle bmpWindowClose single tbkTimerStart tbkMMTimer 5fbmpButtonDown Afghanistan 7R?J@ :PHYSSIZE Afghanistan showNameProp Afghanistan Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories showNameProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText textHeightProp sharedText false Afghanistan Geography Total area: 647,500 km2 Land area: 647,500 km2 Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas Land boundaries: 5,529 km total; China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km Coastline: none - landlocked Maritime claims: none - landlocked Disputes: Pashtunistan issue over the North-West Frontier Province with Pakistan; periodic disputes with Iran over Helmand water rights; Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Iran continue to support clients in country; power struggles among various groups for control of Kabul, regional rivalries among emerging warlords, and traditional tribal disputes continue Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest Natural resources: natural gas, crude oil, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones Land use: arable land 12%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and woodland 3%; other 39%; includes irrigated NEGL% Environment: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil degradation, desertification, overgrazing, deforestation, pollution Note: landlocked Afghanistan People Population: US Bureau of the Census - 16,095,664 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) and excludes 3,750,796 refugees in Pakistan and 1,607,281 refugees in Iran; note - another report indicates a July 1990 population of 16,904,904, including 3,271,580 refugees in Pakistan and 1,277,700 refugees in Iran Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992); note - there are flows across the border in both directions, but data are fragmentary and unreliable Infant mortality rate: 162 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 45 years male, 43 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Afghan(s); adjective - Afghan Ethnic divisions: Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others Religions: Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi`a Muslim 15%, other 1% Languages: Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%; much bilingualism Literacy: 29% (male 44%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: 4,980,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, construction 6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7%, (1980 est.) Organized labor: some small government-controlled unions existed under the former regime but probably now have disbanded Afghanistan Government Long-form name: Islamic State of Afghanistan Type: transitional Capital: Kabul Administrative divisions: 30 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, Zabol; note - there may be a new province of Nurestan (Nuristan) Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK) Constitution: the old Communist-era constitution probably will be replaced with an Islamic constitution Legal system: a new legal system has not been adopted but the transitional government has declared it will follow Islamic law (Shari`a) National holiday: 28 April, Victory of the Muslim Nation; 4 May, Remembrance Day for Martyrs and Disabled; 19 August, Independence Day Executive branch: a 51-member transitional council headed by Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI rules Kabul; this body is to turn over power to a leadership council, which will function as the government and organize elections; Burhanuddin RABBANI will serve as interim President Legislative branch: previous bicameral legislature has been abolished Judicial branch: an interim Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has been appointed, but a new court system has not yet been organized Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Interim President Burhanuddin RABBANI; First Vice President Abdul Wahed SORABI (since 7 January 1991); Prime Minister Fazil Haq KHALIQYAR (since 21 May 1990) Political parties and leaders: the former resistance parties represent the only current political organizations and include Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Society), Burhanuddin RABBANI; Hizbi Islami-Gulbuddin (Islamic Party), Gulbuddin Hikmatyar Faction; Hizbi Islami-Khalis (Islamic Party) Yunis Khalis Faction; Ittihad-i-Islami Barai Azadi Afghanistan (Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan), Abdul Rasul SAYYAF; Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Revolutionary Movement), Mohammad Nabi MOHAMMADI; Jabha-i-Najat-i-Milli Afghanistan (Afghanistan National Liberation Front), Sibghatullah MOJADDEDI; Mahaz-i-Milli-Islami (National Islamic Front), Sayed Ahamad GAILANI; Jonbesh-i-Milli Islami (National Islamic Movement), Ahmad Shah MASOOD and Rashid DOSTAM; Hizbi Wahdat (Islamic Unity Party), and a number of minor resistance parties; the former ruling Watan Party has been disbanded Suffrage: undetermined; previously universal, male ages 15-50 Elections: the transition government has promised elections in October 1992 Communists: the former ruling Watan (Homeland) Party has been disbanded Afghanistan Government Other political or pressure groups: the former resistance commanders are the major power brokers in the countryside; shuras (councils) of commanders are now administering most cities outside Kabul; ulema (religious scholars); tribal elders Member of: Has previously been a member of AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO; note - the new government has not yet announced whether it will continue to be a member of these bodies; the former resistance government in exile (Afghan Interim Government) was given membership in the OIC in 1989 Diplomatic representation: previous Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires Abdul Ghafur JOUSHAN; Chancery at 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-3770 or 3771; a new representative has not yet been named US: Charge d'Affaires (vacant); Embassy at Ansari Wat, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul; telephone 62230 through 62235 or 62436; note - US Embassy in Kabul was closed in January 1989 Flag: a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag consisted of three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green, with the national coat of arms superimposed on the hoist side of the black and red bands; similar to the flag of Malawi, which is shorter and bears a radiant, rising red sun centered in the black band Afghanistan Economy Overview: Fundamentally, Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly dependent on farming (wheat especially) and livestock raising (sheep and goats). Economic considerations, however, have played second fiddle to political and military upheavals during more than 13 years of war, including the nearly 10-year Soviet military occupation (which ended 15 February 1989). Over the past decade, one-third of the population fled the country, with Pakistan sheltering more than 3 million refugees and Iran about 1.3 million. Another 1 million probably moved into and around urban areas within Afghanistan. Although reliable data are unavailable, gross domestic product is lower than 12 years ago because of the loss of labor and capital and the disruption of trade and transport. exchange rate conversion - $3 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate 0% (1989 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): over 90% (1991 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues NA; expenditures NA, including capital expenditures of NA Exports: $236 million (f.o.b., FY91 est.) commodities: natural gas 55%, fruits and nuts 24%, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides, and pelts partners: mostly former USSR Imports: $874 million (c.i.f., FY91 est.) commodities: food and petroleum products partners: mostly former USSR External debt: $2.3 billion (March 1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (FY91 est.); accounts for about 25% of GDP Electricity: 480,000 kW capacity; 1,450 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, oil, coal, copper Agriculture: largely subsistence farming and nomadic animal husbandry; cash products - wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton Illicit drugs: an illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade; world's second-largest opium producer (after Burma) and a major source of hashish Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $510 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $57 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.1 billion; net official Western disbursements (1985-89), $270 million Currency: afghani (plural - afghanis); 1 afghani (Af) = 100 puls Afghanistan Economy Exchange rates: afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 550 (May 1992, free market exchange rate), 900 (free market exchange rate as of November 1991), 850 (1991), 700 (1989-90), 220 (1988-89); note - these rates reflect the bazaar rates rather than the official exchange rates Fiscal year: 21 March - 20 March Afghanistan Communications Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge from Kushka (Turkmenistan) to Towraghondi and 15.0 km from Termez (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment point on south bank of Amu Darya Highways: 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800 km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous-treated gravel and improved earth, 16,550 km unimproved earth and tracks Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200 km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles steamers up to about 500 metric tons Pipelines: petroleum products - former USSR to Bagram and former USSR to Shindand; natural gas 180 km Ports: Shir Khan and Kheyrabad (river ports) Civil air: 2 Tu-154, 2 Boeing 727, 4 Yak-40, assorted smaller transports Airports: 41 total, 37 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television introduced in 1980; 31,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station Afghanistan Defense Forces Branches: the military currently is being reorganized by the new government and does not yet exist on a national scale; some elements of the former Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard, Border Guard Forces, National Police Force (Sarandoi), and Tribal Militias remain intact and are supporting the new government; the government has asked all military personnel to return to their stations; a large number of former resistance groups also field irregular military forces; the Ministry of State Security (WAD) has been disbanded Manpower availability: males 15-49, 3,989,232; 2,139,771 fit for military service; 150,572 reach military age (22) annually Defense expenditures: the new government has not yet adopted a defense budget entryText J8@8textHeightProp ^8sharedText false AFGHANISTAN - Passport and visa required. Tourist visa requires application forms, 2 photos and $10 fee. Business visa requires Afghan sponsor, 2 applications, 2 photos and $10 fee. Journalists must have letter stating purpose of visit, letter from employer, resume and published articles on Afghanistan. Visas must be approved by authorities in Afghanistan. Allow ample time for processing. For further information contact Embassy of the Republic of Afghanistan, 2341 Wyoming Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/234-3770-1). AFGHANISTAN - WARNING JULY 10, 1992 The Department of State strongly urges U.S. citizens to avoid travel to Afghanistan. In spite of the recent change in government, a high level of civil instability and risk to personal safety prevails due to sporadic armed clashes among rival ethnic groups and political factions, and due to general lawlessness in many parts of the country. Westerners remain vulnerable to politically and criminally-motivated attacks and violence, including robbery, kidnapping and hostage-taking. Land mines are still prevalent throughout the countryside. All personnel at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul were evacuated on January 31, 1989. As a result, the U.S. Government is not in a position to provide consular protective services to U.S. citizens in Afghanistan. In addition, no other diplomatic mission represents U.S. interests or provides consular services. No. 92-143 This replaces the travel advisory of April 6, 1992, and advises of the continuing risk of travel in Afghanistan due to the rivalries and armed clashes between various ethnic and political factions. Show Text objectFromPoint( bshowtext() buttonUp buttonUp bshowtext Show Text Albania :PHYSSIZE Albania showNameProp Albania Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories showNameProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText textHeightProp sharedText false )))) Albania Geography Total area: 28,750 km2 Land area: 27,400 km2 Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland Land boundaries: 720 km total; Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro) Coastline: 362 km Maritime claims: Continental shelf: not specified Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: Kosovo question with Serbia and Montenegro; Northern Epirus question with Greece Climate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel Land use: arable land 21%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 15%; forest and woodland 38%; other 22%; includes irrigated 1% Environment: subject to destructive earthquakes; tsunami occur along southwestern coast Note: strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea) Albania People Population: 3,285,224 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992) Birth rate: 23 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: --6 migrants/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 78 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Albanian(s); adjective - Albanian Ethnic divisions: Albanian 90%, Greeks 8%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians) (1989 est.) Religions: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice; estimates of religious affiliation - Muslim 70%, Greek Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% Languages: Albanian (Tosk is official dialect), Greek Literacy: 72% (male 80%, female 63%) age 9 and over can read and write (1955) Labor force: 1,500,000 (1987); agriculture about 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986) Organized labor: Independent Trade Union Federation of Albania; Confederation of Trade Unions Albania Government Long-form name: Republic of Albania Type: nascent democracy Capital: Tirane Administrative divisions: 26 districts (rrethe, singular - rreth); Berat, Dibre, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Gramsh, Kolonje, Kore, Kruje, Kukes, Lezhe, Librazhd, Lushnje, Mat, Mirdite, Permet, Pogradec, Puke, Sarande, Shkoder, Skrapar, Tepelene, Tirane, Tropoje, Vlore Independence: 28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire); People's Socialist Republic of Albania declared 11 January 1946 Constitution: an interim basic law was approved by the People's Assembly on 29 April 1991; a new constitution is to be drafted for adoption in 1992 Legal system: has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 November (1944) Executive branch: president, prime minister of the Council of Ministers, two deputy prime ministers of the Council of Ministers Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Kuvendi Popullor) Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State: President of the Republic Sali BERISHA (since 9 April 1992) Head of Government: Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers Aleksander MEKSI (since 10 April 1992) Political parties and leaders: there are at least 18 political parties; most prominent are the Albanian Socialist Party (ASP), Fatos NANO, first secretary; Democratic Party (DP), Eduard SELAMI, chairman; Albanian Republican Party (RP), Sabri GODO; Omonia (Greek minority party), leader NA (ran in 1992 election as Unity for Human Rights Party (UHP)); Social Democratic Party (SDP), Skender GJINUSHI; note - in December 1990 then President ALIA allowed new political parties to be formed in addition to the then AWP for the first time since 1944 Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 Elections: People's Assembly: last held 22 March 1992; results - DP 62.29%, ASP 25.57%, SDP 4.33%, RP 3.15%, UHP 2.92%, other 1.74%; seats - (140 total) DP 92, ASP 38, SDP 7, RP 1, UHP 2 Member of: CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Diplomatic representation: Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim (30 April 1991) Sazan Hyda BEJO; chancery (temporary) at 320 East 79th Street, New York, NY 10021; telephone (212) 249-2059 US: Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at Rruga Labinoti 103, room 2921, Tirane (mailing address is APO AE 09624); telephone 355-42-32875; FAX 355-42-32222 Albania Government Flag: red with a black two-headed eagle in the center Albania Economy Overview: The Albanian economy, already providing the lowest standard of living in Europe, contracted sharply in 1991, with most industries producing at only a fraction of past levels and an unemployment rate estimated at 40%. For over 40 years, the Stalinist-type economy has operated on the principle of central planning and state ownership of the means of production. Albania began fitful economic reforms during 1991, including the liberalization of prices and trade, the privatization of shops and transport, and land reform. These reform measures were crippled, however, by the widespread civil disorder that accompanied the collapse of the Communist state. Following their overwhelming victory in the 22 March 1991 elections, the new Democratic government announced a program of shock therapy to stabilize the economy and establish a market economy. In an effort to expand international ties, Tirane has reestablished diplomatic relations with the former Soviet Union and the US and has joined the IMF and World Bank. The Albanians have also passed legislation allowing foreign investment. Albania possesses considerable mineral resources and, until 1990, was largely self-sufficient in food; however, the breakup of cooperative farms in 1991 and general economic decline forced Albania to rely on foreign aid to maintain adequate supplies. Available statistics on Albanian economic activity are rudimentary and subject to an especially wide margin of error. purchasing power equivalent - $2.7 billion, per capita $820; real growth rate --35% (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 100% (1991 est.) Unemployment rate: 40% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.) Exports: $80 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: asphalt, petroleum products, metals and metallic ores, electricity, crude oil, vegetables, fruits, tobacco partners: Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Greece, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary Imports: $147 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery, machine tools, iron and steel products, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals partners: Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria External debt: $500 million (1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate --55% (1991 est.) Electricity: 1,690,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita (1990) Industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, basic metals, hydropower Albania Economy Agriculture: arable land per capita among lowest in Europe; over 60% of arable land now in private hands; one-half of work force engaged in farming; wide range of temperate-zone crops and livestock; severe dislocations suffered in 1991 Economic aid: $190 million humanitarian aid, $94 million in loans/guarantees/credits Currency: lek (plural - leke); 1 lek (L) = 100 qintars Exchange rates: leke (L) per US$1 - 50 (January 1992), 25 (September 1991) Fiscal year: calendar year Albania Communications Railroads: 543 km total; 509 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track and 34 km narrow gauge, single track (1990); line connecting Titograd (Serbia and Montenegro) and Shkoder (Albania) completed August 1986 Highways: 16,700 km total; 6,700 km highways, 10,000 km forest and agricultural cart roads (1990) Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1990) Pipelines: crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1988) Ports: Durres, Sarande, Vlore Merchant marine: 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,886 GRT/76,449 DWT Airports: 12 total, 10 usable; more than 5 with permanent-surface runways; more than 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: inadequate service; 15,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13 AM, 1 TV; 514,000 radios, 255,000 TVs (1987 est.) Albania Defense Forces Branches: Army, Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Interior Ministry Troops, Border Troops Manpower availability: males 15-49, 886,032; 731,072 fit for military service; 33,028 reach military age (19) annually Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - 1.0 billion leks, NA% of GNP (FY90); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results entryText .textHeightProp .sharedText false ALBANIA - Passport and visa required. Apply Albanian Mission, 131 Rue de la Pompe, Paris 16e France or Via Asmara 9, Rome, Italy or any other country that maintains diplomatic relations with Albania. (At the time of publication there was no Albanian Embassy or Consulate in the U.S.) Albania - Consular Information Sheet October 7, 1992 Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Tirana, Albania, is located at Rruga Labinoti 103; telephone (355) (42) 32875. Although the U.S. Embassy in Tirana is open, routine consular assistance to U.S. citizens in Albania is not yet available. Services are limited to emergency assistance only. A limited appointment system for U.S. citizenship and passport services began in January 1992. Country Description: Albania is undergoing profound political and economic change. Recent economic and political tensions in Albania have led to several large demonstrations and some violence. Persons who participate in or photograph demonstrations risk arrest. Facilities for tourism are not highly developed, and many of the goods and services taken for granted in other European countries are not yet available. Entry Requirements: The Albanian government no longer requires visas of American citizens. A 10 dollar airport fee must be paid to customs upon departure. Americans planning to travel to Albania can contact for specific entry/exit requirements the Embassy of the Republic of Albania at 1150 18th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036, tel. (202) 223-4942, or an Albanian mission abroad (for example, the Albanian mission to France in Paris or the Albanian Embassy in Rome, Italy). Medical Facilities: Medical facilities are limited. Medicine is in short supply. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Travelers have found that in some cases, supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. Further information on health matters can be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control's international traveler's hotline on (404) 332-4559. Crime Information: Crime against tourists (robbery, mugging, and pickpocketing) is a growing problem, especially on city streets after dark. The Department of State s pamphlet "A Safe Trip Abroad" is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. It provides useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad. Other Information: Credit cards and traveler s checks are rarely accepted in Albania. In addition, hotel accommodations are very limited, and even confirmed reservations are sometimes not honored. Drug Penalties: Penalties for possession, use, and dealing of illegal drugs are severe, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Adoption Information: On March 19, 1992, the Albanian government suspended the adoption process until further notice. The Albanian government intends to draft new legislation governing the international adoption process. Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy may obtain updated information on travel and security within the country. No. 92-001 Show Text objectFromPoint( bshowtext() buttonUp buttonUp bshowtext Show Text 0$2$2$ Caribbean "8"%4%4% :PHYSSIZE The Bahamas }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bahamas Turks and Caicos Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Turks & Caicos Is. }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Jamaica }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Jamaica Aruba }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Aruba Netherlands Antilles }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Neth. Antilles Trinidad and Tobago }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Trinidad & Tobago Grenada }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Grenada Cayman Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Cayman Is. Haiti }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Haiti Dominican Republic }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Dom. Rep. Puerto Rico }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Puerto Rico British Virgin Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Br. Virgin Is. Virgin Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Virgin Is. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp St. Vin. & Gr. Barbados }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Barbados Saint Lucia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp St. Lucia Martinique }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Martinique Dominica }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Dominica Guadeloupe }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Guadeloupe Montserrat }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Montserrat Antigua and Barbuda }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Anti. & Bar. Saint Kitts and Nevis }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp St. Kitts & Nevis Anguilla }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Anguilla Navassa Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Navassa Is. Atlantic Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Atlantic Ocean Caribbean ":PHYSSIZE North America objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "caribb2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp caribb2.bmp showRegionX View Caribbean Antarctica Area :PHYSSIZE Bouvet Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bouvet Island Heard Island and McDonald Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Heard & McDonald Is. Antarctica objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Antarctica Atlantic Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Pacific Ocean Antarctica 6 :PHYSSIZE Antarctica Area '1 _A objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "Antarc2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp Antarc2.bmp showRegionX View Antarctica Oceania :PHYSSIZE Australia Area II objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Australia Area Eastern SP Islands objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp South Pacific Is. (East) Western SP Islands objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp South Pacific Is. (West) Indian Ocean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Pacific Ocean Oceania and Australia Areaa Areaa :PHYSSIZE Australia Area objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "Oceania2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp Oceania2.bmp showRegionX View Oceania Map Australia Area II :PHYSSIZE Australia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Australia Malaysia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Malaysia Philippines }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Philippines Indonesia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Indonesia New Zealand }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp New Zealand Papua New Guinea }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Papua New Guinea Spratly Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Spratly Is. Christmas Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Christmas Is. Cocos Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Cocos Is. Ashmore and Cartier Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Ashmore & Cartier Is. Brunei }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Brunei }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Northern Mariana Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp N. Mariana Is. Pacific Islands, Trust Territory }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Pac. Is. Tr. Terr. Singapore }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Singapore French Southern & Antarctic Land }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Fr. S. & Antarctic Lands Australia Area :PHYSSIZE Oceania objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Western SP Islands :PHYSSIZE Norfolk Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Norfolk Is. Kiribati }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Kiribati }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Tonga }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Tonga }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Solomon Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Solomon Is. Nauru }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Nauru New Caledonia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp New Caledonia Vanuatu }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Vanuatu Marshall Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Marshall Is. Tuvalu }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Tuvalu Micronesia, Federated States of }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Micronesia Wake Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Wake Is. Coral Sea Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Coral Sea Is. Pacific Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Pacific Ocean Western South Pacific Islands :PHYSSIZE Oceania objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Eastern SP Islands :PHYSSIZE Pitcairn Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Pitcairn Is. Kingman Reef }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Kingman Reef Palmyra Atoll }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Palmyra Atoll Jarvis Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Jarvis Is. French Polynesia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Fr. Polynesia Western Samoa }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp W. Samoa Cook Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Cook Is. Midway Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Midway Is. Howland Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Howland Is. Baker Island }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Baker Is. American Samoa }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Am. Samoa Johnston Atoll }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Johnston Atoll Tokelau }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Tokelau Wallis and Futuna }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Wallis & Futuna Pacific Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Pacific Ocean Eastern South Pacific Islands} :PHYSSIZE Oceania objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Africa :PHYSSIZE Western Africa }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Western Africa Eastern Africa }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Eastern Africa Southern Africa }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Southern Africa Madagascar Area }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Madagascar Area Atlantic Ocean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Atlantic Ocean Africaa :PHYSSIZE Africa objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "Africa2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp Africa2.bmp showRegionX View African Map iSlid Western Africa :PHYSSIZE Mauritania }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Mauritania Western Sahara }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp W. Sahara Morocco }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Morocco Algeria }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Algeria }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Tunisia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Tunisia Senegal }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Senegal The Gambia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Gambia Guinea-Bissau }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Guinea-Bissau Guinea }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Guinea Sierra Leone }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Sierra Leone Liberia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Liberia Ivory Coast }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Ivory Coast Burkina }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Burkina Ghana }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Ghana }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Cape Verde }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Cape Verde Atlantic Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Atlantic Ocean Western Africa :PHYSSIZE Africa objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Eastern Africa :PHYSSIZE Somalia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Somalia Ethiopia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Ethiopia Libya }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Libya Uganda }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Uganda Kenya }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Kenya Egypt }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Egypt Central African Republic }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Cent. Afr. Rep. Sudan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Sudan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Gabon }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Gabon Cameroon }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Cameroon Congo }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Congo Equatorial Guinea }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Eq. Guinea Niger }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Niger Nigeria }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Nigeria Benin }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Benin Djibouti }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Djibouti Sao Tome and Principe }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Sao Tome & Prin. Eastern Africaa :PHYSSIZE Africa objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Western Europe Area :PHYSSIZE United Kingdom }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Ireland }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Ireland France }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp France Spain }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Spain Portugal }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Portugal Netherlands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Netherlands Belgium }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Belgium Italy }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Italy Germany }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Germany Switzerland }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Switzerland Denmark }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Denmark Jersey }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Jersey Guernsey }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Guernsey Man, Isle of }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Isle of Man San Marino }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp San Marino Andorra }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Andorra Holy See (Vatican City) }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Vatican City Gibraltar }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Gibraltar Luxembourg }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Luxembourg Monaco }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Monaco Malta }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Malta Atlantic Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Atlantic Ocean Western Europe :PHYSSIZE Eur-Asia objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Eastern Europe Area :PHYSSIZE Poland }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Poland Czechoslovakia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Czechoslovakia Hungary }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Hungary Slovenia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Slovenia Romania }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Romania Albania }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Albania Bulgaria }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bulgaria Greece }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Greece Austria }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Austria Liechtenstein }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Liechtenstein Eastern Europe :PHYSSIZE Eur-Asia objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Bosnia and Herzegovina }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia and Montenegro }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Serbia and Montenegro Macedonia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Macedonia objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "Ethnic2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp Ethnic2.bmp showRegionX View Ethnic Map $~$~$ NE Asia B j T!`"r# :PHYSSIZE Russia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Russia Mongolia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Mongolia China }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp China Japan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Japan Korea, North }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp N. Korea Korea, South }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp S. Korea Taiwan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Taiwan Hong Kong }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Hong Kong Macau }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Macau Asia +ast Asia Estonia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Estonia Latvia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Latvia Lithuania }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Lithuania Belarus }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Belarus Ukraine }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Ukraine Moldova }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Moldova Georgia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Georgia Armenia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Armenia Azerbaijan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Azerbaijan Turkmenistan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Turkmenistan Uzbekistan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Uzbekistan Tajikistan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Tajikistan Kazakhstan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Kyrgyzstan :PHYSSIZE Eur-Asia objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "Asia2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp Asia2.bmp showRegionX View Asian Map objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "CIS_Eur2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp CIS_Eur2.bmp showRegionX View CIS/Europe objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "CIS_Asia.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp CIS_Asia.bmp showRegionX View CIS/Asia wwwwwwwwwwwwwwww SE Asia :PHYSSIZE India }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp India Sri Lanka }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Sri Lanka Nepal }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Nepal Bangladesh }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bangladesh Bhutan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bhutan Burma }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Burma Thailand }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Thailand Cambodia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Cambodia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Vietnam }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Vietnam Maldives }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Maldives Paracel Islands }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Paracel Is. British Indian Ocean Territory }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Br. Ind. Oc. Terr. Southeast Asiaa :PHYSSIZE Eur-Asia objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp India }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp India objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "S_Asia2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp S_Asia2.bmp showRegionX View South Asia PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD marked false PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD showNameProp PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD 10/28/92 GP00042 KEY WORDS: DESCRIPTION: THE PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD (PIJ) ORIGINATED AMONG MILITANT PALESTINIAN FUNDAMENTALISTS IN THE GAZA STRIP DURING THE 1970S. THE PIJ MAY BE A SERIES OF LOOSELY AFFILIATED FACTIONS, RATHER THAN A COHESIVE GROUP. IT IS COMMITTED TO THE CREATION OF AN ISLAMIC PALESTINIAN STATE AND TO THE THE DESTRUCTION OF ISRAEL THROUGH "HOLY WAR." BECAUSE OF ITS STRONG SUPPORT FOR THE STATE OF ISRAEL, THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED AS AN ENEMY OF THE PIJ. THE PIJ ALSO OPPOSES MODERATE ARAB GOVERNMENTS THAT IT BELIEVES HAVE BEEN TAINTED BY WESTERN SECULARISM. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: THE PIJ DEMONSTRATED ITS TERRORIST CREDENTIALS WHEN IT ATTACKED A TOUR BUS IN EGYPT IN FEBRUARY, 1990 ABD KILLED ELEVEN PEOPLE. THE PIJ ALSO HAS CARRIED OUT CROSS BORDER RAIDS AGAINST ISRAELI TARGETS IN THE WEST BANK AND THE GAZA STRIP. A PIJ LEADER IN JORDAN HAS PUBLICLY THREATENED TO ATTACK U.S. INTERESTS. PIJ AGENTS WERE ARRESTED IN EGYPT IN SEPTEMBER, 1991 WHILE ATTEMPTING TO ENTER THE COUNTRY TO CONDUCT TERRORIST OPERATIONS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: UNCERTAIN, POSSIBLY IRAN AND SYRIA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1989: A PASSENGER ON A BUS GRABBED THE STEERING WHEEL CAUSING IT TO CRASH KILLING SIXTEEN AND INJURING TWENTY FIVE ON THE ROAD BETWEEN TEL AVIV AND JERUSALEM. THE ARAB ATTACKER SURVIVED AND WAS SENTENCED TO SIXTEEN LIFE SENTENCES. THE PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK; HOWEVER, THE AFFILIATION OF THE PERPETRATOR HAS NOT BEEN DEFINITIVELY ESTABLISHED. FEBRUARY, 1990: PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK OF AN ISRAELI TOUR BUS ENROUTE FROM RAFFAH, ISRAEL TO CAIRO EGYPT. THE ATTACK TOOK PLACE IN THE SINAI PENINSULA. ELEVEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND SEVENTEEN WERE WOUNDED. MAY, 1990: A SUSPECTED PIJ MEMBER STABBED A SOVIET JEWISH IMMIGRANT TO DEATH IN EAST JERUSALEM. MAY, 1990: SUSPECTED PIJ OPERATIVES ATTACKED A BUS IN AMMAN, JORDAN WOUNDING NINE FRENCH TOURISTS. ONE PALESTINIAN MAN WAS ARRESTED SHORTLY AFTER THE ATTACK AND FIVE PIJ MEMBERS WERE ARRESTED IN JUNE, 1990, FOR INVOLVEMENT IN THE ATTACK. THERE WERE NO CLAIMS OF RESPONSIBILITY. MAY, 1990: A PIPE-BOMB DETONATED AT A MARKET IN JERUSALEM, KILLING ONE AND INJURING NINE PERSONS. PIJ AND SIX OTHER PALESTINIAN GROUPS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK. OCTOBER, 1990: A TERRORIST STABBED THREE ISRAELIS TO DEATH AND WOUNDED ANOTHER IN JERUSALEM. CLAIMED BY PIJ AND FORCE 17. NOVEMBER, 1990: A TERRORIST INFILTRATED ISRAEL FROM JORDAN AND KILLED AN ISRAELI SOLDIER NEAR THE ALLENBY BRIDGE. A FACTION OF THE PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. SEPTEMBER, 1991: TWO PIJ MEMBERS WERE ARRESTED BY EGYPTIAN AUTHORITIES AT THE PORT OF NUWAYBI. TWO ROCKET LAUNCHERS WERE SEIZED. THE SUSPECTS ADMITTED THAT THEY PLANNED TO ATTACK AN EGYPTIAN CRUISE SHIP ON THE NILE. THE PIJ ACKNOWLEDGED THAT THE SUSPECTS WERE MEMBERS OF THE GROUP. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION marked false POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIB. GC POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIB. GC showNameProp POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - GENERAL COMMAND 10/28/92 GP00041 KEY WORDS: PFLP-GC DESCRIPTION: SPLIT FROM THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PFLP) IN 1968, CLAIMING THAT IT WANTED TO FOCUS MORE ON FIGHTING AND LESS ON POLITICS. VIOLENTLY OPPOSED TO ARAFAT'S PLO. LED BY AHMED JIBRIL, A FORMER CAPTAIN IN THE SYRIAN ARMY. CLOSELY ALLIED WITH, SUPPORTED BY, AND PROBABLY DIRECTED BY SYRIA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: CLAIMS TO HAVE SPECIALIZED IN SUICIDE OPERATIONS. HAS CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS CROSS-BORDER ATTACKS INTO ISRAEL, USING UNUSUAL MEANS, SUCH AS HOT-AIR BALLOONS AND MOTORIZED HANG-GLIDERS. HAFIZ KASSEM DALKAMONI, A RANKING PFLP-GC OFFICIAL, WAS CONVICTED IN GERMANY IN JUNE, 1991 FOR BOMBING U.S. TROOP TRAINS. HE FACES ADDITIONAL CHARGES IN GERMANY FOR OTHER TERRORIST OFFENSES, INCLUDING MANSLAUGHTER. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: SEVERAL HUNDRED ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: RECEIVES LOGISTIC AND MILITARY SUPPORT FROM SYRIA, ITS CHIEF SPONSOR. FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM LIBYA. SAFEHAVEN FROM SYRIA. SUPPORT ALSO FROM IRAN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCE: * DESTROY ISRAEL AND ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT PALESTINE IN ITS PLACE; * TERRORIZE ISRAELI CITIZENS, ESPECIALLY THOSE IN THE BORDER REGIONS AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES; * OPPOSE ANY MOVES TOWARD MODERATION IN THE PALESTINIAN MOVEMENT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: AHMED JIBRIL FORMED THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE- GENERAL COMMAND IN 1968 WHEN HE BECAME DISENCHANTED WITH GEORGE HABASH'S LEADERSHIP OF THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PFLP). AN OFFICER IN THE SYRIAN ARMY, JIBRIL WAS INITIALLY INTERESTED IN DEVELOPING CONVENTIONAL MILITARY CAPABILITIES TO COMPLEMENT PFLP-GC TERRORIST ACTIVITIES. AS A RESULT THE PFLP-GC HAS ALWAYS BEEN KNOWN FOR ITS CONVENTIONAL MILITARY EXPERTISE. IN ADDITION TO GROUND INFILTRATION CAPABILITIES, THE PFLP-GC HAS WORKED TOWARD DEVELOPING AIR AND NAVAL INFILTRATION CAPABILITIES AS WELL. PFLP-GC TERRORIST ACTIVITIES HAVE INCLUDED THE USE OF LETTER BOMBS AND CONDUCTING MAJOR CROSS-BORDER OPERATIONS DIRECTED AT ISRAELI TARGETS. THE PFLP-GC HAS ALSO SHARED ITS TERRORIST EXPERTISE WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST GROUPS, SUCH AS THE ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF ARMENIA, AS WELL AS EUROPEAN GROUPS WHICH HAVE SENT MEMBERS TO LEBANON FOR TRAINING. THE PFLP-GC ARSENAL INCLUDES SOPHISTICATED WEAPONRY SUCH AS SOVIET SA-7 ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILES, HEAVY ARTILLERY, AND LIGHT AIRCRAFT SUCH AS MOTORIZED HANG GLIDERS AND ULTRA LIGHTS. THE COMMUNIST BLOC COUNTRIES PROVIDED SMALL ARMS SUCH AS KALASHNIKOV ASSAULT RIFLES AND RPG-7 ANTITANK ROCKETS, BUT SYRIA AND LIBYA MAY HAVE SERVED AS CONDUITS FOR SUCH SUPPORT. THE PFLP-GC ACTIVELY PARTICIPATED IN THE LEBANESE CONFLICT, INCLUDING SNIPING ATTACKS THAT INJURED U.S. MARINES WHO WERE MEMBERS OF THE PEACE KEEPING FORCES IN BEIRUT IN 1982-83. IN ADDITION, THE GROUP ATTACKED ISRAELI CITIZENS AND INTERESTS THROUGH OPERATIONS LAUNCHED FROM LEBANON. THE PFLP-GC HAS ALSO OCCASIONALLY RECRUITED WEST BANK PALESTINIANS TO CONDUCT TERROROIST OPERATIONS INSIDE ISRAEL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1968: HIJACKED AN EL AL AIRLINER ENROUTE FROM ROME TO TEL AVIV, DIVERTING IT TO ALGERIA. THE HIJACKERS DEMANDED THE RELEASE OF 1,000 PRISONERS HELD IN ISRAEL. WEEKS LATER, THE GOVERNMENT OF ISRAEL RELEASED 16 ARAB INFILTRATORS AS A "HUMANITARIAN" GESTURE." FEBRUARY, 1969: MACHINEGUNNED AN EL AL AIRLINER AS IT WAS ABOUT TO TAKE OFF FROM ZURICH TO TEL AVIV. AUGUST, 1969: HIJACKED A TWA AIRLINER ENROUTE TO ATHENS AND TEL AVIV AND FORCED IT TO LAND IN DAMASCUS, WHERE THE PASSENGERS WERE EVACUATED AND THE AIRCRAFT DESTROYED WITH AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE. APRIL, 1974: ATTACKED QIRYAT SHEMONA, ISRAEL, KILLING EIGHTEEN AND WOUNDING SIXTEEN IN AN APARTMENT BUILDING. THE THREE TERRORISTS ALSO KILLED TWO MEMBERS OF THE ISRAELI ASSAULT FORCE THAT ENGAGED IN A FOUR HOUR GUN BATTLE WITH THE TERRORISTS. ALL THREE TERRORISTS WERE KILLED, PROBABLY BY THEIR OWN GRENADES. THE INTENTION OF THE OPERATION WAS TO SECURE THE RELEASE OF 100 CAPTURED PALESTINIANS BEING HELD IN ISRAELI PRISONS. APRIL, 1978: KIDNAPPED AN ISRAELI SOLDIER IN SOUTHERN LEBANON. IN MARCH, 1979, ISRAEL EXCHANGED SIXTY SIX ARAB PRISONERS FOR THE SOLDIER AND TEN OTHERS IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. SEPTEMBER, 1982: SEIZED THREE ISRAELI SOLDIERS IN BEIRUT, HOLDING THEM UNTIL MAY, 1985, AND THEN EXCHANGED THEM FOR 1,150 PALESTINIAN PRISONERS HELD BY ISRAEL. APRIL, 1986: A MEMBER OF THE PFLP-GC THREW A FIRE BOMB AT A BUS IN JERUSALEM. THE GROUP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY IN DAMASCUS. NOVEMBER, 1987: A MEMBER OF THE GROUP SUCCESSFULLY INFILTRATED ISRAEL FROM LEBANON USING A HANG GLIDER, KILLING SIX ISRAELI SOLDIERS AND WOUNDING SEVEN BEFORE BEING KILLED. OCTOBER, 1988: WEST GERMAN POLICE ARRESTED 14 MEMBERS OF THE PFLP-GC, SEIZING WEAPONS, SEMTEX, AND EXPLOSIVE DEVICES. NOVEMBER, 1990: A PFLP-GC TEAM ATTEMPTED TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL BY A SPEEDBOAT. THE TERRORISTS WERE INTERCEPTED BY THE ISRAELIS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA NORTH OF TYRE, LEBANON. THE SPEEDBOAT WAS DESTROYED AND ALL FIVE ABOARD WERE KILLED. THE PFLP-GC CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION marked false POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION showNameProp POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE 11/11/92 GP00043 KEY WORDS: PFLP; RED EAGLE DESCRIPTION: MARXIST-LENINIST GROUP THAT IS A MEMBER OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO). FOUNDED IN 1967 BY GEORGE HABASH. AFTER FATAH, THE PFLP IS THE MOST IMPORTANT POLITICAL AND MILITARY ORGANIZATION IN THE PALESTINIAN MOVEMENT. ALTHOUGH REMAINING IN THE PLO, HABASH HAS PUBLICLY DIFFERED WITH YASSIR ARAFAT. THE PFLP HAS SPAWNED SEVERAL DANGEROUS TERRORIST GROUPS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: COMMITTED NUMEROUS ACTS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM BETWEEN 1970 AND 1977. SINCE THE DEATH IN 1978 OF WADI HADDAD, THE PFLP'S OPERATIONAL PLANNER OF TERRORISM, THE GROUP HAS CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS ATTACKS AGAINST ISRAELI OR MODERATE ARAB TARGETS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: RECEIVES MOST OF ITS FINANCIAL AND MILITARY AID FROM SYRIA AND LIBYA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * CREATE AN IMAGE OF THE PALESTINIAN STRUGGLE AS A PART OF A WORLD-WIDE MARXIST-LENINIST REVOLUTION; * LIBERATE PALESTINE THROUGH "ARMED STRUGGLE." * ESTABLISH A MARXIST-LENINIST GOVERNMENT IN PALESTINE; * OPPOSE EFFORTS AT A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT OF THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN ISSUE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE PFLP WAS FORMED AFTER THE ARAB DEFEAT IN THE 1967 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR. GEORGE HABASH CREATED THE PFLP AS A MERGER OF THREE FORMERLY AUTONOMOUS GROUPS - THE ARAB NATIONALIST MOVEMENT'S HEROES OF THE RETURN; THE NATIONAL FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE; AND THE INDEPENDENT PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT (TO BE DISTINGUISHED FROM THE PRESENT PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT - PLF). REFERRED TO BY HIS FOLLOWERS AS "AL-HAKIM" (THE "WISE ONE" OR "THE PHYSICIAN"), HABASH HAS REMAINED CONSISTENT IN HIS POSITION TOWARDS SOLVING THE PALESTINIAN PROBLEM - THE TOTAL LIBERATION OF PALESTINE. THE PFLP ESTABLISHED ITSELF EARLY AS ONE OF THE MOST VIOLENT PALESTINIAN TERRORIST GROUPS. IT CONCURRENTLY SOUGHT TO ESTABLISH STRONG TIES TO OTHER MARXIST REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATIONS. THOSE LINKS FACILITATED PFLP OPERATIONS IN EUROPE WHICH GAVE THE GROUP MUCH OF ITS NOTORIETY. HABASH STRONGLY FAVORS WELL-PUBLICIZED ATTACKS ON CIVILIAN TARGETS, AND THE PFLP REPUTATION FOR RUTHLESSNESS WAS BUILT ON THAT STRATEGY. AS A RESULT OF IDEOLOGICAL INFLEXIBILITY, INTERNAL DISPUTES, AND PERSONALITY CONFLICTS, THE PFLP HAS SPAWNED SEVERAL SPLINTER GROUPS, INCLUDING THE PFLP-GENERAL COMMAND (PFLP-GC) AND THE DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (DFLP). THE PFLP WAS ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IN THE EARLY 1970S. AS A RESULT OF PUBLICITY THAT ATTRACTED CONDEMNATION EVEN FROM COMMUNIST BLOC COUNTRIES, THE PFLP CURTAILED INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND CONCENTRATED ON DEVELOPING CONVENTIONAL AND GUERRILLA FORCES FOR USE AGAINST TARGETS IN ISRAEL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1968: HIJACKED AN EL AL AIRLINER ENROUTE FROM ROME TO ISRAEL. SEPTEMBER, 1969: CONDUCTED SIMULTANEOUS HIJACKINGS OF THREE AIRLINERS. TWO WERE FLOWN TO JORDAN AND ONE TO EGYPT, AND ALL THREE WERE BLOWN UP BEFORE TELEVISION CAMERAS. MAY, 1972: EMPLOYED JAPANESE RED ARMY TERRORISTS TO CONDUCT A MACHINEGUN ATTACK IN THE ARRIVALS HALL OF THE LOD (BEN GURION) AIRPORT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN ISRAEL. TWENTY SEVEN CIVILIANS, INCLUDING SIXTEEN PUERTO RICAN TOURISTS VISITING THE HOLY LAND, WERE KILLED. JULY, 1973: HIJACKED A JAPANESE AIRLINER TO LIBYA AND BLEW IT UP. DECEMBER, 1974: THREW HANDGRENADES INTO A CROWDED TEL AVIV THEATER, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING TWENTY-FOUR. JUNE, 1976: HIJACKED AN AIR FRANCE AIRLINER TO ENTEBBE, UGANDA, WHERE FOUR CIVILIANS WERE KILLED DURING THE RESCUE OPERATION BY ISRAELI FORCES. AUGUST, 1976: KILLED FOUR PASSENGERS ON AN EL AL AIRLINER IN ISTANBUL. OCTOBER, 1977: HIJACKED A LUFTHANSA AIRLINER TO MOGADISHU, SOMALIA, DEMANDING THE RELEASE OF TERRORISTS HELD IN WEST GERMAN PRISONS. WEST GERMAN BORDER POLICE TROOPS (GSG-9) STORMED THE PLANE, KILLING THREE TERRORISTS AND CAPTURING A FOURTH. THE HIJACKING WAS CONDUCTED BY GERMAN AS WELL AS PFLP OPERATIVES. APRIL, 1979: AFTER A FOILED ATTEMPT TO TAKE OVER AN EL AL AIRCRAFT AT ZAVENTEM AIRPORT IN BRUSSELS, THE PFLP OPERATIVES THREW A GASOLINE BOMB AND A HAND GRENADE INTO A VISITOR'S CAFE, WOUNDING FIVE BELGIANS; THEN ENTERED AN AIRPORT RESTAURANT, SHOOTING AND WOUNDING SEVEN CUSTOMERS. MARCH, 1984: KILLED THREE PASSENGERS IN AN ATTACK ON A BUS IN ASHDOD, ISRAEL. APRIL, 1984: KILLED ONE AND WOUNDED EIGHT PASSENGERS IN A BUS HIJACKING IN ASHKELON, ISRAEL. MAY, 1985: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING AN ISRAELI BUS. NOVEMBER, 1986: STABBED TO DEATH A TWENTY TWO YEAR OLD YESHIVA STUDENT ON A STREET IN THE OLD CITY OF JERUSALEM. MAY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE TOWN OF METALLAH IN THE NORTHERN GALILEE. JUNE, 1989: POSSIBLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE KIDNAPPING OF THE AMERICAN DIRECTOR OF A RELIEF AGENCY IN THE GAZA STRIP. THE VICTIM WAS EVENTUALLY RELEASED UNHARMED. THE KIDNAPPER WAS KILLED IN A SHOOT OUT WITH ISRAELI SECURITY FORCES. NOVEMBER, 1990: PFLP GUERRILLAS CLASHED WITH ISRAELI DEFENSE FORCES INSIDE ISRAEL'S SELF-DECLARED SECURITY ZONE IN SOUTHERN LEBANON. FIVE ISRAELI SOLDIERS AND TWO PFLP GUERRILLAS WERE KILLED. DECEMBER, 1990: AN ISRAELI BORDER POLICEMAN WAS SHOT AND SERIOUSLY WOUNDED WHILE HE WAS MONITORING A DEMONSTRATION AT A REFUGEE CAMP IN THE GAZA STRIP. THE PFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JANUARY, 1991: A PAN AMERICAN AIRLINES OFFICE IN TURIN, ITALY WAS FIREBOMBED. A PERSON CLAIMING TO REPRESENT THE PFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1991: AN ISRAELI MOTORIST WAS SHOT AND WOUNDED WHILE DRIVING IN THE GAZA. THE PFLP AND DFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. OCTOBER, 1991: TERRORISTS ATTACKED A BUS IN THE GAZA, KILLING TWO ISRAELI SETTLERS AND WOUNDING FIVE. THE PFLP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FROM DAMASCUS. JANUARY, 1992: AN ISRAELI BUS AND CAR DRIVING IN THE WEST BANK WERE ATTACKED NEAR THE TOWN OF RAMALLAH. SIX SETTLERS WERE WOUNDED. BOTH THE PFLP AND THE PIJ CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEFENSE DEPARTMENT AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT marked false POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT showNameProp POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT 10/28/92 GP00006 KEY WORDS: PSF; PALESTINE POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT: PPSF DESCRIPTION: A RADICAL PALESTINIAN TERRORIST GROUP ONCE CLOSELY INVOLVED IN THE SYRIAN DOMINATED PALESTINIAN NATIONAL SALVATION FRONT. THE PSF IS LED BY DR. SAMIR GHOSHEH. THE ORGANIZATION SPLIT IN 1991; WITH THE DOMINANT FACTION REJOINING THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: TERRORIST ATTACKS AGAINST ISRAELI, MODERATE ARAB, AND PLO TARGETS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: FEWER THAN THREE HUNDRED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: RECEIVES SUPPORT FROM SYRIA AND MAY NOW RECEIVE AID FROM THE PLO. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * CALLS FOR AN "ARMED STRUGGLE" TO LIBERATE PALESTINE, ELIMINATE ISRAEL, AND CREATE A DEMOCRATIC SECULAR STATE IN ALL OF THE FORMER BRITISH MANDATE TERRITORY OF PALESTINE; * OPPOSE THE CREATION OF A MINISTATE ON THE OCCUPIED WEST BANK AND THE GAZA STRIP; * EMPHASIZE AN ARAB NATIONALIST APPROACH IN COMBATTING "...REACTIONARY, ZIONIST IMPERIALIST..." FORCES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: A VETERAN PALESTINIAN ACTIVIST, BAHJAT ABU GHARBIYAH, FOUNDED THE POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT IN COOPERATION WITH MAJOR FAYEZ HAMDAN OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ARMY (PLA). GHARBIYAH WAS INVOLVED WITH THE FIRST PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) LEADERSHIP AFTER 1964, BUT SUSPENDED PSF ACTIVITIES AND PARTICIPATION ON THE PLO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AFTER THE JORDANIAN SUPPRESSION OF 1970. THE POPULAR STRUGGLE FRONT WAS REVIVED AFTER THE 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR. IN 1974, GHARBIYAH RESIGNED AND WAS SUCCEEDED BY SAMIR GHOWSHEH. AT THAT POINT THE PSF JOINED THE REJECTION FRONT AND RETAINED THE REJECTIONIST STANCE OF SCORNING A PALESTINIAN STATE IN THE WEST BANK AND THE GAZA, AS WELL AS ADVOCATING CLOSER COOPERATION WITH VARIOUS OTHER GUERRILLA AND LEFTIST MOVEMENTS. FOLLOWING THE 1982 INVASION OF LEBAN0N BY ISRAEL, THE PSF CAME UNDER STRONGER SYRIAN INFLUENCE. THE PSF ALSO JOINED THE PALESTINE NATIONAL SALVATION FRONT IN OPPOSITION TO THE ARAFAT-HUSSEIN ACCORD IN 1985. THE PSF HAS UNDERTAKEN SEVERAL ROCKET ATTACKS AND CROSS-BORDER OPERATIONS INTO ISRAEL, AND HAS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR MANY OPERATIONS THAT WERE NEVER CONFIRMED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1975: BOMBED EIN FESH'HA, AN ISRAELI RESORT. JUNE-JULY, 1975: KIDNAPPED A U.S. ARMY COLONEL IN BEIRUT AND TURNED HIM OVER TO THE THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - GENERAL COMMAND (PFLP-GC) AFTER FOOD WAS DELIVERED TO PALESTINIAN REFUGEE CAMPS IN BEIRUT. MARCH, 1979: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN EXPLOSION ON A TOURIST BUS AT THE INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL IN JERUSALEM, AND ATTEMPTED AN OPERATION, PROBABLY INTENDED TO BE A HOSTAGE TAKING, ON THE WEST BANK, TO PROTEST THE VISIT OF U.S. PRESIDENT CARTER TO EGYPT AND ISRAEL. JUNE, 1985: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE NORTHERN ISRAEL TOWN OF METULLAH. SEPTEMBER, 1985: FALSELY CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A HOTEL SWIMMING POOL IN ATHENS. THE PSF MEMBER WHO MADE THE CLAIM FALSELY STATED THAT SEVENTY FIVE AMERICAN SOLDIERS WERE KILLED OR WOUNDED IN THE ATTACK. DESPITE THE PSF CLAIM, THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INCIDENT, IN WHICH EIGHTEEN DEAF-MUTE BRITISH TOURISTS WERE WOUNDED. APRIL, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON NORTHERN ISRAEL. NOVEMBER, 1990: INTERCEPTED BY AN ISRAELI PATROL IN LEBANON'S SOUTHERN REGION - ISRAEL'S SELF DECLARED "SECURITY ZONE." FOUR PSF MEMBERS AND ONE ISRAELI SOLDIER WERE KILLED. JANUARY, 1992: THE PPSF CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A SUPERMARKET IN JERUSALEM. NO INJURIES. APRIL, 1992: SAMIR GHOWSHEH, A MEMBER OF THE PLO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, WAS EXPELLED FROM THE PSF. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. RED ARMY FACTION marked false RED ARMY FACTION RED ARMY FACTION showNameProp $&$&RED ARMY FACTION 10/28/92 GP00009 KEY WORDS: RAF; BAADER-MEINHOF GANG; ROTE ARMEE FRAKTION DESCRIPTION: THE SMALL AND DISCIPLINED RAF IS THE SUCCESSOR TO THE BAADER-MEINHOF GANG, WHICH ORIGINATED IN THE STUDENT PROTEST MOVEMENT OF THE 1960S. THE GROUP'S IDEOLOGY IS AN OBSCURE MIX OF MARXISM AND MAOISM; COMMITTED TO ARMED STRUGGLE. ORGANIZED INTO HARDCORE CADRES THAT CARRY OUT TERRORIST ATTACKS, AND A NETWORK OF SUPPORTERS WHO PROVIDE LOGISTIC AND PROPOGANDA SUPPORT. THE RAF HAS SURVIVED DESPITE NUMEROUS ARRESTS OF ITS TOP LEADERS OVER THE YEARS. IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT IN THE SPRING OF 1992, RAF LEADERS ANNOUNCED THAT THE ORGANIZATION WAS CEASING ITS TERRORIST ACTIVITIES AND WOULD, IN THE FUTURE, WORK THROUGH THE NORMAL POLITICAL PROCESS. ONLY TIME WILL TELL IF THIS RADICAL DEPARTURE FROM ITS OPERATIONAL HISTORY AND ITS WORKING PHILOSOPHY OF INSTIGATING CHANGE THROUGH ARMED STRUGGLE WILL PREVAIL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: THE RAF AND ITS PREDECESSOR ORGANIZATION, BAADER-MEINHOF, HAS ENGAGED IN BOMBINGS, ASSASSINATIONS, KIDNAPPINGS AND ARMED ROBBERIES. IT HAS TARGETED GERMAN GOVERNMENT, U.S. GOVERNMENT, U.S. MILITARY, AND PRIVATE SECTOR INTERESTS, BOTH GERMAN AND FOREIGN. AMONG THE ATTACKS ON U.S. INTERESTS ARE: THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION IN BELGIUM OF THE NATO COMMANDER (ALEXANDER HAIG) IN 1979; THE BOMBING OF THE NATO AIR FORCE HEADQUARTERS IN RAMSTEIN IN 1981; A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE COMMANDER OF U.S. FORCES IN EUROPE IN HEIDELBERG IN 1981; AND THE BOMBING OF THE RHEIN-MAIN AIR FORCE BASE IN 1985. IN FEBRUARY 1991, THE RAF FIRED APPROXIMATELY 250 ASSAULT RIFLE ROUNDS AT THE U.S. EMBASSY IN BONN, AND IN APRIL THE GROUP ASSASSINATED THE GERMAN TRUST AGENCY DIRECTOR, DETLEV KARSTEN ROHWEDDER. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: TEN TO TWENTY, PLUS SEVERAL HUNDRED SUPPORTERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: BASICALLY SELF-SUSTAINING, BUT DURING THE BAADER-MEINHOF PERIOD THE GROUP RECEIVED SOME SUPPORT FROM MIDDLE EASTERN TERRORIST GROUPS; AND SOME TIES MAY STILL EXIST. THE RAF RECEIVED LOGISTIC SUPPORT, SANCTUARY, AND TRAINING FROM THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC DURING THE EARLY 1980S. THE RAF APPEARS TO BE DEVELOPING CLOSER TIES WITH GRAPO IN SPAIN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * DESTROY WESTERN CAPITALISM THROUGH TERRORISM, HELPING PRECIPITATE A WORLDWIDE MARXIST REVOLUTION; * USE TERRORISM TO DESTROY GERMAN - U.S. SOLIDARITY, ESPECIALLY BY ATTACKING AMERICAN MILITARY TARGETS IN GERMANY; * USE SPECIFIC ACTS OF TERRORISM TO TRY TO FORCE THE AUTHORITIES TO RELEASE IMPRISONED RAF MEMBERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE RAF BEGAN AS PART OF THE STUDENT ANTIWAR MOVEMENT IN THE 1960S. ORIGINALLY CALLED THE BAADER-MEINHOF GANG, IT WAS DEDICATED TO GENERAL TERRORISM AND ANTIESTABLISHMENT ACTIVITY AS PART OF ITS PERCEIVED ROLE AS A STIMULUS TO WORLDWIDE MARXIST REVOLUTION. THE CURRENT GENERATION OF THE RAF HARDCORE IS MARXIST-LENINIST IN IDEOLOGY. THE RAF SEES ITSELF AS PART OF AN INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT AIMED AT BRINGING ABOUT A WORLDWIDE REVOLUTION. THE RAF HAS SUFFERED MANY CHANGES OF FORTUNE DURING ITS TWO DECADE HISTORY. ALL OF ITS ORIGINAL LEADERS WERE CAPTURED OR FORCED OUT OF THE COUNTRY BY THE MID-1970S, BUT A NEW AND MORE VIOLENT GROUP REPLACED THEM. MOST OF THE RAF LEADERSHIP HAVE BEEN WELL EDUCATED; WITH MANY HAVING MEDICAL, LEGAL, OR TECHNICAL TRAINING. THE RAF ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPT CALLS FOR A MULTI-LEVEL STRUCTURE. THE "HARDCORE" CONSISTS OF PERHAPS TWENTY COMBATANTS WHO LIVE UNDERGROUND AND WHO CONDUCT MOST OF THE GROUP'S TERRORIST OPERATIONS. GERMAN AUTHORITIES HAVE STATED THAT THE HARDCORE COMMAND LEVEL HAS ALSO DIRECTED THE OPERATIONS OF "ILLEGAL MILITANTS," WHO MAY CARRY OUT BOMBINGS AND LOWER LEVEL ATTACKS. THE "PERIPHERY," OF WHOM THERE MAY BE SEVERAL HUNDRED, FORM THE VITAL SUPPORT BASE THAT PROVIDES FUNDING, SHELTER, AND COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE OPERATIVES. A LARGER NUMBER OF LEGAL SYMPATHIZERS ASSIST IN PROPOGANDIZING RAF IDEOLOGY. THE RED ARMY FACTION HAS RECEIVED SUPPORT FROM MANY QUARTERS. IN THE 1970S, SEVERAL MEMBERS OF THE GROUP RECEIVED TERRORIST TRAINING AT CAMPS IN THE MIDDLE EAST, SPONSORED BY EXTREMIST PALESTINIAN GROUPS. CONTACTS HAVE BEEN MAINTAINED WITH FRENCH, DUTCH, BELGIAN, DANISH, SWISS, IRISH, ITALIAN, SPANISH, AND AMERICAN GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS OF SIMILAR POLITICAL PERSUASION. THE RED ARMY FACTION WAS ONE OF THE CO-FOUNDERS, WITH THE FRENCH GROUP "DIRECT ACTION" AND THE BELGIAN "COMBATANT COMMUNIST CELLS" OF THE NOW DEFUNCT ANTI-IMPERIALIST ARMED FRONT IN WESTERN EUROPE WHICH HAD "...DECLARED WAR..." ON NATO AND HAD THE GOAL OF FURTHERING TERRORIST COOPERATION. THE RAF MAY HAVE CONDUCTED JOINT OPERATIONS WITH DIRECT ACTION IN 1985-86. THE RAF HAS PERPETRATED A VARIETY OF BOMBING AND ASSASSINATION ATTACKS OVER THE YEARS. EACH MAJOR RAF OPERATION IS THE SUBJECT OF DETAILED PLANNING AND GENERALLY IS EXECUTED IN A PROFESSIONAL MANNER. MAJOR RAF TARGETS HAVE INCLUDED REPRESENTATIVES OF THE WEST GERMAN "ESTABLISHMENT," THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX, AND THE U.S. MILITARY PRESENCE IN WEST GERMANY. THE RAF HAS HAD ACCESS TO A LARGE AND VARIED SUPPLY OF WEAPONRY, INCLUDING HANDGUNS, MACHINEGUNS, GRENADES, AND RPG-7 ROCKET PROPELLED GRENADES. THE RAF HAS ALSO SHOWN CONSIDERABLE SKILL IN MANUFACTURING IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1972: CARRIED OUT SIX SEPARATE BOMBING ATTACKS, KILLING ONE AND INJURING THIRTEEN, AT A U.S. OFFICERS CLUB IN FRANKFURT; BOMBED THE VEHICLE OF GERMAN SUPREME COURT JUSTICE BUDDENBURG, SERIOUSLY INJURING HIS WIFE; AND KILLED THREE AND WOUNDED FIVE IN A BLAST AT THE U.S. ARMY EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERS IN HEIDELBERG. NOVEMBER, 1974: MURDERED GERMAN SUPREME COURT PRESIDENT GUENTHER VON DRENKMANN. FEBRUARY, 1975: KIDNAPPED TWO LEADING GERMAN POLITICIANS TO FORCE THE RELEASE OF SIX IMPRISONED TERRORISTS. APRIL, 1977: AMBUSHED AND MURDERED GERMAN FEBERAL PROSECUTOR SIEGFRIED BUBACK, HIS CHAUFFEUR, AND A POLICE BODYGUARD. SEPTEMBER, 1977: KIDNAPPED GERMAN BUSINESSMAN HANNS-MARTIN SCHLEYER AND KILLED HIS CHAUFFEUR AND THREE POLICE GUARDS. WHILE THE RAF WAS HOLDING SCHLEYER, THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE HIJACKED A LUFTHANSA AIRCRAFT IN A SUPPORTING OPERATION. AFTER GERMAN COUNTER TERRORIST FORCES SUCCESSFULLY FOILED THE HIJACKING AT MOGADISHU, SOMALIA, THE RAF MURDERED SCHLEYER. JUNE, 1979: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF NATO COMMANDER GENERAL ALEXANDER HAIG, WITH A BOMB CONCEALED UNDER A BRIDGE IN OBOURG, BELGIUM. THE BOMB EXPLODED BETWEEN GENERAL HAIG'S CAR AND AN ESCORT VEHICLE, WOUNDING TWO GUARDS. AUGUST, 1981: BOMBED THE U.S. AIR FORCE HEADQUARTERS IN RAMSTEIN, INJURING 18 AMERICANS AND TWO GERMANS. SEPTEMBER, 1981: FIRED TWO RPG-7 GRENADES AT U.S. ARMY EUROPEAN COMMANDING GENERAL KROESSEN'S CAR, SLIGHTLY INJURING THE GENERAL AND HIS WIFE. DECEMBER, 1984: BOMBED THE EMBASSY OF FRANCE IN BONN AND ATTEMPTED TO BOMB THE NATO SCHOOL IN OBERAMMERGAU. JANUARY, 1985: FIREBOMBED THE HOME OF THE U.S. CONSUL GENERAL IN FRANKFURT AND THE U.S. AIRFIELD AT HEIDELBERG. ALSO FIREBOMBED A NUMBER OF WEST GERMAN GOVERNMENT FACILITIES THROUGHOUT GERMANY. FEBRUARY, 1985: INVADED THE HOME OF WEST GERMAN BUSINESSMAN ERNST ZIMMERMANN AND SHOT HIM IN THE HEAD. MARCH, 1985: INJURED NINE WITH A BOMB BLAST AT A DEPARTMENT STORE IN DORTMUND. AUGUST, 1985: DETONATED A CAR BOMB AT THE RHEIN MAIN AIR BASE, KILLING TWO AND INJURING SEVENTEEN. THE TERRORISTS KILLED AN OFF DUTY U.S. SERVICEMAN THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BOMBING AND USED HIS MILITARY IDENTIFICATION TO GAIN ACCESS TO THE BASE. APRIL, 1986: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE NATO PIPELINE NEAR VOLLERSODE. MAY, 1986: SEVERELY DAMAGED A U.S. MILITARY FUEL PUMPING STATION AND DESTROYED TWO TRUCKS WITH A BOMB THAT ALSO IGNITED OVER 1,000 GALLONS OF FUEL. JULY, 1986: MURDERED KARL-HEINZ BECKURTS, DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH OF THE SIEMENS ELECTRONICS COMPANY, AND HIS CHAUFFEUR, WITH A REMOTELY DETONATED BOMB. THE RAF CLAIMED THAT IT HAD CARRIED OUT THE OPERATION BECAUSE OF BECKURTS' ADVOCACY OF NUCLEAR ENERGY AND HIS RESEARCH PARTICIPATION IN THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE (SDI) PROJECT. OCTOBER, 1986: MURDERED GEROLD VON BRAUNMUEHL, HEAD OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY'S POLITICAL DEPARTMENT. HE WAS SHOT IN FRONT OF HIS HOME IN BONN. SEPTEMBER, 1988: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF WEST GERMAN FINANCE MINISTER. NOVEMBER, 1989: ALFRED HERRHAUSEN, DIRECTOR OF THE DEUTSCHE BANK, WEST GERMANY'S LARGEST BANK, MURDERED WHEN THE RAF DETONATED A ROAD SIDE BOMB AS THE VICTIM'S CAR PASSED. JULY, 1990: ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE AN OFFICIAL OF THE GERMAN MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR. FEBRUARY, 1991: FIRED SEVERAL SHOTS AT THE COMPOUND OF THE U.S. EMBASSY IN BONN. APRIL, 1991: ASSASSINATED DETLEV ROHWEDDER, THE CHIEF OF THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR SELLING-OFF STATE OWNED PROPERTY IN THE FORMER GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (EAST GERMANY). JULY, 1991: CONDUCTED AN ARSON ATTACK ON A RENAULT DELIVERY FACILITY IN BRUEHL (NEAR COLOGNE). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF CO marked false REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES, COL. REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES, COL. showNameProp 8'8'REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF COLOMBIA 10/28/92 GP00003 KEY WORDS: FARC; FUERZAS ARMADAS REVOLUCIONARIAS DE COLOMBIA DESCRIPTION: ESTABLISHED IN 1966 AS THE MILITARY WING OF THE COLOMBIAN COMMUNIST PARTY; FARC IS THE LARGEST GUERRILLA GROUP IN THAT COUNTRY. IT IS ORGANIZED ALONG MILITARY LINES; IS STRONGLY ANTI-U.S., AND MAY HAVE AT LEAST ONE URBAN COMMANDO ELEMENT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: ARMED ATTACKS AGAINST COLOMBIAN TARGETS, BOMBINGS OF U.S. BUSINESSES, KIDNAPPINGS OF COLOMBIANS AND FOREIGNERS FOR RANSOM, AND ASSASSINATIONS. THE FARC TRAFFICS IN DRUGS AND HAS WELL-DOCUMENTED TIES TO DRUG TRAFFICKERS. PEACE TALKS WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF COLOMBIA HAVE PROVED UNSUCCESSFUL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: APPROXIMATELY 4,500 TO 5,500 ARMED COMBATANTS AND 10,000 SUPPORTERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: TIES TO CUBA. AMOUNT OF AID IS UNKNOWN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: THROUGH A TWO-PRONGED STRATEGY COMBINING INSURGET/TERRORIST OPERATIONS WITH PARTICIPATION IN THE LEGITIMATE POLITCAL PROCESS, THE FARC AND ITS POLITICAL FRONT, THE PATRIOTIC UNION (UP), HAVE THE FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES: * OVERTHROW THE ESTABLISHED ORDER IN COLOMBIA AND REPLACE IT WITH A LEFTIST AND ANTI-AMERICAN REGIME; * CREATE A "...BROAD ANTI-MONOPOLY AND ANTI-IMPERIALIST FRONT..." AND UNITE LEFT WING PARTIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INTO A POLITCIAL MOVEMENT; * FORCE U.S. AND OTHER "IMPERIALIST" INTERESTS OUT OF COLOMBIA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE FARC IS PROBABLY THE LARGEST, BEST TRAINED AND EQIPPED, AND MOST EFFECTIVE INSURGENT ORGANIZATION IN COLOMBIA AND IN SOUTH AMERICA. THE FARC HAS BEEN PRO-SOVIET, PRO-CUBAN, AND ANTI-AMERICAN, AND CLAIMS DEDICATION TO MARXIST-LENINIST IDEOLOGY. THE FARC HAS OFTEN BEEN DESCRIBED AS THE "MILITARY" APPARATUS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF COLOMBIA (PCC), ALTHOUGH THE FARC AND PCC FREQUENTLY DOWNPLAY THEIR CONNECTIONS. THE LEADERSHIP OF FARC IS COMPOSED LARGELY OF DISAFFECTED MIDDLE- AND UPPER-CLASS INTELLECTUALS, ALTHOUGH IT RECRUITS FROM, AND ATTEMPTS TO APPEAL TO, THE PEASANT POPULATION. THE FARC ALSO HAS RECEIVED SUPPORT FROM OTHER ELEMENTS OF COLOMBIAN SOCIETY, INCLUDING WORKERS, STUDENTS, AND RADICAL PRIESTS. THE POPULARITY OF FARC HAS BEEN UNDERMINED BY THE OCCASIONAL PRACTICE OF KIDNAPPING PEASANTS AND MURDERING THEM AS "COLLABORATORS" AND TRAITORS IF THEY DO NOT COOPERATE. THE FARC HAS ALSO ATTEMPTED TO STRENGTH ITS INFLUENCE AMONG OTHER INSURGENT FACTIONS BY LEADING EFFORTS IN THE MID- TO LATE-1980S TO ESTABLISH THE NATIONAL SIMON BOLIVAR GUERRILLA COORDINATOR (SBGC) WHICH INCLUDES ALL MAJOR COLOMBIA INSURGENT GROUPS. THE FARC HAS A CLOSER RELATIONSHIP WITH COLOMBIAN NARCOTICS TRAFFICKERS THAN DO OTHER COLOMBIAN INSURGENT GROUPS. THE RELATIONSHIP APPEARS TO BE THE STRONGEST IN THOSE AREAS WHERE COCA CULTIVATION AND PRODUCTION AND FARC OPERATIONAL STRONGHOLDS OVERLAP. IN LOCAL INSTANCES, IN EXCHANGE FOR FARC PROTECTION OF NAROCTICS INTERESTS, THE GUERRILLAS HAVE RECEIVED MONEY TO PURCHASE WEAPONS AND SUPPLIES. THERE HAVE BEEN REPORTS, AS WELL AS STRONG INDICATIONS, THAT VARIOUS FARC FRONTS HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN INVOLVED IN PROCESSING COCAINE. MONEY FROM THE NARCOTICS TRADE HAS SUPPLEMENTED FARC REVENUES FROM KIDNAPPINGS, EXTORTION, AND ROBBERIES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY FEBRUARY, 1977: KIDNAPPED A U.S. PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEER DURING AN ATTACK ON LA MACARENA. THE VICTIM WAS RELEASED THREE YEARS LATER AFTER A $250,000 RANSOM WAS REPORTEDLY PAID. AUGUST, 1980: KIDNAPPED A U.S. CITIZEN FROM HIS BANANA PLANTATION IN CENTRAL COLOMBIA. HE WAS RELEASED THREE MONTHS LATER AFTER A REPORTED RANSOM OF $125,000 WAS PAID. APRIL, 1983: KIDNAPPED A U.S. CITIZEN FROM HER FARM IN SOUTHERN META DEPARTMENT. FEBRUARY, 1985: BOMBED SEVEN BUSINESSES IN A MIDNIGHT ATTACK IN MEDELLIN, INCLUDING IBM, GENERAL TELEPHONE AND ELECTRONICS, UNION CARBIDE, AND XEROX. AUGUST, 1985: KIDNAPPED FOUR ENGINEERS AND THIRTY WORKERS OF A CONSTRUCTION FIRM IN HUILA DEPARTMENT. OCTOBER, 1985: KIDNAPPED FOUR MISSIONARIES. THE FARC MET WITH A DELEGATION FROM THE GOVERNMENT'S PEACE COMMISSION AND AGREED TO FREE THE HOSTAGES. DECEMBER, 1985: KIDNAPPED A VENEZUELAN RANCHER WHO WAS RESCUED BY THE VENEZUELAN POLICE IN FEBRUARY, 1986. THE SIX KIDNAPPERS WERE KILLED. JANUARY, 1986: DEMANDED $100 MILLION FROM THE SHELL OIL COMPANY TO CONTINUE OPERATING IN THE MAGALEAS VALLEY, BUT THE FIRM SUSPENDED ITS OPERATIONS IN THE REGION INSTEAD OF MEETING THE EXTORTION DEMAND. FEBRUARY, 1986: ATTACKED THE TOWN OF RION SUCIO IN THE NORTHERN CHOCO DEPARTMENT, KILLING ONE POLICE OFFICER AND WOUNDING ANOTHER. DESTROYED THREE BUILDINGS. NOVEMBER, 1986: THE REMAINS OF SOME 100 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN WERE FOUND IN A MASS GRAVE IN TURBO; THEY WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE BEEN MURDERED BY THE FARC. APRIL, 1987: KIDNAPPED SEVEN EMPLOYEES OF A RANCHER IN BOGOTA; ONE BODY WAS FOUND LATER. JUNE, 1987: IN VIOLATION OF A TRUCE, THE FARC AMBUSHED AN ARMY ROAD BUILDING CREW KILLING TWENTY-SEVEN. DECEMBER, 1987: APPROXIMATELY FIFTY FARC MEMBERS ATTACKED THE TOWN OF GAITANIA, KILLING TWO POLICE OFFICERS AND WOUNDING FIVE. THE FARC USED GRENADES, AUTOMATIC WEAPONS, LIGHT ANTITANK ROCKETS, AND MOLOTOV COCKTAILS. JANUARY, 1988: TWO HUNDRED MILES SOUTHWEST OF BOGOTA, FORTY FARC MEMBERS HIJACKED A HELICOPTER OPERATED BY A COLOMBIAN AIR CHARTER SERVICE AND CHARTERED BY A U.S. OIL EXPLORATION COMPANY. THE COMPANY WAS FORCED TO PAY RANSOM AND TO TEMPORARILY CLOSE ITS EXPLORATION CAMP. OCTOBER, 1988: ATTACK ON TOWNS IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE ELN (NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY). THREE POLICEMEN AND ONE CIVILIAN KILLED. A NUN, PRIEST, AND FIFTEEN POLICEMEN WERE KIDNAPPED. NOVEMBER, 1988: TOWN ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH M-19 (APRIL 19 MOVEMENT). NOVEMBER, 1988: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE COLOMBIAN MINISTER OF DEFENSE. A REMOTE CONTROLLED BOMB DESTROYED A TRUCK CARRYING THE MINISTER'S BODYGUARDS, KILLING THREE AND INJURING TWO. THE MINISTER WAS UNHURT. DECEMBER, 1988: TOWN ATTACKED. ONE POLICE OFFICER, ONE CIVILIAN, AND TWO FARC MEMBERS KILLED. FEBRUARY, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (ELN) AND THE POPULAR LIBERATION ARMY (EPL). FIVE POLICEMEN WERE KILLED AND ELEVEN POLICE OFFICERS WERE KIDNAPPED. APRIL, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED. SIX CIVILIANS KILLED. MAY, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED. TWO CIVILIANS SOUGHT OUT AND MURDERED. ANOTHER CIVILIAN KILLED. OCTOBER, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED IN JOINT OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (ELN). TWO JAIL INMATES MURDERED IN A SETTLING OF SCORES, POLICE ATTACKED, HELICOPTER DELIVERING MONEY TO BANK SHOT DOWN, MONEY STOLEN. OCTOBER, 1990: TOWN ATTACKED AND OCCUPIED. FARC TOOK OVER THE TOWN WITHOUT RESISTANCE AFTER POLICE FLED. MURDERED THE MAYOR AND HIS BROTHER. NOVEMBER, 1990: TWO TOWNS ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (ELN). NINE SOLDIERS AND FIFTEEN FARC REBELS WERE KILLED. DECEMBER, 1990: ATTACKED AN OIL EXPLORATION CAMP, DESTROYING A HELICOPTER AND DRILLING EQUIPMENT. DECEMBER, 1990: SEIZED AN AIRCRAFT SHORTLY AFTER IT LANDED AT A SMALL TOWN, FORCED THE PASSENGERS AND CREW TO DEPLANE AND BURNED THE PLANE. DECEMBER, 1990: KIDNAPPED TWO SWISS CITIZENS AND A COLOMBIAN PHYSICIAN IN META DEPARTMENT. ALL WERE RELEASED TWO WEEKS LATER WITH A MESSAGE TO THE GOVERNMENT. DECEMBER, 1990: KIDNAPPED TWO COLOMBIAN ENGINEERS AT AN OIL PRODUCTION CAMP. THEY WERE RELEASED TWO DAYS LATER WITH A MESSAGE FOR THE GOVERNMENT. JANUARY, 1991: BOMBED FIVE OIL PIPELINES. JANUARY, 1991: HIJACKED A HELICOPTER LEASED BY A U.S. OIL EXPLORATION FIRM. THE PILOT AND THE AIRCRAFT WERE RETURNED. JANUARY, 1991: STAGED A JOINT ATTACK WITH THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (ELN) ON A MAJOR COLOMBIA-FRENCH CONSTRUCTION PROJECT NEAR SEGOVIA. FORTY VEHICLES AND PIECES OF HEAVY MACHINERY WERE DESTROYED, THE CAMP'S SECURITY CHIEF WAS KILLED AND THREE FRENCH ENGINEERS WERE KIDNAPPED (RELEASED IN JULY, 1991). FEBRUARY, 1991: CONDUCTED A WAVE OF FIFTY ATTACKS ON TOWNS, ENERGY AND POWER FACILITIES, BANKS, POLICE, AND MILITARY. AT LEAST FORTY SOLDIERS, POLICEMEN, CIVILIANS AND INSURGENTS WERE KILLED. MARCH, 1991: ATTACKED A VILLAGE, KILLING FIVE POLICEMEN AND A CIVILIAN AND KIDNAPPING TWELVE POLICE OFFICERS. MAY, 1991: AN AMERICAN EXPATRIATE, WHO HAD BEEN KIDNAPPED BY FARC, WAS MURDERED BY HIS ABDUCTORS DURING AN ATTEMPT BY THE POLICE TO RESCUE HIM. JULY, 1991: THE FARC ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE THE PRESIDENT OF COLOMBIA BY PLACING AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE NEAR THE PRESIDENTIAL HELICOPTER'S LANDING AREA. POLICE DISARMED THE DEVICE. FARC DENIED ITS INVOLVEMENT. AUGUST, 1991: TWO JAPANESE ENGINEERS AT AN OIL PRODUCTION CAMP WERE KIDNAPPED. THEY WERE RELEASED UNHARMED IN DECEMBER, 1991, FOLLOWING THE PAYMENT OF A RANSOM. NOVEMBER, 1991: A COLOMBIAN JUDICIAL TEAM OF EIGHT PEOPLE, INCLUDING A JUDGE, WERE LURED TO A RURAL AREA WHERE ONE CAR OF THEIR THREE CAR CONVOY WAS DESTROYED BY A REMOTELY DETONATED DEVICE AND THE SURVIVORS SPRAYED WITH MACHINEGUN FIRE JUNE, 1992: FARC ISSUED A COMMUNIQUE STATING THAT MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS WERE "LEGITIMATE" TARGETS. JUNE, 1992: BOMBED THE SPANISH CONSULATE IN BARRANQUILLA, INJURING THE SPANISH CONSUL GENERAL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEFENSE DEPARTMENT, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION 17 NO marked false REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION 17 NV REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION 17 NV showNameProp REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION 17 NOVEMBER 10/28/92 GP00038 KEY WORDS: NOVEMBER 17; 17 NOVEMBER DESCRIPTION: A RADICAL LEFTIST GROUP ESTABLISHED IN 1975 AND NAMED FOR THE NOVEMBER 1973 STUDENT UPRISING PROTESTING THE MILITARY REGIME. ANTI-U.S., ANTI-NATO, ANTI-TURKISH; COMMITTED TO THE VIOLENT OVERTHROW OF THE REGIME, OUSTER OF U.S. BASES, REMOVAL OF TURKISH MILITARY PRESENCE FROM CYPRUS, AND THE SEVERANCE OF GREECE'S TIES TO NATO AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITITY (EC). THE ORGANIZATION IS OBSCURE, POSSIBLY AFFILIATED WITH OTHER GREEK TERRORIST GROUPS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: INITIAL ATTACKS WERE SELECTED ASSASSINATIONS USING HANDGUNS - AGAINST SENIOR US OFFICIALS, INCLUDING US EMBASSY OFFICIAL RICHARD WELCH IN 1975 AND U.S. NAVY CAPTAIN GEORGE TSANTES IN 1983. 17 NOVEMBER BEGAN ASSASSINATING GREEK OFFICIALS AND PUBLIC FIGURES IN 1976 AND ADDED BOMBINGS, INCLUDING ATTACKS AGAINST U.S. MILITARY BUSES IN 1987 AND THE ASSASSINATION OF U.S. DEFENSE ATTACHE WILLIAM NORDEEN IN 1988. SINCE 1990, 17 NOVEMBER HAS EXPANDED ITS TARGET SELECTION TO INCLUDE EC FACILITIES AND FOREIGN FIRMS INVESTING IN GREECE, AND ADDED IMPROVISED ROCKET ATTACKS TO ITS METHODS. IN 1991, IT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR AT LEAST FIVE OF THE FIFTEEN TERRORIST ATTACKS AGAINST COALITION TARGETS IN GREECE DURING THE GULF WAR, INCLUDING THE ASSASSINATION IN MARCH OF A U.S. SERGEANT. ALSO STEPPED UP ATTACKS AGAINST TURKISH INTERESTS WITH ATTEMPTED MURDER OF TURKISH EMBASSY OFFICIAL IN JULY, 1991, AND THE ASSASSINATION OF THE TURKISH PRESS ATTACHE IN OCTOBER, 1991. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN, BUT PRESUMED TO BE QUITE SMALL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: MAY RECEIVE SUPPORT FROM THE ELA AND OTHER GREEK GROUP CADRES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: SINCE ITS FIRST APPEARANCE IN DECEMBER, 1975, WHEN IT CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF RICHARD WELCH, A U.S. EMBASSY OFFICER, 17 NOVEMBER HAS ESTABLISHED ITSELF AS ONE OF THE MOST PROFICIENT AND LETHAL TERRORIST GROUPS IN EUROPE. MARXIST IN ORIENTATION AND ALSO VIRULENTLY ANTI-U.S., THE GROUP HAS CONDUCTED ATTACKS AGAINST GREEK TARGETS THAT IT CONSIDERS TO HAVE OPPOSED THE REVOLUTION AS WELL AS OFFICIAL U.S. PERSONNEL WHO "REPRESENT" INTERFERENCE IN GREEK AFFAIRS. UNTIL THE MID TO LATE 1980S, THE GROUP'S ATTACKS WERE ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY AMBUSH-STYLE ASSASSINATIONS BY TWO OR THREE MEMBER TEAMS. THE VICTIMS WERE USUALLY ATTACKED NEAR THEIR HOMES OR OFFICES. A UNIQUE 17 NOVEMBER CHARACTERISTIC WAS TO USE THE SAME PISTOL IN SEVERAL OF ITS ATTACKS, INCLUDING THE ASSASSINATIONS OF TWO AMERICANS. THIS COULD INDICATE THAT THE GROUP HAD LIMITED RESOURCES, OR IT MAY HAVE BEEN ITS METHOD OF "AUTHENTICATING" ITS CLAIMS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACKS. IN ANY CASE, USE OF THE SAME PISTOL MAY INDICATE THAT 17 NOVEMBER WAS CONFIDENT IN ITS ABILITY TO ELUDE THE POLICE. SINCE 1985, THE GROUP HAS BEEN RESPONSIBLE FOR SEVERAL BOMBINGS. LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT 17 NOVEMBER'S ORGANIZATION, MEMBERSHIP, OR RELATIONS, IF ANY, TO OTHER GREEK TERRORIST GROUPS. FOLLOWING AN OCTOBER 1987 SHOOTOUT BETWEEN POLICE AND MEMBERS OF THE GROUP CALLING ITSELF THE "REVOLUTIONARY POPULAR STRUGGLE" (ELA), HOWEVER, AND A SUBSEQUENT SEARCH OF ELA HIDEOUTS, GREEK POLICE BELIEVE THAT THEY ESTABLISHED A LINK BETWEEN ELA AND 17 NOVEMBER. NO EVIDENCE THAT 17 NOVEMBER MAINTAINS TIES TO FOREIGN TERRORIST GROUPS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY DECEMBER, 1975: ASSASSINATED U.S. EMBASSY OFFICIAL RICHARD WELCH. JANUARY, 1979: MURDERED A GREEK POLICE OFFICER. JANUARY, 1980: MURDERED THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE GREEK RIOT POLICE AND HIS CHAUFFEUR. NOVEMBER, 1983: MURDERED U.S. NAVY CAPTAIN GEORGE TSANTES AND HIS DRIVER APRIL, 1984: SHOT AND WOUNDED A U.S. ARMY SENIOR NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER AS THE VICTIM WAS TRANSPORTING DOCUMENTS. THE INTENDED VICTIM PROBABLY SAVED HIS LIFE BY BEING ALERT AND TAKING EVASIVE ACTION WHEN HE NOTED THE TWO TERRORISTS APPROACH HIS CAR ON A MOTORCYCLE. FEBRUARY, 1985: ASSASSINATED CONSERVATIVE GREEK NEWSPAPER EDITOR AND HIS CHAUFFEUR. THE COMMUNIQUE CLAIMING RESPONSIBILITY DENOUNCED THE JOURNALIST AS ONE OF THE "...FASCIST AGENTS OF THE CIA." NOVEMBER, 1985: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A GREEK POLICE BUS, KILLING ONE POLICE OFFICER. APRIL, 1986: ASSASSINATED A RETIRED GREEK INDUSTRIALIST. OCTOBER, 1986: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING FOUR GREEK GOVERNMENT OFFICES, INCLUDING THREE TAX OFFICES. THE 17 NOVEMBER COMMUNIQUE DENOUNCED THE GREEK TAX SYSTEM. THE ELA ALSO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBINGS. FEBRUARY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR MAIMING A WEALTHY GREEK PHYSICIAN. APRIL, 1987: BOMBED A BUS CARRYING U.S. AND GREEK MILITARY PERSONNEL NEAR ATHENS. EIGHTEEN PERSONS, INCLUDING SIXTEEN AMERICANS, WERE INJURED. AUGUST, 1987: BOMBED A U.S. BUS IN VOULA, INJURING TEN U.S. SERVICE MEMBERS. JANUARY, 1988: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF A U.S. DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA) AGENT IN ATHENS. MAY, 1988: PLACED HIGH EXPLOSIVES ON TWO AUTOMOBILES BELONGING TO THE TURKISH EMBASSY IN ATHENS. JUNE, 1988: DETONATED A CAR BOMB THAT KILLED U.S. DEFENSE ATTACHE CAPTAIN WILLIAM NORDEEN SHORTLY AFTER HE LEFT HIS ATHENS RESIDENCE. JANUARY, 1989: SHOT THREE PUBLIC PROSECUTORS IN THREE SEPARATE INCIDENTS. ONE OF THE VICTIMS WAS KILLED ON THE SPOT, ANOTHER WAS CRITICALLY WOUNDED AND SUBSQUENTLY DIED OF HIS INJURIES. THE THIRD VICTIM WAS WOUNDED. MAY, 1989: FAILED ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST A FORMER PUBLIC ORDER MINISTER. SEPTEMBER, 1989: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF A MEMBER OF THE GREEK PARLIAMENT. FEBRUARY, 1990: CLAIMED THE THEFT OF ROCKETS, AMMUNITION, HAND GRENADES, BAZOOKAS, AND OTHER ORDNANCE FROM A MILITARY WAREHOUSE IN DECEMBER, 1989 AND A MILITARY MUSEUM IN FEBRUARY, 1990. JUNE, 1990: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON A BUILDING WHICH WAS OCCUPIED BY PROCTOR AND GAMBLE. APPARENTLY THE GROUP STAGED THE ATTACK IN PROTEST OF THE PURCHASE OF A GREEK FIRM BY PROCTOR AND GAMBLE. THE GOVERNMENT OF GREECE CONFIRMED THAT THE WEAPONS USED IN THIS ATTACK WERE STOLEN FROM THE MILITARY MUSEUM AND MILITARY WAREHOUSE IN DECEMBER, 1989 AND FEBRUARY, 1990. JANUARY, 1991: BOMBED TWO BRANCH OFFICES OF CITIBANK AND A BRANCH OFFICE OF BARCLAY'S BANK. JANUARY, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON AN AMERICAN EXPRESS OFFICE AND A GREEK INSURANCE FIRM. MARCH, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A U.S. AIR FORCE SGT. MAY, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF THE SIEMENS COMPANY. MAY, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A ROCKET ATTACK ON A GERMAN-OWNED BREWERY, APPROXIMATELY SIXTY MILES NORTH OF ATHENS. JULY, 1991: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION, BY CAR BOMB, OF THE ACTING TURKISH AMBASSADOR TO GREECE. THE TARGET, TWO OF HIS STAFF, AND A PASSERBY WERE INJURED. OCTOBER, 1991: MURDERED THE DEPUTY PRESS ATTACHE OF THE TURKISH EMBASSY IN ATHENS. NOVEMBER, 1991: A POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED WHEN TWO ROCKETS WERE FIRED AT A POLICE BUS IN CENTRAL ATHENS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. SENDERO LUMINOSO marked false SENDERO LUMINOSO SENDERO LUMINOSO showNameProp ? ?SENDERO LUMINOSO 10/28/92 GP00039 KEY WORDS: SL; SHINING PATH DESCRIPTION: PERU'S LARGEST SUBVERSIVE ORGANIZATION IS AMONG THE WORLD'S MOST DANGEROUS AND RUTHLESS TERRORIST GROUPS. FORMED IN THE LATE 1960S BY THEN UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR ABIMAEL GUZMAN REYNOSO. GOAL IS TO DESTROY EXISTING PERUVIAN INSTITUTIONS AND REPLACE THEM WITH A PEASANT REVOLUTIONARY REGIME AS WELL AS TO RID PERU OF FOREIGN INFLUENCES. SENDERO LUMINOSO HAS EXTENSIVE TIES TO NARCOPRODUCERS AND NARCOTRAFFICKERS WORKING IN PERU. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: KILLED 10 FOREIGNERS IN 1991. ENGAGES IN PARTICULARLY BRUTAL FORMS OF TERRORISM. SENDERO LUMINOSO WAS ORIGINALLY RURAL BASED, BUT HAS INCREASINGLY OPERATED IN URBAN AREAS SINCE 1986. HAS ATTACKED DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS OF NEARLY EVERY COUNTRY REPRESENTED IN PERU, FOREIGN BUSINESSES, FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC HUMANITARIAN AID PROJECTS, IN ADDITION TO PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTOR TARGETS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: 4,000 - 5,000 COMBATANTS. STRONG RURAL SUPPORT BASE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: NO KNOWN FOREIGN SPONSORS. RECEIVES MONEY FROM DRUG TRADE, INCLUDING COLOMBIAN NARCOTICS TRAFFICKERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATE FORMED: 1969 - BEGAN TERRORIST OPERATIONS IN 1980. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCE: * STIMULATE A "PEASANT ARMED STRUGGLE" THAT WILL LEAD TO THE OVERTHROW OF THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT AND INSTALL A LEFTIST, ETHNIC INDIAN STATE BY THE YEAR 2000; * ATTACK U.S. AND OTHER "IMPERIALIST" TARGETS IN AN EFFORT TO ELIMINATE FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN PERU, EMBARRASS THE PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT, AND FORCE IT TO TAKE REPRESSIVE MEASURES. SENDERO LUMINOSO HAS ALSO ATTACKED SOVIET AND CHINESE TARGETS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: SENDERO LUMINOSO IS A HIGHLY ACTIVE AND VIOLENT TERRORIST/INSURGENCY GROUP THAT CLAIMS A NEO-MAOIST ORIENTATION. ITS HOPE IS TO EVENTUALLY CREATE A RURAL-BASED INSURGENCY THAT WILL SWEEP INTO THE CITIES AND DESTROY THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT. SENDERO LUMINOSO DEVELOPED FROM AN EXTREMIST SPLINTER GROUP OF THE PERUVIAN COMMUNIST PARTY (PCP). IT HAS TRIED TO RADICALIZE THE MARXIST- LENINIST MOVEMENT IN PERU AND BELIEVES THAT THE "OLD, HEROIC TRADITIONS OF THE QUECHUA INDIANS" ARE THE PROPER ELEMENTS FOR A NEW SOCIAL/POLITICAL SYSTEM. BY USING NAMES AND SYMBOLS FROM THE INDIAN HERITAGE OF THE RURAL REGIONS, SENDERO LUMINOSO HAS BEEN ABLE TO ATTRACT SOME SUPPORT THAT MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN DRAWN TO A PURELY MARXIST IDEOLOGY. SENDERO LUMINOSO IS ORGANIZED TO CONDUCT SIMULTANEOUS URBAN TERRORISM AND RURAL GUERRILLA OPERATIONS. ALTHOUGH IT IS LARGE AND ADEQUATELY EQUIPPED AND TRAINED, THE GROUP TENDS TO AVOID DIRECT CONFLICT WITH THE MILITARY UNLESS IT CAN ATTACK WITH OVERWHELMING FORCE. UNLIKE OTHER LATIN AMERICAN LEFTIST SUBVERSIVE GROUPS, SENDERO LUMINOSO IS NOT BELIEVED TO HAVE OBVIOUS OR EXTENSIVE TIES TO CUBA OR OTHER SPONSORS. BANK ROBBERIES AND EXTORTION ARE SIGNIFICANT SOURCES OF FUNDING. SENDERO LUMINOSO IMPOSES A "WAR TAX" THAT APPARENTLY PROVIDES A SIGNIFICANT SOURCE OF INCOME. SENDERO LUMINOSO CONDUCTS VERY AGGRESSIVE INDOCTRINATION PROGRAMS IN ITS RURAL BASES. ITS RECRUITING PRACTICES FREQUENTLY TARGET 12- TO 15- YEAR OLDS WHO CAN BE MOLDED INTO HIGHLY MOTIVATED, EVEN FANATICAL ACTIVISTS. SENDERO LUMINOSO EMPLOYS A CELLULAR STRUCTURE FOR ITS TERRORIST OPERATIONS, AND EACH CELL NORMALLY HAS AT LEAST ONE FEMALE MEMBER. WOMEN HAVE SERVED AS MEMBERS OF ATTACK TEAMS AS WELL AS SMUGGLERS, INTELLIGENCE OPERATIVES, AND MESSENGERS. PARTICULARLY GRUESOME ASSASSINATIONS ARE A HALLMARK OF SENDERO LUMINOSO. VICTIMS OFTEN HAVE BEEN RITUALLY MUTILATED, AND CORPSES HAVE BEEN LEFT ON PUBLIC DISPLAY. THIS FEATURE OF SENDERO LUMINOSO OPERATIONS IS PARTLY A REFLECTION OF AN INDIAN BELIEF THAT AN UNMUTILATED VICTIM'S SPIRIT CAN REVEAL ITS KILLER. MUTILATION ALSO MAGNIFIES THE TERROR EFFECT OF THE KILLING. ALTHOUGH SENDERO LUMINOSO ESPOUSES A RURAL, PEASANT REVOLUTION, ITS LEADERSHIP COMES FROM RADICAL MIDDLE CLASS INTELLECTUAL CIRCLES. THE LEADERS, HOWEVER, ARE VERY SKILLFUL AT MAINTAINING THE IMAGE OF A "PEOPLE'S MOVEMENT," THUS ENHANCING THE GROUP'S ABILITY TO ATTRACT SUPPORT IN THE RURAL REGIONS. NONETHELESS, IF A VILLAGE DEMONSTRATES RESISTANCE TO A SENDERO LUMINOSO TAKEOVER, RESIDENTS FREQUENTLY ARE TERRORIZED INTO COOPERATION; EXTERMINATION OF THE VILLAGE LEADERSHIP IS NOT UNCOMMON. THE PRINCIPAL TARGETS OF SENDERO LUMINOSO ASSASSINATION TEAMS ARE THE CIVILIAN TECHNICIANS OF GOVERNMENT SPONSORED CIVIC ACTION PROJECTS. SEVERAL AMBITIOUS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS CANNOT GET OFF THE GROUND BECAUSE SENDERO LUMINOSO ASSASSINATES THE TECHNICIANS, DESTROYS WORKS COMPLETED, AND BLOWS UP CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY NEEDED TO CONTINUE WORK. ECONOMIC DISRUPTION BY SENDERO LUMINOSO ALSO HAS TARGETED THE RAILWAYS IN AN ATTEMPT TO CRIPPLE THE MAJOR TARNSPORTATION SYSTEM. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY AUGUST, 1981: BOMBED THE U.S. EMBASSY, THE BANK OF AMERICA, A COCA COLA BOTTLER, AND A DAIRY PRODUCT FIRM ASSOCIATED WITH THE CARNATION COMPANY, ALL IN LIMA. JULY, 1982: THREW TWO DYNAMITE BOMBS AT THE U.S. EMBASSY AND SET OFF BOMBS AT THREE PRIVATE BUSINESSES, INJURING THREE PEOPLE. MAY, 1983: BLEW UP TEN ELECTRICAL POWERLINE TOWERS IN A COORDINATED ATTACK THAT BLACKED OUT LIMA AND SET OFF OVER THIRTY BOMBS DURING THE CONFUSION, CAUSING OVER $27 MILLION IN DAMAGE. OCTOBER, 1983: BOMBED THE CAR OF A LIMA POLICE OFFICER. MAY, 1984: MACHINEGUNNED TWO POLICEMEN ON DUTY OUTSIDE THE EMBASSY OF WEST GERMANY IN LIMA, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING THE OTHER. AUGUST, 1984: BURNED AN EVANGELICAL CHURCH RUN BY U.S. MISSIONARIES IN SOUTHEASTERN AYACUCHO DEPARTMENT. NOVEMBER, 1984: BOMBED THE U.S.- PERUVIAN CULTURAL INSTITUTE IN LIMA. APRIL, 1985: SHOT AND CRITICALLY WOUNDED A FORMER JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT WHO WAS SERVING AS PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL ELECTIONS TRIBUNAL. JUNE, 1985: ALLEGEDLY PLACED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE PRESIDENTIAL PALACE IN LIMA. AUGUST, 1985: BOMBED A BUS AT THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN LIMA. DECEMBER, 1985: SET OFF A BOMB IN THE LIMA AIRPORT PARKING LOT, KILLING A CHILD AND FOUR OTHER PEOPLE. FEBRUARY, 1986: SHOT AND KILLED A VILLAGE MAYOR, STOLE FOOD STORED IN A CHURCH AND THREATENED TO KILL THE PRIEST. MARCH, 1986: MURDERED THREE PROVINCIAL MAYORS BY SHOOTING THEM IN THE HEAD IN THE TOWN OF CHACRA PAMPAS. JUNE, 1986: OVER 200 ALLEGED SENDERO LUMINOSO MEMBERS WERE KILLED IN A PRISON RIOT AND THE SUBSEQUENT EFFORT OF GOVERNMENT FORCES TO RE-GAIN CONTROL. JUNE, 1986: BOMBED A CUZCO-MACHU PICCHU TOURIST TRAIN, KILLING EIGHT (INCLUDING ONE AMERICAN) AND WOUNDING FORTY (INCLUDING NINE AMERICANS). JULY, 1986: BOMBED THE SOVIET EMBASSY IN LIMA. OCTOBER, 1986: SHOT AND KILLED FORMER NAVY MINISTER ADMIRAL CAFFERATTA. JANUARY, 1987: SHOT AND KILLED SENIOR MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN POPULAR REVOLUTIONARY ALLIANCE (APRA) - CARLOS SILVA. JANUARY, 1987: ATTACKED THE EMBASSY OF INDIA IN LIMA. FEBRUARY, 1987: BOMBED SEVEN BANKS AND BURNED A TEXTILE FACTORY IN LIMA. FEBRUARY, 1987: FAILED IN AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF PERU; DETONATED TWO CAR BOMBS NEAR A POLITICAL RALLY WHERE PRESIDENT GARCIA WAS SPEAKING. MARCH, 1987: CONDUCTED AN UNSUCCESSFUL ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST THE BANK OF TOKYO GENERAL MANAGER. APRIL, 1987: CARRIED OUT A BLOODY DAYLIGHT ATTACK AGAINST A RESTAURANT NEAR THE PERUVIAN ARMY HEADQUARTERS, INDISCRIMINATELY KILLING BOTH MILITARY AND CIVILIANS. APRIL, 1987: KILLED TWO POLICE OFFICERS GUARDING THE HUANCHAC TRAIN STATION IN CUZCO. APRIL, 1987: ATTACKED A BUS CARRYING MILITARY AND CIVILIAN PASSENGERS IN HUANACAVELICA, KILLING THIRTEEN PERSONS. APRIL, 1987: ATTACKED THE NORTH KOREAN COMMERCIAL MISSION IN LIMA, INJURING AT LEAST THREE PEOPLE. MAY, 1987: CONDUCTED A SERIES OF BOMBINGS, BLACKING OUT MOST OF LIMA. TARGETS INCLUDED THE MINISTRIES OF AGRICULTURE, LABOR, AND TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION. JUNE, 1987: ATTACKED AN EXCLUSIVE RESTAURANT IN THE MONTERRICO DISTRICT IN LIMA. AT LEAST ONE RESTAURANT GUARD AND TWO ATTACKERS WERE WOUNDED. JULY-NOVEMBER, 1987: STAGED NUMEROUS CLASHES WITH SECURITY FORCES SUPPORTING NARCOTICS ERADICATION CAMPAIGN IN THE UPPER HUALLAGA VALLEY. AUGUST, 1987: KILLED AN APRA PARTY LEADER. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE CONGRESS BUIDLING, CAUSING A PARTIAL BLACKOUT IN LIMA. KILLED OVER FORTY CIVILIANS IN ATTACKS AGAINST TWO TOWNS IN TOCACHE AREA. NOVEMBER, 1987: SUSPECTED IN COORDINATED LIMA BLACKOUT AND ATTACK AGAINST NISSAN FACTORY, DYNAMITE BOMBINGS OF THE MINISTRIES OF HEALTH AND JUSTICE, AND ATTACK AGAINST U.S. EMBASSY. JUNE, 1988: TWO U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (AID) SUBCONTRACTORS WERE KILLED WHILE TRAVELING NEAR AN AREA CONTROLLED BY SENDERO LUMINOSO. JANUARY, 1989: ASSASSINATED A LOCAL CHIEF OF THE PERUVIAN ANTI-TERRORISM DIRECTORATE. JANUARY, 1989: ATTACKED A GROUP OF JUDGES. TWO JUDGES WERE KILLED AS WERE THREE OF THE POLICE OFFICERS GUARDING THEM. TWELVE TO FIFTEEN MEMBERS OF SENDERO LUMINOSO WERE ALSO REPORTED KILLED. JANUARY, 1989: MURDERED A DEPUTY GOVERNOR AND FOUR OTHER VILLAGE OFFICIALS. JANUARY, 1989: MURDERED 27 CAMEPSINOS WHO WERE MEMBERS OF A PEASANT DEFENSE PATROL. JANUARY, 1989: ASSASSINATED THE MAYOR OF A VILLAGE IN JUNIN DEPARTMENT. JANUARY, 1989: ATTACKED A VILLAGE NEAR LAKE TITICACA. BUILDINGS WERE DYNAMITED AND BURNED; AND THE MAYOR AND SIX OFFICIALS WERE KILLED. FEBRUARY, 1989: ATTACKED A HELICOPTER BASE OPERATED BY THE U.S. DRUG ADMINSTRATION ADMINISTRATION. FEBRUARY, 1989: IN ONE DAY (10 FEBRUARY) SEVERAL SENDERO LUMINOSO OPERATIONS TOOK PLACE: A SENIOR MEMBER OF APRA WAS MURDERED; TWO POLICEMEN WERE KILLED AND TWO OTHERS WERE WOUNDED WHEN THEY TRIED TO LOWER A BOOBY-TRAPPED FLAG; AND THE DEPUTY MAYOR OF A SMALL TOWN NEAR LIMA WAS CRITICALLY WOUNDED IN AN ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT. FEBRUARY, 1989: SENDERO LUMINOSO MASSACRED THIRTY EIGHT CAMPESINOS IN AYACHUCO DEPARTMENT AS PUNISHMENT FOR ORGANIZING A SELF DEFENSE UNIT. MARCH, 1989: ON 3/2/89 THREE SEPARATE SENDERO LUMINOSO OPERATIONS TOOK PLACE: IN ONE TOWN A FRENCH TOURIST WAS MURDERED; IN ANOTHER TOWN TWO SCHOOL TEACHERS WERE MURDERED IN FRONT OF THEIR STUDENTS; AND IN THE THIRD INCIDENT A TEACHER AND HIS THIRTEEN YEAR OLD SON WERE MURDERED. MARCH, 1989: FIVE CIVIL SERVANTS IN A SMALL TOWN WERE MURDERED. ONE OF THE VICTIMS WAS THE TOWN'S MAYOR. MARCH, 1989: TWENTY SIX CAMPESINOS, MEMBERS OF A VILLAGE SELF DEFENSE UNIT, WERE MURDERED. APRIL, 1989: SENDERO LUMINOSO MURDERED AN AUSTRIAN JOURNALIST. APRIL, 1990: BOMBED A POLITICAL RALLY BEING ADDRESSED BY THE PRESIDENTIAL CANNDIDATE OF THE RULING PARTY. APRIL, 1990: ATTACKED A U.S. BUILT ANTI-NARCOTICS BASE IN THE UPPER HUALLAGA VALLEY. APRIL, 1990: MASSACRED FIFTY ELDERLY PEOPLE AND CHILDREN IN SONOMORO. MAY, 1990: DYNAMITE ATTACK ON THE MOTORCADE OF A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. MAY, 1990: A SENDERO LUMINOSO ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL IN LIMA WAS FOILED. JUNE, 1990: KIDNAPPED AND MURDERED TWO BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS IN THE UPPER HUALLAGA VALLEY. AUGUST, 1990: MURDERED TWO PERUVIAN MORMOM MISSIONARIES. OCTOBER, 1990: PERPETRATED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS AND ARSON. AMONG THE TARGETS WERE: THE EMBASSY OF WEST GERMANY; ELECTRICAL POWER PYLONS; FACTORIES; PUBLIC PARKS. THE ATTACKS TOOK PLACE IN LIMA AND THE PORT CITY OF EL CALLAO. DECEMBER, 1990: CONDUCTED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS AND ARSON ATTACKS IN LIMA. AT LEAST SEVENTEEN BANKS WERE BOMBED AND FIVE BUSES BURNED. FEBRUARY, 1991: BOMBED THE EMBASSY OF JAPAN IN LIMA. APRIL, 1991: MURDERED A PERUVIAN AGRONOMIST WORKING ON A RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT. APRIL, 1991: CONDUCTED A SERIES OF BOMBINGS IN LIMA AS A PROTEST OF THE U.S.- PERUVIAN ANTI-NARCOTICS AGREEMENTS. APRIL, 1991: CONDUCTED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS AND ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS IN LIMA. NEARLY FORTY BOMBINGS, PRIMARILY AGAINST BANKS, WERE CARRIED OUT. MAY, 1991: MURDERED AN AUSTRALIAN NUN AND FOUR VILLAGERS. JUNE, 1991: MURDERED A SOVIET WOMAN EMPLOYED AT A LIMA TEXTILE MILL. JUNE, 1991: ATTACKED A U.S. BUILT ANTI-NARCOTICS BASE IN THE UPPER HUALLAGA VALLEY. JULY, 1991: CARRIED OUT A ROCKET AND MACHINEGUN ATTACK ON THE HOME OF THE PERUVIAN MINISTER OF ECONOMY IN LIMA. JULY, 1991: A BRIEFCASE BOMB DETONATED AT THE PALACE OF JUSTICE IN LIMA. JULY, 1991: MURDERED A BUSINESS MAN OF JAPANESE DESCENT. AUGUST, 1991: MURDERED TWO POLISH PRIESTS AND A LOCAL MAYOR; ALSO BRIEFLY ABDUCTED AN ITALIAN NUN. AUGUST, 1991: MASSACRED AT LEAST FIFTY PEOPLE (MINE WORKERS AND THEIR WIVES). AUGUST, 1991: ASSASSINATED AN ITALIAN PRIEST. DECEMBER, 1991: CONDUCTED A WAVE OF BOMBINGS IN LIMA. AMONG THE TARGETS WERE THE EMBASSY OF FRANCE, THE RESIDENCE OF THE SPANISH AMBASSADOR, AND AT LEAST FIVE BANKS. JANUARY, 1992: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SHOOTING DOWN A U.S.-OWNED HELICOPTER ON LOAN TO PERUVIAN GOVERNMENT ANTI-DRUG AUTHORITIES. FOUR PERSONS WERE KILLED, INCLUDING THREE AMERICAN CREW MEMBERS. FEBRUARY, 1992: BOMBED ELECTRICAL POWER PYLONS TO INDUCE A BLACKOUT IN LIMA AND FOLLOWED WITH A WAVE OF ATTACKS THROUGHOUT THE CITY KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING THIRTY FIVE. FEBRUARY, 1992: DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR TO PERU. THREE PERUVIAN POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED. THE BOMBING WAS PART OF A WAVE OF A DOZEN BOMBINGS OVER A THREE HOUR PERIOD IN LIMA. FEBRUARY, 1992: DESTROYED A POLICE VAN NEAR LIMA, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING SIX. FEBRUARY, 1992: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A MAYOR AND HIS WIFE IN A SMALL TOWN. MARCH, 1992: ATTACKED A TOWN SITUATED 120 MILES FROM LIMA, KILLING TWO LOCAL OFFICIALS AND THREE PEASANT LEADERS. MARCH, 1992: ATTACKED A PERUVIAN NAVAL VEHICLE NEAR LIMA, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING ONE. APRIL, 1992: LOADED A BUS WITH APPROXIMATELY 220 POUNDS OF DYNAMITE AND ROLLED IT DOWN A HILL INTO A POLICE STATION, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING TWENTY TWO. APRIL, 1992: DETONATED A CAR BOMB AT A POLICE STATION, KILLING FOUR AND WOUNDING TWENTY. APRIL, 1992: DETONATED A CAR BOMB OUTSIDE A PERUVIAN ARMY BARRACKS IN LIMA, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING THREE. MAY, 1992: FORTY SEVEN SENDERO LUMINOSO PRISONERS AND TWO GUARDS WERE KILLED IN THE COURSE OF A PRISON UPRISING. MAY, 1992: SEIZED TWO TOWNS NORTH OF LIMA AND MURDERED TWENTY MEMBERS OF THE LOCAL PEASANT MILITIA. MAY, 1992: MURDERED A RELATIVE OF AN ADVISOR TO THE PRESIDENT OF PERU. JUNE, 1992: DETONATED A TRUCK BOMB AT A LIMA TELEVISION STATION, KILLING THREE AND WOUNDING TWENTY. JUNE, 1992: AMBUSHED A MILITARY CONVOY KILLING ELEVEN SOLDIERS AND SIX CIVILIANS. SEPTEMBER, 1992: ABIMAEL GUZMAN, THE FOUNDER AND LEADER OF SENDERO LUMINOSO WAS CAPTURED DURING A RAID BY PERUVIAN ANTI-TERRORIST POLICE. OCTOBER, 1992: ON OCTOBER 7, 1992, ABIMAEL GUZMAN WAS SENTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT. OCTOBER, 1992: CONDUCTED A ROCKET ATTACK AGAINST THE RESIDENCE OF THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR TO PERU. NO INJURIES. OCTOBER, 1992: WITHIN DAYS OF ABIMAEL GUZMAN BEING SENTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT, A FORCE OF 50 SENDERO GUERRILLAS ENTERED A VILLAGE IN LA MAR PROVINCE AND MURDERED FORTY FOUR PERSONS - MEMBERS OF THE VILLAGE SELF DEFENSE FORCE AS WELL AS WOMEN AND CHILDREN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. SIKH TERRORISM marked false SIKH TERRORISM SIKH TERRORISM showNameProp SIKH TERRORISM 10/28/92 GP00010 KEY WORDS: DASHMESH; 10TH REGIMENT; DAL KHALSA; BABBAR KHALSA; ALL INDIA SIKH STUDENTS FEDERATION.DESCRIPTION: SIKH TERRORISM IS CARRIED OUT BY SEVERAL DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL GROUPS SEEKING TO ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE CALLED KHALISTAN. SIKH VIOLENCE OUTSIDE INDIA IS ON THE WANE AFTER SURGING IN 1984 FOLLOWING THE INDIAN ARMY ATTACK ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE IN AMRITSAR. GROUPS THAT CARRY OUT TERRORISM INCLUDE THE DASHMESH, OR 10TH REGIMENT (ACTIVE IN INDIA, WESTERN GERMANY, AND CANADA), DAL KHALSA (HIJACKED AN INDIAN AIRLINE TO PAKISTAN IN 1981), BABBAR KHALSA (ALSO OPERATES IN INDIA, WESTERN GERMANY, AND CANADA), AND THE ALL-INDIA SIKH STUDENTS FEDERATION (MILITANT STUDENT WING OF THE MAIN SIKH PARTY, AKALI DAL). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: REGULAR AND BLOODY ATTACKS AGAINST HINDUS AND AGAINST INDIAN OFFICIAL TARGETS, PARTICULARLY IN THE PUNJAB; DESECRATION OF HINDU HOLY PLACES; ASSASSINATIONS; BOMBINGS; AND AIRCRAFT HIJACKINGS. ALTHOUGH SIKHS HAVE DISCLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY, THEY WERE PROBABLY RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE AIR INDIA AIRLINER DOWNED OVER THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN JUNE, 1985, IN WHICH THE CREW AND 329 PASSENGERS WERE KILLED, AND FOR AN EXPLOSION AT TOKYO AIRPORT ON THE SAME DAY, WHEN LUGGAGE FROM A FLIGHT FROM VANCOUVER BLEW UP AND KILLED TWO JAPANESE BAGGAGE HANDLERS. IN 1991, SIKH TERRORISTS ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE THE INDIAN AMBASSADOR IN ROMANIA AND KIDNAPPED AND HELD THE ROMANIAN CHARGE IN NEW DELHI FOR SEVEN WEEKS. NO U.S. INTERESTS HAVE BEEN TARGETED. SIKH TERRORISM WITHIN INDIA, RANGING FROM KIDNAPPINGS AND BOMBINGS TO ASSASSINATIONS, CONTINUES AT A HIGH LEVEL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: UNKNOWN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: NUMEROUS SIKH TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS WORLDWIDE HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN A VARIETY OF VIOLENT ACTIVITIES. NEVERTHELESS, INFORMATION CONCERNING THE CULPABILITY OF SPECIFIC SIKH GROUPS FOR SPECIFIC OPERATIONS OR EVEN ON THE INFRASTRUCTURES OF SIKH ELEMENTS IS SPARSE. FOR THESE REASONS, ONLY TWO OF THE MOST NOTORIOUS ORGANIZATIONS, THE DAL KHALSA AND THE DASHMESH REGIMENT, ARE DESCRIBED UNDER SEPARATE GROUP PROFILE ENTRIES. A SMALL, BUT VIOLENT, MOVEMENT EMERGED IN 1981 WHEN SANT JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE BEGAN PREACHING SIKH FUNDAMENTALISM AND URGING THE SIKH COMMUNITY IN INDIA TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNMENT FOR AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE. THE FOLLOWERS OF BHINDRANWALE ADOPTED TERRORISM AS ONE OF THEIR TACTICS. IN JUNE, 1984, INDIAN TROOPS STORMED THE GOLDEN TEMPLE IN AMRITSAR, SIKHISM'S HOLIEST SHRINE, WHERE BHINDRANWALE AND HIS FOLLOWERS HAD MADE THEIR HEADQUARTERS. BHINDRANWALE AND MANY FOLLOWERS WERE KILLED IN THE EXCHANGE. THE SIKH BODYGUARDS OF PRIME MINISTER INDIRA GHANDI SUBSEQUENTLY ASSASSINATED SIKH ADVOCATES OF A SEPARATE STATE OF KHALISTAN HAVE SINCE ENGAGED IN BOMBINGS, SABOTAGE, AND INDISCRIMINATE MURDERS OF NUMEROUS GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND CIVILIANS IN AN EFFORT TO KEEP THE KHALISTANI CAUSE PROMINENT. FUNDING FOR TERRORIST OPERATIONS APPEARS TO BE GENERATED STRICTLY FROM WITHIN THE SIKH COMMUNITY IN INDIA AND ABROAD. RADICAL SIKHS HAVE SOUGHT TO ESCALATE HINDU-SIKH TENSIONS FURTHER BY COMMITTING ATROCITIES AGAINST HINDUS THROUGHOUT THE PUNJAB AND SURROUNDING STATES. THE RADICALS PROBABLY ARE HOPING TO PROVOKE VIOLENT HINDU REPRISALS AGAINST SIKH COMMUNITIES. SUCH AN OUTCOME WOULD SERVE ONLY TO ENHANCE THE CAUSE FOR KHALISTAN FURTHER BY EXACERBATING COMMUNAL ANIMOSITIES AND WEAKENING THE STANCE OF THE MODERATES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: SEE SEPARATE GROUP PROFILES FOR DAL KHALSA AND DASHMESH. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS. TERRA LLIURE marked false TERRA LLIURE TERRA LLIURE showNameProp TERRA LLIURE 10/28/92 GP00035 KEY WORDS: FREE LAND; TL DESCRIPTION: A LEFT WING CATALONIAN SEPARATIST TERRORIST GROUP FORMED IN THE 1970S WITH THE GOAL OF ESTABLISHING AN INDEPENDENT MARXIST STATE IN THE SPANISH PROVINCES OF VALENCIA AND CATALONIA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: PRIMARILY SMALL-SCALE BOMBINGS AGAINST PROPERTY IN NORTHEASTERN SPAIN. TARGETS INCLUDE FOREIGN BANKS AND TRAVEL AGENCIES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED RECENT INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1987: A BOMB DETONATED IN FRONT OF THE BANCO HISPANO-AMERICANO IN BARCELONA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. OCTOBER, 1987: A BOMB DETONATED IN A STAIRWELL OUTSIDE OF THE REAR ENTRANCE OF THE U.S. CONSULATE IN BARCELONA. EIGHT PERSONS WERE INJURED. TWO GROUPS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK: TERRA LLIURE, AND THE RED ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF CATALONIA (ERCA). DECEMBER, 1987: TWO EXPLOSIVE DEVICES WERE THROWN INTO THE "IRUNA" BAR IN BARCELONA, WHICH WAS THE TEMPORARY QUARTERS OF THE USO. ONE AMERICAN SAILOR DIED OF HIS INJURIES AND NINE OTHER U.S. SAILORS WERE INJURED. THE RED ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF CATALONIA (ERCA) AND TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MARCH, 1988: TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE BRITISH CONSULATE IN BARCELONA IN SYMPATHY FOR THE IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY. MARCH, 1988: TWO BOMBS DETONATED IN BARCELONA. ONE WAS DIRECTED AT A CIVIL GUARDS BARRACKS; AND A WOMAN WAS INJURED. THE SECOND BOMB DAMAGED AN ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MAY, 1988: ELEVEN PERSONS WERE INJURED IN BARCELONA AS A RESULT OF TWO BOMBS WHICH EXPLODED WITHIN 15 MINUTES OF EACH OTHER AT A BANK. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1988: THREE BOMBS DETONATED IN BARCELONA ON THE MORNING OF JULY 17. THE BOMBINGS TOOK PLACE AT THE OFFICES OF THE ELECTRIC COMPANY, AN UNEMPLOYMENT OFFICE AND A BANK BRANCH. A FOURTH DEVICE WAS FOUND AT ANOTHER UNEMPLOYMENT OFFICE AND DISARMED. TWO PERSONS WERE INJURED IN THE THREE EXPLOSIONS. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBINGS WHICH WERE CARRIED OUT TO PROTEST THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NUCLEAR POWER STATION AND THE 1992 OLYMPIC GAMES TO BE HELD IN BARCELONA. AUGUST, 1988: A BOMB DETONATED AT A BAR LOCATED IN BARCELONA'S RED LIGHT DISTRICT. THE BAR WAS LOCATED BEHIND A CIVIL GUARDS BARRACKS. THERE WERE NO REPORTED INJURIES. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. AUGUST, 1988: TWO BOMBS DETONATED IN THE EARLY MORNING HOURS OF AUGUST 25, 1988. ONE DEVICE DETONATED AT 3:15 AM, AND THE SECOND AT 4:30 AM. BOTH BOMBS DETONATED IN FRONT OF BANKS IN BARCELONA. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY STATING THAT THE BOMBINGS WERE IN RETALIATION OF THE BANKS' SUPPORT OF THE 1992 OLYMPIC GAMES. MAY, 1989: TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF A CIVIL WAR MEMORIAL ON THE ISLAND OF MALLORCA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. SEPTEMBER, 1989: TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A CIVIL GUARD POST IN GERONA PROVINCE IN WHICH TWO CIVIL GUARDS WERE SERIOUSLY WOUNDED. SEPTEMBER, 1989: TERRA LLIURE WARNED THAT THE 1992 BARCELONA OLYMPICS WILL CONTINUE TO BE THE GROUP'S "PRIMARY" TARGET. MARCH, 1990: THREE BOMBS DETONATED ON MARCH 9, 1990, OUTSIDE THREE COURTHOUSES IN BARCELONA. THERE WERE NO REPORTED CASUALTIES. TERRA LLIURE CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1991: SPANISH MEDIA SOURCES REPORTED THAT TERRA LLIURE HAD UNDERGONE AN INTERNAL DIVISION IN WHICH THE LEADERSHIP OF THE GROUP AND A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE RANK AND FILE HAD VOTED TO CEASE TERRORIST ACTIVITIES. OCTOBER, 1991: A BOMB WAS FOUND IN GOVERNMENT OFFICES IN GERONA. THE DEVICE WAS DISARMED. WHILE NO PERSON OR GROUP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE DEVICE, CIVIL GUARDS SOURCES STATED IT WAS OF THE TYPE USED BY TERRA LLIURE, AND THAT THE INCIDENT TOOK PLACE IN AN AREA OF SPAIN IN WHICH TERRA LLIURE HAD HISTORICALLY OPERATED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. TUPAC AMARU REVOLUTIONARY MOVEME marked false TUPAC AMARU REVOLUTIONARY MOVEME TUPAC AMARU REVOLUTIONARY MOVEME showNameProp j*j*TUPAC AMARU REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT 10/28/92 GP00014 KEY WORDS: MRTA; MOVIMIENTO REVOLUCIONARIO TUPAC AMARU; MRTA-MIR DESCRIPTION: TRADITIONAL MARXIST-LENINIST REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN PERU FORMED IN 1983. LED BY NESTOR SERPA AND VICTOR POLAY. IT'S OBJECTIVE IS TO RID PERU - AND PERHAPS THE REGION - OF "IMPERIALIST" INFLUENCE AND ESTABLISH A MARXIST REGIME. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE ANTI-U.S. ATTACKS THAN ANY OTHER GROUP IN LATIN AMERICA. IN 1990 AND 1991, TUAPC AMARU ATTACKED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR, BOMBED THE U.S. CONSULATE AND THE U.S.- PERUVIAN BINATIONAL CENTER, ATTACKED U.S. BUSINESSES AND MORMON CHURCHES. ALSO ATTACKED PERU'S PRESIDENTIAL PALACE AND PRESIDENT FUJIMORI'S AIRPLANE IN 1991. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: 1,000 TO 2,000 COMBATANTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: RECEIVED TRAINING IN CUBA. MAY HAVE TIES TO LIBYA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * CONDUCT "ARMED PROPOGANDA" TO DESTABILIZE THE GOVERNMENT OF PERU; * FORCE U.S. GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES OUT OF PERU; * CREATE AN IMAGE OF MRTA AS THE PERUVIAN MILITANT GROUP ALIGNED WITH MARXIST INTERNATIONAL REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS AND PROPONENTS, IN CONTRAST WITH THE XENOPHOBIC SENDERO LUMINOSO (SL) TERRORIST GROUP. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: WHEN THE MRTA'S NAME SURFACED IN 1984, MANY THOUGHT IT WAS SIMPLY A FRONT NAME FOR PERU'S MAJOR TERRORIST/INSURGENT GROUP, SENDERO LUMINOSO. AVAILABLE INFORMATION INDICATES THAT TUPAC AMARU IS AN INDEPENDDENT ORGANIZATION FORMED BY UNIVERSITY STUDENT RADICALS WHO ESPOUSE A CASROITE, MARXIST-LENINIST IDEOLOGY. DESPITE ITS SHORT HISTORY, THE MRTA HAS BEEN VERY ACTIVE. IT HAS MADE ATTACK ON U.S. TARGETS A DEFINITE POLICY. THE TACTICS USED AND THE PROFICIENCY SHOWN IN MRTA ATTACKS INDICATE A RELATIVELY HIGH DEGREE OF SKILL. SOME CONTACT APPARENTLY EXISTS WITH OTHER LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY GROUPS, SUCH AS COLOMBIA'S 19TH OF APRIL MOVEMENT (M-19). SOME OF THE MRTA LEADERSHIP LIVED IN CUBA AND THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1970S AFTER FLEEING PERU DURING A GOVERNMENT CRACKDOWN ON STUDENT RADICALS. IN THE FALL OF 1986, THE MRTA ANNOUNCED A MERGER WITH THE REMNANTS OF AN EARLIER PERUVIAN RADICAL GROUP ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE MOVEMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT (MIR). THE GROUP THEN CONDUCTED A SERIES OF BOMBINGS IN LIMA TO PUBLICIZE THE NEW ALLIANCE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MARCH, 1984: MACHINEGUNNED THE RESIDENCE OF A FORMER MINISTER OF ECONOMY. SEPTEMBER, 1984: MURDERED A NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER IN A MACHINEGUN ATTACK ON A GUARD POST AT THE LIMA NAVAL HOSPITAL. OCTOBER, 1984: FIRED ON THE EXTERIOR OF THE U.S. EMBASSY BUILDING. MARCH, 1985: SET FIRE TO TWO KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN RESTAURANTS AND ATTEMPTED TO IGNITE A THIRD. JULY, 1985: WOUNDED THREE CIVILIANS IN SHOOTING AND BOMBING ATTACKS ON SIX LIMA POLICE STATIONS. NOVEMBER, 1985: BOMBED THE LIMA OFFICES OF THE TEXACO CORPORATION. NOVEMBER, 1985: FIRED SHOTS INTO THE U.S. EMBASSY COMPOUND AND ATTEMPTED TO THROW A BOMB, WHICH DETONATED ON A SIDEWALK OUTSIDE THE EMBASSY. JANUARY, 1986: OCCUPIED TWO RADIO STATIONS AND BRADCAST A PROTEST OF U.S. SENATOR EDWARD KENNEDY. APRIL, 1986: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR A CAR BOMB AT THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR, AS WELL AS SEVERAL OTHER BOMBS AT U.S AND U.S.- AFFILIATED BUILDINGS, INCLUDING BANKS AND BUSINESSES. AUGUST, 1986: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBS PLACED IN TWO GOVERNMENT OF PERU MINISTRY BUILDINGS A FEW DAYS AFTER ANNOUNCING AN END TO A SELF- PROCLAIMED TRUCE WITH THE GARCIA GOVERNMENT. SEPTEMBER, 1986: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON THE EMBASSY OF CHILE IN SOLIDARITY WITH LEFTIST GROUPS OPPOSING THE PINOCHET GOVERNMENT IN CHILE. DECEMBER, 1986: DYNAMITED SEVERAL U.S. OR U.S.- AFFILIATED FACILITIES. SLOGANS PAINTED ON THE BUILDINGS ANNOUNCED THE MERGER OF THE MRTA AND THE JANUARY, 1987: AMBUSHED AND MURDERED AN ARMY RECRUITING OFFICER IN HUANCAYO. JANUARY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A BUILDING WHICH HOUSED THE OFFICES OF A U.S. AIRLINE, THE UNITED NATIONS, AND THE EMBASSY OF AUSTRIA. FEBRUARY, 1987: TOOK OVER SIX RADIO STATIONS IN LIMA TO DENOUNCE THE GOVERNMENT. FEBRUARY-MARCH, 1987: BOMBED SEVERAL BRANCHES OF PERU'S LARGEST BANKS. MARCH, 1987: TOOK OVER A RADIO STATION, INVADED A CHURCH, AND OCCUPIED A PRIVATE MANUFACTURING CONCERN TO GIVE REVOLUTIONARY SPEECHES AND URGE PARTICIPATION IN THE "ARMED STRUGGLE." THIS FORM OF PROPAGANDIZING WAS A NEW MODUS OPERANDI FOR THE MRTA-MIR GROUPS. MARCH, 1987: DYNAMITED A CONTAINER COMPANY. A MANAGER WHO CHASED ONE TERRORIST WAS SHOT AND KILLED BY OTHER TERRORISTS DURING THEIR ESCAPE. APRIL, 1987: TOOK OVER A RADIO STATION IN TACNA AND BROADCAST A FIFTEEN MINUTE PRERECORDED MESSAGE CALLING FOR ARMED STRUGGLE AGAINST THE GARCIA GOVERNMENT. MAY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BLOWING UP FOUR BUSES IN SUPPORT OF NATIONAL WORK STOPPAGE; AGAIN TOOK OVER LIMA RADIO STATIONS TO BROADCAST PRO-MRTA MESSAGES. JUNE, 1987: INVADED TWO RADIO STATIONS IN LIMA AND FORCED THEM TO BROADCAST A TAPE MARKING THE SECOND ANNIVERSARY OF A MRTA ATTACK DURING THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT BELAUNDE. JUNE, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR THE SUBURBAN LIMA BRANCH OF BANCO DE CREDITO; MRTA PROPAGANDA WAS FOUND AT THE SCENE. AUGUST, 1987: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR A GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST THE PRESIDENTIAL PALACE. SEPTEMBER, 1987: BY SEPTEMBER HAD CONDUCTED SOME 39 BOMBINGS AT MAJOR BANKING FACILITIES IN ADDITION TO BOMBINGS AT GOVERNMENT OFFICES, UNIVERSITY SITES, AND U.S.-OWNED BUSINESS LOCATIONS. OCTOBER, 1987: SET OFF SMALL BOMBS AT THE BOLIVIAN EMBASSY AND AN ANNEX OF THE U.S. CONSULATE. NOVEMBER, 1987: A COLUMN OF MORE THAN EIGHTY MRTA INSURGENTS STAGED A CAREFULLY PLANNED, WELL-PUBLICIZED TAKEOVER OF JUANJUI, SAN MARTIN PROVINCE, DEPARTING THE AREA BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF GOVERNMENT SECURITY FORCES. FEBRAURY, 1988: CAUSED EXTENSIVE DAMAGE BUT NO INJURIES IN BOMBINGS OF SHELL OIL OFFICES, A PHARMACEUTICAL FACTORY, A FURNITURE STORE, AND THE ARMCO PERU PLANT IN LIMA. MARCH, 1988: BOMBED THE LIMA HEADQUARTERS OF ANGLO-NETHERLANDS ROYAL DUTCH SHELL OIL COMPANY, INJURING TWO PERSONS AND CAUSING CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE. APRIL, 1988: SIMULTANEOUSLY BOMBED TWO LIMA U.S. INFORMATION SERVICE (USIS) BINATIONAL CENTERS, DAMAGING THEIR FACADES AND INJURING TWO. JUNE, 1988: FIRED THREE 60MM MORTAR ROUNDS AT THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR. THE ATTACK CAUSED ONLY MINOR DAMAGE. JULY, 1988: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR KIDNAPPING A PERUVIAN BUSINESSMAN. JANUARY, 1989: ATTEMPTED TO ASSASSINATE A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. IN THE FAILED ATTEMPT, FOUR BODYGUARDS WERE WOUNDED. JANUARY, 1989: FIREBOMBED A LIMA RESTAURANT FREQUENTED BY U.S. DIPLOMATS. THERE WERE NO CASUALTIES. FEBRUARY, 1989: RAIDED AND LOOTED A STATE-OWNED OIL FIELD CAMP. NO CASUALTIES. MARCH, 1989: BOMBED THE VENEZUELAN EMBASSY IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. OCTOBER, 1989: BOMBED THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN LIMA. OCTOBER, 1989: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE KIDNAPPING A RADIO/TELEVISION MAGNATE. DECEMBER, 1989: BOMBED THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN AREQUIPA. NO CASUALTIES. DECEMBER, 1989: BOMBED A MORMON CHAPEL IN TARAPOTO. NO CASUALTIES. JANUARY, 1990: BOMBED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. MARINE EMBASSY GUARDS IN LIMA. ONE PASSERBY INJURED. FEBRUARY, 1990: BOMBED THE U.S. EMBASSY WAREHOUSE, THE PANAMANIAN EMBASSY, AND THE OFFICES OF A U.S. - AFFILIATED COMPANY. NO CASUALTIES. JULY, 1990: FORTY EIGHT MRAT MEMBERS, INCLUDING THE GROUP'S LEADER, ESCAPED FROM PRISON. JULY, 1990: BOMBED THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN CUSCO. NO CASUALTIES. JULY, 1990: BOMBED THE LIMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. NO CASUALTIES. NOVEMBER, 1990: BOMBED THE OFFICES OF THE XEROX CORPORATION AND A SYNAGOGUE IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. NOVEMBER, 1990: CONDUCTED A ROCKET ATTACK AGAINST THE U.S. CONSULATE IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. NOVEMBER, 1990: BOMBED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. AMBASSADOR TO PERU AND THE U.S. - PERU BINATIONAL CULTURAL CENTER IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. DECEMBER, 1990: BOMBED THE U.S., SOVIET, AND JAPANESE EMBASSIES, PLUS TWO DEPARTMENT STORES AND A SUPERMARKET IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. DECEMBER, 1990: CAR BOMB AT A SHOPPING MALL IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. FEBRUARY, 1991: BOMBED THE BRITISH CULTURAL CENTER IN LIMA. NO CASUALTIES. FEBRUARY, 1991: BOMBED A U.S. - AFFILIATED SECURITY FIRM WHICH SERVED THE U.S. EMBASSY. TWO PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND FIVE OTHERS WERE INJURED. FEBRUARY, 1991: BOMBED TWO RESTUARANTS (KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN & PIZZA HUT). SIX PERSONS WERE INJURED AT THE KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN SITE. MARCH, 1991: BOMBED TWO MORMON CHAPELS IN CHICLAYO. ONE INJURY. ADDITIONAL BOMBS WERE DOSCOVERED AND DISARMED AT TWO OTHER MORMON CHAPELS. NOVEMBER, 1991: GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST PRESIDENTIAL PALACE. THREE WERE HURT. NOVEMBER, 1991: UNSUCCESSFUL MORTAR AND CAR BOMB ATTACK AGAINST THE PRESIDENTIAL PALACE IN LIMA. NO INJURIES. MARCH, 1992: CONDUCTED SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS AGAINST TWO RESTAURANTS IN LIMA, CLAIMING THAT THE MANAGERS HAD ACTED IN A "REPRESSIVE" MANNER DURING A PAY DISPUTE. ONE RESTAURANT WAS BOMBED AND THE OTHER WAS BURNED. THERE WERE NO SERIOUS INJURIES. MARCH, 1992: FIVE BOMBS DAMAGED AN ELECTRICAL POWER GRID BLACKING OUT PART OF THE CITY OF TRUJILLO.JULY, 1992: CONDUCTED MULTIPLE ATTACKS ON AT LEAST FOUR TOWNS. IN THE COURSE OF THE ATTACKS AT LEAST FOUR BANKS WERE LOOTED. TWO POLICE OFFICERS, ONE ARMY OFFICER, AND FIVE CIVILIANS WERE REPORTED KILLED. SEVERAL PEOPLE WERE WOUNDED. AUGUST, 1992: TUPAC AMARU DETONATED A MINE IN LIMA'S MIRAFLORES DISTRICT, FORCING AN ARMY TRUCK OFF OF A CLIFF. FIVE OF THE SOLDIERS IN THE TRUCK WERE KILLED AND SIX WERE SERIOUSLY INJURED. A PASSERBY WAS REPORTED KILLED. AUGUST, 1992: OCCUPIED THE OFFICES OF UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL IN LIMA AND FORCED A CORRESPONDENT TO TRANSMIT A MESSAGE DENOUNCING PRESIDENT FUJIMORI OVER THE UPI WIRE. THE TERRORISTS LEFT BEHIND A BOMB WHICH WAS DISARMED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Middle East :PHYSSIZE Saudi Arabia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Saudi Arabia Yemen }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Yemen }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp United Arab Emirates }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp U.A.E. Qatar }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Qatar }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Afghanistan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Afghanistan Pakistan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Pakistan Gaza Strip }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Gaza Strip West Bank }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp West Bank Israel }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Israel Syria }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Syria Turkey }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Turkey Kuwait }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Kuwait Lebanon }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Lebanon Jordan }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Jordan Cyprus }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Cyprus Bahrain }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bahrain Middle East :PHYSSIZE Eur-Asia objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "MidEast2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp MidEast2.bmp showRegionX View Middle East North America :PHYSSIZE North America Ctys objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp North America Central America objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Central America Caribbean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Caribbean Atlantic Ocean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Arctic Ocean Pacific Ocean objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp Pacific Ocean North and Central Americaaa :PHYSSIZE North America objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "Arctic2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp Arctic2.bmp showRegionX View Arctic Map South America :PHYSSIZE Colombia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Colombia Ecuador }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Ecuador }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Brazil }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Brazil Venezuela }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Venezuela Bolivia }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bolivia Chile }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Chile Argentina }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Argentina Uruguay }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Uruguay Paraguay }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Paraguay Guyana }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Guyana Suriname }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Suriname French Guiana }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp French Guiana Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Falkland Is. South Georgia & South Sandwich }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp S. Georgia & S. Sandwich Is. Pacific Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Pacific Ocean South Americaaaaaaaa :PHYSSIZE South America objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "SouthAm2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp SouthAm2.bmp showRegionX View South America North America Ctys :PHYSSIZE United States }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp United States Canada }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Canada Greenland }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Greenland Bermuda }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Bermuda Saint Pierre and Miquelon }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp St. Pierre & Miquelon Atlantic Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean }loc; objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Arctic Ocean North America :PHYSSIZE North America objectFromPoint( ) = buttonUp buttonUp objectFromPoint( showRegionX( "North_a2.bmp" ) buttonUp buttonUp North_a2.bmp showRegionX View North America GUATEMALAN NATIONAL REVOLUTIONAR marked false GUATEMALAN NATIONAL REVOLUT. GUATEMALAN NATIONAL REVOLUT. showNameProp Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG) Date Formed: 1982. Estimated Membership: An estimated 1,500 guerrillas from various groups. The URNG is a loose coalition of three of the major insurgent groups in Guatemala that have used terrorist tactics - the Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORA), the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), and the Rebel Armed Forces (FAR). Headquarters: Delegations in Mexico City, Havana, and Managua. Area of Operations: Rural Guatemala, with the OPR in the southwest, the EGP mainly in the northwest highlands, and the FAR in the extreme north in Peten Department. Leadership: Leaders of each group are believed to form the joint leadership of the URNG, including Rodrigo Asturias Amado ("Gaspar Ilom") of the ORPA, Jorge Soto Garcia ("Pablo Monsanto") of the FAR, and Ricardo Ramirez de Leon ("Rolando Moran") of the EGP. Other Names: Political arm is known as the Guatemalan Committee for Patriotic Unity (CGUP). Sometimes claims operations in the name of any of its individual component groups. Sponsors: Cuba. Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Unit the guerrillas and revolutionary front organizations into a broad coalition to achieve the unity necessary to launch a "people's revolutionary war." * Defeat the "power of national and foreign wealth and install a patriotic, revolutionary, and democratic people's government." Background In 1980, the three groups of the URNG signed a unity agreement that was a precondition for increased Cuban support. The URNG was formalized in Havana in February 1982. As a result, the Government of Guatemala launched a large counteroffensive in an attempt to eliminate the guerrillas' popular support base. By the end of that year, the guerrillas were on the defensive and decreased activity for the next two years. In February 1985, they announced "a new stage of military struggle" but showed no evidence of being able to expand their operations. Cooperation and coordination among the groups is incomplete and irregular. Nonetheless, the URNG stresses joint political-military operations and coordination among its member groups on matters pertaining to territorial responsibilities, tactics, strategy, and external support. Cooperation between groups seems to work best in rural areas, mainly among the ORPA and the FAR. Cuba has assisted the URNG by supplying various groups with Western-made weapons such as assault rifles, recoilless rifles, machineguns, grenade launchers, and mortars, as well as Chinese-made Type-56 RPG-2 rocket launchers. In the 1960s, Cuba provided a great deal of aid, including weapons, training, logistic, political, and propaganda support to the FAR, the first of the Guatemalan groups to be formed. Recent Cuban support is suspected to be limited to minor financial aid for black market arms purchases. Nicaragua is believed to provide some aid. URNG groups also have ties with various Latin American terrorist organizations and solidarity movements in Latin America, Canada, the United States, and Europe. All three member groups of the URNG are anti-U.S. and have taken part in operations such as assassinations of civilians and economic sabotage, though most of their activities have been directed at the Army. The FAR is the oldest and most established of the organizations and seems to recover rapidly from serious losses, though it has not been as severely threatened as have the ORPA and the EGP. When guerrilla activity is too difficult to undertake, the FAR seems the most willing to resort to terrorist operations to remind the country that it still exists. A separate list of the FAR's activities is provided below. Selected Incident Chronology December 1983 - Hurled a fragmentation grenade at the Salvadoran Embassy in Guatemala City, causing material damage only. January 1984 - Attacked the official residence of junta leader General Oscar Mejia Victores with machineguns and grenade launchers. January 1985 - Occupied four towns in El Peten Department during a 3-day period and destroyed a Government vehicle transporting road construction materials. October 1985 - Blew up a light aircraft when it tried to land on a mined airstrip of the Panama Farm in Suchitepquez Department, killing the Norwegian Consul in Guatemala. FAR Attacks January 1968 - Machine-gunned and killed the head of the U.S. Military Mission and the U.S. Naval Attache in Guatemala City. Two other members of the U.S. Military Mission were wounded in the attack. August 1968 - Assassinated U.S. Ambassador John Gordon Mein on a Guatemala City street after he resisted an apparent kidnaping attempt. March 1979 - Assassinated an industrialist/landowner in Guatemala City who was the manager of two Us-owned enterprises in Huehuetenango. February 1985 - Occupied seven villages and terrorized a U.S. oil company camp in El Peten Department. July 1985 - Occupied the camp of a foreign oil company, two towns, and two highway sections. Clashed with Army troops in northern El Peten. February 1986 - Occupied the Hispanoil oil-drilling camp in El Peten and carried out sabotage actions. March 1986 - Occupied the Chinaja oil well in Alta Verapaz Department and carried out sabotage actions. May 1986 - Occupied several towns, sabotaged a pipeline, and attacked an Army company in El Peten. March 1991 - Admitted firing on the helicopter carrying Guatemala's new president, Jorge Serrano Elias, but claimed they thought the helicopter was carrying out rocket attacks against guerrilla columns. HAWARI GROUP marked false HAWARI GROUP HAWARI GROUP showNameProp HAWARI GROUP 10/28/92 GP00036 KEY WORDS: FATAH SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP; MARTYRS OF TAL AL ZA'ATAR; AMN ARAISSI DESCRIPTION: PART OF ARAFAT'S FATAH APPARATUS, THE GROUP IS NAMED AFTER ITS LEADER, COMMONLY KNOWN AS COLONEL HAWARI, WHO DIED IN AN AUTOMOBILE CRASH IN MAY, 1991, WHILE TRAVELING FROM BAGHDAD TO JORDAN. THE GROUP HAS TIES HISTORICALLY TO IRAQ. MEMBERSHIP INCLUDES FORMER MEMBERS OF THE RADICAL PALESTINIAN 15 MAY ORGANIZATION. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: CARRIED OUT SEVERAL ATTACKS IN 1985 AND 1986, MAINLY IN EUROPE AND USUALLY AGAINST SYRIAN TARGETS. THE HAWARI GROUP HAS ALSO TARGETED AMERICANS, MOST NOTABLY IN THE APRIL 1986 BOMBING OF TWA FLIGHT #840 OVER GREECE IN WHICH FOUR AMERICANS WERE KILLED. THE FUTURE OF THE GROUP IS UNCERTAIN FOLLOWING HAWARI'S DEATH. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: THE PLO IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF SUPPORT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT DOCUMENTATION. HIZBALLAH marked false HIZBALLAH HIZBALLAH showNameProp &HIZBALLAH 10/28/92 GP00032 KEY WORDS: HEZBOLLAH; PARTY OF GOD; ISLAMIC JIHAD; IJO; ISLAMIC JIHAD ORGANIZATION; REVOLUTIONARY JUSTICE ORGANIZATION; RJO; ORGANIZATION OF THE OPPRESSED OF THE EARTH; ISLAMIC JIHAD FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DESCRIPTION: A RADICAL SHI'A GROUP FORMED IN LEBANON; DEDICATED TO THE CREATION OF AN IRANIAN STYLE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC IN LEBANON AND THE REMOVAL OF ALL NON-ISLAMIC INFLUENCES FROM THE AREA. STRONGLY ANTI-WEST AND ANTI-ISRAEL. CLOSELY ALLIED WITH, AND LARGELY DIRECTED BY, IRAN IN ITS ACTIVITIES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: KNOWN OR SUSPECTED TO HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN NUMEROUS ANTI-U.S. TERRORIST ATTACKS, INCLUDING THE SUICIDE TRUCK BOMBING ON THE U.S. MARINE BARRACKS IN BEIRUT IN OCTOBER, 1983 AND THE U.S. EMBASSY ANNEX IN SEPTEMBER, 1984. ELEMENTS OF THE GROUP ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE KIDNAPPING OF MOST, IF NOT ALL, U.S. AND OTHER WESTERN HOSTAGES IN LEBANON. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: SEVERAL THOUSAND. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION: OPERATES IN THE BEKAA VALLEY, THE SOUTHERN SUBURBS OF BEIRUT, AND IN SOUTHERN LEBANON. HIZBALLAH HAS ESTABLISHED CELLS IN WESTERN EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ELSEWHERE. THE GROUP HAS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR ATTACKS AS FAR AFIELD AS ARGENTINA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: RECEIVES SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS OF TRAINING, FINANCIAL AID, WEAPONS, EXPLOSIVES, AS WELL AS POLITICAL, DIPLOMATIC AND ORGANIZATIONAL ASSISTANCE FROM THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATE FORMED: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * ESTABLISH A REVOLUTIONARY SHI'A STATE IN LEBANON, MODELLED AFTER IRAN * ELIMINATE NON-ISLAMIC INFLUENCES AND FORCE WESTERN INTERESTS OUT OF THE REGION; * BECOME INSTITUTIONALIZED AS LEBANON'S PRINCIPAL ISLAMIC MOVEMENT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE HIZBALLAH IS A POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND MILITARY ORGANIZATION THAT GIVES FOCUS AND GENERAL IDENTITY IN LEBANON TO THE ISLAMIC MILITANCY OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION. THE HIZBALLAH ESPOUSES AN INTENSE HATRED OF ANY INFLUENCE THAT DOES NOT SUPPORT ITS VIEWS OF SHI'A IDEOLOGY. AN ELEMENT WITHIN THE GROUP ACTIVELY EMPLOYS TERRORISM AS A TACTIC TO SUPPORT THE GOALS, BOTH POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS, OF HIZBALLAH. THE HIZBALLAH MOVEMENT WAS BORN AS A RESULT OF THE MERGER OF SHEIKH HUSAYN MUSAWI'S ISLAMIC AMAL AND THE LEBANESE BRANCH OF THE DA'WA PARTY IN 1982-83. IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT SHEIKH MUSAWI WAS KILLED IN EARLY 1992 IN SOUTHERN LEBANON IN AN ISRAELI ATTACK ON HIS MOTORCADE. THREE AREA COUNCILS - BEIRUT, THE BEKAA VALLEY, AND SOUTHERN LEBANON - OVERSEE HIZBALLAH ACTIVITIES IN THEIR RESPECTIVE REGIONS. A SERIES OF FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEES PLAY ROLES IN POLICY RECOMMENDATION AND EXECUTION. A CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL ("SHURA") FUNCTIONS AS THE PRINCIPAL GOVERNING BODY ON DAY-TO-DAY MATTERS BUT ACTUALLY EXISTS TO ADVISE IRAN ON THE UNIQUE SITUATION OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN LEBANON. HIZBALLAH ELEMENTS RECEIVE TRAINING IN THE BEKAA VALLEY OF EASTERN LEBANON. THROUGH THIS CONNECTION, IRANIAN REVOLUTIONARY GUARDSMEN PROVIDE POLITICAL INDOCTRINATION, FINANCING, AND MATERIAL SUPPORT. THE HIZBALLAH AND THE REVOLUTIONARY GUARDS WORK IN CLOSE CONCERT ON TERRORIST OPERATIONS. THE HIZBALLAH ITSELF SELDOM CLAIMS RESPONSIBILITY FOR SPECIFIC ACTS, BUT DOES SO UNDER A VARIETY OF ALIASES. (SEE ALIASES FOR LIST OF HIZBALLAH NAMES). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY APRIL,1983: COMMITTED SUICIDE CAR BOMB ATTACK ON THE U.S. EMBASSY IN BEIRUT, KILLING FORTY NINE AND WOUNDING 120. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. OCTOBER, 1983: SUICIDE DRIVERS DROVE TWO TRUCKS CARRYING HIGH EXPLOSIVES INTO THE U.S. MARINE AND FRENCH MILITARY BARRACKS IN BEIRUT, KILLING 241 U.S. AND 56 FRENCH. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. NOVEMBER, 1983: A HIZBALLAH OPERATIVE DROVE A CAR BOMB INTO THE ISRAELI HEADQUARTERS IN TYRE, CAUSING NUMEROUS CASUALTIES. DECEMBER, 1983: STAGED A SERIES OF CAR BOMB ATTACKS AGAINST THE U.S. AND FRENCH EMBASSIES IN KUWAIT. JANUARY, 1984: MURDERED AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT PRESIDENT MALCOLM KERR, A U.S. CITIZEN. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JANUARY, 1984: KIDNAPPED A SAUDI DIPLOMAT; RELEASED MAY, 1985. FEBRUARY, 1984: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF FORMER IRANIAN GENERAL GHOLAM REZA OVEISI (MARTIAL LAW ADMINISTRATOR FOR TEHRAN UNDER THE SHAH) AND HIS BROTHER IN PARIS. FEBRUARY, 1984: KIDNAPPED U.S. PROFESSOR FRANK REIGER; RESCUED APRIL 1984. MARCH, 1984: KIDNAPPED U.S. JOURNALIST JEREMY LEVIN; ESCAPED FEBRUARY 1985. MARCH, 1984: KIDNAPPED WILLIAM BUCKLEY, U.S. DIPLOMAT STATIONED IN BEIRUT. HE WAS REPORTED KILLED IN 1985. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. BUCKLEY'S REMAINS WERE RETURNED TO THE U.S. EMBASSY IN 12/91. MAY, 1984: KIDNAPPED REVEREND BENJAMIN WEIR, A U.S. CITIZEN; RELEASED IN SEPTEMBER, 1985. SEPTEMBER, 1984: COMMITTED SUICIDE TRUCK BOMBING OF THE U.S. EMBASSY ANNEX IN EAST BEIRUT. TWENTY THREE PERSONS, INCLUDING TWO AMERICANS, WERE KILLED. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. DECEMBER, 1984: HIJACKED KUWAIT AIR FLIGHT #221 TO TEHRAN. MURDERED TWO OFFICIALS OF THE U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. JANUARY, 1985: KIDNAPPED FATHER LAWRENCE JENCO, U.S. CITIZEN; RELEASED IN JULY 1986. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MARCH, 1985: KIDNAPPED GEOFFREY NASH, UK CITIZEN; RELEASED SHORTLY THEREAFTER. MARCH, 1985: KIDNAPPED BRIAN LEVICK, UK CITIZEN, RELEASED SHORTLY THEREAFTER. MARCH, 1985: KIDNAPPED AP JOURNALIST TERRY ANDERSON, U.S. CITIZEN. RELEASED IN DECEMBER, 1991. MAY, 1985: KIDNAPPED TWO FRENCH CITIZENS; ONE WAS KILLED IN MARCH, 1986 AND THE OTHER WAS SUBSEQUENTLY RELEASED. MAY, 1985: KIDNAPPED DAVID JACOBSON, U.S. CITIZEN, OFFICIAL AT AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT; RELEASED NOVEMBER, 1986. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MAY, 1985: MURDER OF DENNIS HILL, U.K. CITIZEN. HIZBALLAH SUSPECTED. JUNE, 1985: KIDNAPPED THOMAS SUTHERLAND, U.S. CITIZEN, OFFICIAL AT AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT. RELEASED IN NOVEMBER, 1991. ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JUNE, 1985: HIJACKED TWA FLIGHT #847 EN ROUTE TO ATHENS. U.S. NAVY DIVER ROBERT STETHEM MURDERED. HIZBALLAH AND AMAL HELD 39 U.S. CITIZENS HOSTAGE FOR 17 DAYS IN BEIRUT BEFORE THEY WERE RELEASED. JULY, 1985: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBINGS OF AN AIRLINE OFFICE AND A SYNAGOGUE IN COPENHAGEN. ONE PERSON WAS KILLED AND TWENTY SIX WERE INJURED. DECEMBER, 1985: IMPLICATED IN A SERIES OF BOMBINGS IN PARIS. MARCH, 1986: KIDNAPPED FOUR FRENCH TELEVISION NEWS TEAM MEMBERS. THEY WERE RELEASED BETWEEN JUNE, 1986 AND NOVEMBER, 1987. SEPTEMBER, 1986: KIDNAPPED FRANK REED, U.S. CITIZEN. RELEASED APRIL, 1990. SEPTEMBER, 1986: KIDNAPPED U.S. CITIZEN JOSEPH CICIPPIO. RELEASED DECEMBER, 1991. SEPTEMBER, 1986: HIZBALLAH SUSPECTED IN THE MURDER OF COLONEL CHRISTIAN GOUTIERRE, FRENCH MILITARY ATTACHE IN BEIRUT. SEPTEMBER, 1986: SUSPECTED IN A SERIES OF PARIS BOMBINGS. OCTOBER, 1986: KIDNAPPED EDWARD AUSTIN TRACY, U.S. CITIZEN. RELEASED AUGUST 1991. REVOLUTIONARY JUSTICE ORGANIZATION CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JANUARY, 1987: KIDNAPPED ANGLICAN CHURCH ENVOY TERRY WAITE. RELEASED NOVEMBER 1991. JANUARY, 1987: KIDNAPPED BEIRUT UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS JESSE TURNER, ALAN STEEN, ROBERT POLHILL - U.S. CITIZENS - AND M. SINGH. SINGH WAS RELEASED IN OCTOBER, 1988. TURNER WAS RELEASED IN OCTOBER 1991, STEEN WAS RELEASED IN DECEMBER 1991, AND POLHILL WAS RELEASED IN APRIL 1990. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OPPRESSED OF THE EARTH CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1987: A SUSPECTED HIZBALLAH MEMBER HIJACKED AN AIR AFRIQUE FLIGHT BETWEEN ROME AND PARIS. THE SUSPECT HAD BOARDED THE FLIGHT IN BRAZZAVILLE. ONE FRENCH CITIZEN WAS MURDERED BEFORE THE HIJACKER WAS OVER- POWERED BY A MEMBER OF THE CABIN CREW. FEBRUARY, 1988: KIDNAPPED UNITED NATIONS MILITARY OBSERVER AND U.S. MARINE LT. COLONEL RICHARD HIGGINS. LTC HIGGINS WAS SUBSEQUENTLY MURDERED (DATE UNKNOWN). HIS REMAINS WERE HANDED OVER TO THE AMERICAN EMBASSY IN BEIRUT IN DECEMBER 1991. APRIL, 1988: HIJACKED KUWAITI AIRWAYS FLIGHT #422 ENROUTE FROM BANGKOK TO KUWAIT. PLANE INITIALLY DIVERTED TO MASHAD, IRAN, THEN TO CYPRUS, AND FINALLY TO ALGIERS. TWO HOSTAGES WERE MURDERED DURING THE INCIDENT. THE HIJACKERS ESCAPED IN ALGIERS. OCTOBER, 1990: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A CAR BOMBING IN ANKARA, TURKEY, WHICH SERIOUSLY WOUNDED A SAUDI DIPLOMAT. NOVEMBER, 1990: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER IN BEIRUT OF A SAUDI DIPLOMAT. MARCH, 1991: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A CAR BOMBING IN ANKARA, IN WHICH AN IRAQI DIPLOMAT WAS INJURED. MARCH, 1992: ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE ISRAELI EMBASSY IN BUENOS AIRES, IN WHICH 29 PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND 252 INJURED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. IRAULTZA marked false IRAULTZA IRAULTZA showNameProp IRAULTZA 10/28/92 GP00034 KEY WORDS: BASQUE ARMED REVOLUTIONARY WORKER'S ORGANIZATION; REVOLUTION; IRAULTZA-ASKE; IA; FREE REVOLUTION.DATE FORMED: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ESTIMATED MEMBERSHIP: LESS THAN 2 DOZEN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- AREA OF OPERATION: BASQUE PROVINCES OF SPAIN: VIZCAYA; ALAVA; NAVARRA; GUIPUZCOA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCE: * ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT, MARXIST BASQUE NATION; * END FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE BASQUE REGION; * PROTEST U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, ESPECIALLY IN LATIN AMERICA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT IRAULTZA, AND ITS ORIGINS ARE OBSCURE. MARXIST AND STRONGLY ANTI-U.S., IRAULTZA SEEKS TO ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT, MARXIST BASQUE NATION AND TO END FOREIGN, ESPECIALLY U.S., INVESTMENT IN THE BASQUE REGION. IN ADDITION, THE GROUP OPPOSES U.S. FOREIGN POLICY; PARTICULARLY TOWARD LATIN AMERICA, EXPRESSING SOLIDARITY WITH RADICAL LEFTISTS THERE. ALTHOUGH IRAULTZA IS BELIEVED TO BE QUITE A SMALL ORGANIZATION, IT HAS COMMITTED BOMBINGS AGAINST U.S. AND FRENCH ECONOMIC AND CORPORATE INTERESTS IN THE BASQUE REGION. THE GROUP HAS PROBABLY COMMITTED MORE BOMBINGS AGAINST U.S. BUSINESS INTERESTS THAN ANY OTHER EUROPEAN TERRORIST GROUP. ANONYMOUS CALLERS CLAIMING RESPONSIBILITY FOR IRAULTZA BOMBINGS HAVE VOICED OPPOSITION TO U.S. AID TO THE NICARAGUAN RESISTANCE, U.S. ACTIONS IN GRENADA AND LEBANON, AND SPAIN'S PARTICIPATION IN NATO. IRAULTZA MEMBERS TYPICALLY PLACE SMALL, UNSOPHISTICATED BOMBS ON THE SIDEWALK OR IN THE STREET OUTSIDE THE INTENDED TARGET, OFTEN LATE AT NIGHT. ALTHOUGH AN ANONYMOUS CALLER THEN USUALLY WARNS THE POLICE OF THE BOMB'S PRESENCE, THERE HAS USUALLY NOT BEEN ENOUGH TIME FOR THE AUTHORITIES TO REACT BEFORE THE BOMB DETONATES. WHILE INTENDING TO CAUSE ONLY PROPERTY DAMAGE, IRAULTZA "MIDNIGHT" BOMBS HAVE INJURED AND KILLED SEVERAL PEOPLE. THERE IS LITTLE OR NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE GROUP'S LEADERSHIP, ORGANIZATION, OR SOURCES OF FUNDING. SINCE THE GROUP IS QUITE SMALL AND ITS BOMBS ARE SIMPLE, IRAULTZA LIKELY SURVIVES ON MONEY SUPPLIED BY SUPPORTERS AND POSSIBLY THROUGH SMALL-SCALE EXTORTION. ALTHOUGH CURRENTLY CONSIDERED A MINOR GROUP, IRAULTZA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO BECOME A MORE SERIOUS THREAT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1982: BOMBED THE STOCK MARKET AND A BANK IN BILBAO - NO INJURIES. FEBRUARY, 1983: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTEMPTED BOMBING OF THE RANK XEROX OFFICES IN BILBAO. POLICE DISARMED THE BOMB. APRIL, 1983: BOMBED THE RANK XEROX OFFICE IN PAMPLONA - NO INJURIES. MAY, 1983: BOMBED THREE BANKS IN THE BASQUE PROVINCE OF GUIPUZCOA. MAY, 1983: BOMBED THE RANK XEROX OFFICE IN BILBAO - NO INJURIES. JUNE, 1983: BOMBED A GENERAL MOTORS AFFILIATED COMPANY IN SAN SEBASTIAN TO PROTEST U.S. INVESTMENT IN THE BASQUE REGION AND A VISIT BY THE PRIME MINISTER OF SPAIN TO THE UNITED STATES. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1983: BOMBED THE BILBAO OFFICES OF THE BANK OF AMERICA AND RANK XEROX IN PROTEST OF U.S. ACTIONS IN GRENADA AND THE PRESENCE OF U.S. MARINES IN LEBANON. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1983: BOMBED A COCA COLA BOTTLING PLANT IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. DECEMBER, 1983: BOMBED THE IBM OFFICE IN VITORIA, THE 3M OFFICE IN BILBAO, AND THE NCR AND COCA COLA OFFICES IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. DECEMBER, 1983: BOMBED THE HISPANOAMERICAN CULTURAL CENTER IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. THE CENTER IS NOT AFFILIATED WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. JANUARY, 1984: BOMBED A FORD DEALERSHIP IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1984: BOMBED THE IBM OFFICES IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1985: BOMBED A BILBAO MOVIE THEATRE THAT WAS SHOWING AN AMERICAN WAR FILM. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. FEBRUARY, 1985: BOMBED THE FIRESTONE OFFICE IN BILBAO TO COMMEMORATE THE DEATH OF A GROUP MEMBER AND "IN SOLIDARITY WITH THE PEOPLE OF LATIN AMERICA AND ITS STRUGGLE AGAINST US IMPERIALISM." THERE WERE NO INJURIES. MAY, 1985: BOMBED THE HERTZ AND AVIS OFFICES IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1985: BOMBED THE OFFICES OF HONEYWELL BULL IN SAN SEBASTIAN - NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1986: BOMBED THE OFFICES OF RANK XEROX IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. FEBRUARY, 1986: BOMBED THE VITORIA CITY BRANCH OF THE CITIBANK ON "BEHALF OF THE ANTI-NATO MOVEMENT." THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JUNE, 1986: BOMBED THE OFFICES OF 3M IN BILBAO TO PROTEST U.S. AID TO THE NICARAGUAN RESISTANCE. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JUNE, 1986: BOMBED A BILBAO CONSTRUCTION SITE TO PROTEST THE BUILDING OF A WASTE TREATMENT PLANT, KILLING A WORKER WHEN THE BOMB, SET TO DETONATE AT NIGHT, EXPLODED DURING WORKING HOURS. MARCH, 1987: BOMBED THE NCR OFFICES IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. MARCH, 1988: BOMBED A FORD SHOWROOM IN VITORIA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JUNE, 1989: BOMBED A CITIBANK OFFICE IN SAN SEBASTIAN. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. DECEMBER, 1989: BOMBED A FORD DEALERSHIP IN VITORIA. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1990: BOMBED A FORD DEALERSHIP IN BILBAO. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. MAY, 1990: BOMBED TWO TRUCKS AT A CONSTRUCTION SITE OF THE NAVARRA-GUIPUZCOA HIGHWAY PROJECT. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. APRIL, 1991: THREE PERSONS WERE KILLED NEAR BILBAO WHEN THE BOMB THEY WERE CARRYING EXPLODED PREMATURELY. THE THREE WERE MEMBERS OF IRAULTZA. OCTOBER, 1991: A BANK IN A BILBAO SUBURB WAS FIREBOMBED. POLICE ATTRIBUTED THE INCIDENT TO A GROUP CALLING ITSELF "IRAULTZA-ASKE" (IA) OR "FREE" IRAULTZA, WHICH IS A NEW FACTION OF IRAULTZA AND IS CONSIDERED BY POLICE AS POTENTIALLY THE MOST VIOLENT FACTION OF THE GROUP ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- INFORMATION DERIVED FROM DEFENSE DEPARTMENT AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. IRISH NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY marked false IRISH NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY IRISH NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY showNameProp Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) Date Formed: 1975. Estimated Membership: Less than 20. Headquarters: Dublin. Area of Operations: No significant rural presence in Northern Ireland, but active in urban areas such as Belfast and Londonderry. Leadership: Dominic McGlinchey (killed in 1987), Harry Flynn (arrested in France in 1986), Gerard Steenson (killed in 1987), Thomas Power (killed in 1987). Other Names: None. Sponsors: None Known. Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Form a united 32-county Socialist Republic in Ireland. * Oust the British from Northern Ireland through violence, and overthrow the elected Government of the Republic of Ireland. Background The INLA is the military arm of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP), a political splinter group of the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA). The late Seamus Costello, the OIRA Adjutant General, was expelled from the OIRA in 1974 and that same year, with other OIRA dissidents, founded the IRSP The IRSP denies its connection with the INLA, but its newspaper The Starry Plough, reports INLA military operations, and the relationship between the two groups is clear. The INLA is widely regarded as more Marxist in orientation than the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). In the first few years following its creation, the INLA feuded with both wings (the OIRA and the PIRA) of the Irish Republican Army. Many militants were killed, including the IRSP's founder Seamus Costello, who was gunned down in 1977. Despite ideological and tactical differences, the INLA has collaborated with the PIRA. At one time, this cooperation reportedly involved regular weekly meetings. Occasional friction between the groups continues to occur, but their differences no longer erupt into the bloody killing seen in the mid-1970s. Although the INLA has engaged in bombings and shootings since 1975, it achieved widespread notoriety only after the March 1979 assassination of leading British Conservative Party member Airey Neave in Great Britain. This INLA action shocked British authorities. The attack was noteworthy because it represented an expansion of INLA activities outside of Ireland, and it used a sophisticated explosive device. In Northern Ireland, typical INLA operations include bombings and shootings, targeting British soldiers, members of Northern Ireland's security forces, Ulster government officials, and members of loyalist political parties and paramilitary groups. The INLA has used a wide variety of handguns, machineguns, and grenades and tends to use commercially available explosives in its bombings. Bank, payroll, and train robberies both in Ulster and the Republic of Ireland appear to be the primary sources of INLA funding. The group apparently does not have the access to the international funding enjoyed by the PIRA and may have begun to resort to extortion to meet operational expenses. There is evidence of INLA contacts with the West German Revolutionary Cells and the French Direct Action (AD). RZ and INLA militants reportedly have exchanged visits. British sources claim that the explosives to have been used in INLA's aborted 1985 plot to bomb the Chelsea Barracks in London were stolen by AD members in France in 1984. In accordance with its Marxist ideology, the INLA also has expressed solidarity with numerous national liberation and terrorist movements throughout the world. Numerous arrests of INLA terrorists and testimony by "supergrass" informers (INLA and PIRA militants who inform on their former comrades) have reduced INLA operational capabilities significantly and caused the group to limit its activities. Problems in permitting the use of "supergrass" testimony in court, however led to the release in 1987 of many captured INLA militants. Upon their release, a bloody feud erupted over whether to disband the organization, and many militants were killed. Despite this preoccupation with internal leadership conflicts, the INLA remains a brutal and unpredictable organization. Selected Incident Chronology March 1979 - Assassinated Airey Neave, British Conservative Party member and spokesman on Northern Ireland, with a car bomb. November 1979 - Bombed the British Consulate in Antwerp, Belgium. April 1981 - Attempted to assassinate Kenneth Shimeld, Permanent Secretary of the Northern Ireland Office, with a booby-trap bomb. December 1982 - Bombed a crowded nightclub frequented by British soldiers in Ballykelly; 17 people were killed, 12 of them soldiers, and 66 were wounded. November 1983 - Fired into the congregation of the Mountain Lodge Gospel Hall in Dardley. Three people were killed and seven were injured. March 1985 - Exploded a car bomb near the Belfast site of an England-Northern Ireland soccer match. Police were alerted ahead of time and no injuries resulted. September 1986 - Placed a 50-pound bomb outside the British Legion Hall in County Down; it was defused by British Army personnel. January 1987 - Attempted to assassinate David Calvert, a prominent Unionist politician in Northern Ireland. January-June 1987 - At least six persons were murdered and three injured in internal power struggles among factions of the INLA. August 1992 - Alledged to have slain Jimmy Brown, leader of the rival Irish People's Liberation Organization JAPANESE RED ARMY marked false JAPANESE RED ARMY JAPANESE RED ARMY showNameProp JAPANESE RED ARMY 10/28/92 GP00037 KEY WORDS: JRA; ANTI-IMPERIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE; AIIB; NIPPON SEKIGUN; NIHON SEKIGUN; ANTI-WAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT; ANTIWAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT; ADF.DESCRIPTION: AN INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST GROUP FORMED ABOUT 1970 AFTER BREAKING AWAY FROM THE JAPANESE COMMUNIST LEAGUE RED ARMY FACTION. NOW LED BY FUSAKO SHIGENOBU, BELIEVED TO BE IN A SYRIAN-GARRISONED AREA OF LEBANON'S BEKAA VALLEY. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE GROUP IS UNCLEAR, BUT MAY CONTROL OR AT LEAST HAVE TIES TO THE ANTI-IMPERIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE (AIIB); MAY ALSO HAVE LINKS TO THE ANTIWAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT - AN OVERT LEFTIST POLITICAL ORGANIZATION - INSIDE JAPAN. DETAILS RELEASED FOLLOWING THE NOVEMBER 1987 ARREST OF LEADER OSAMU MARUOKA INDICATE THAT THE JRA MAY BE ORGANIZING CELLS IN ASIAN CITIES, SUCH AS MANILA AND SINGAPORE. THE JAPANESE RED ARMY HAS HAD CLOSE AND LONG-STANDING RELATIONS WITH PALESTINIAN TERRORIST GROUPS SINCE ITS INCEPTION. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: BEFORE 1977, THE JRA CARRIED OUT A SERIES OF BRUTAL ATTACKS OVER A WIDE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA, INCLUDING THE MASSACRE OF PASSENGERS IN THE BAGGAGE CLAIM AREA OF LOD AIRPORT IN ISRAEL (1972) AND TWO JAPANESE AIRLINER HIJACKINGS (1973 AND 1977). ANTI-U.S. ATTACKS INCLUDE THE TAKEOVER OF THE U.S. EMBASSY IN KUALA LUMPUR (1975). SINCE THE MID-1980S IT HAS CARRIED OUT SEVERAL CRUDE ROCKET AND MORTAR ATTACKS AGAINST A NUMBER OF U.S. EMBASSIES. IN APRIL, 1988, JAPANESE RED ARMY OPERATIVE YU KIKUMURA WAS ARRESTED WITH EXPLOSIVES ON THE NEW JERSEY TURNPIKE, APPARENTLY PLANNING AN ATTACK TO COINCIDE WITH THE BOMBING OF A USO CLUB IN NAPLES, A SUSPECTED JRA OPERATION THAT KILLED FIVE PERSONS, INCLUDING A U.S. SERVICEWOMAN. HE WAS CONVICTED OF THESE CHARGES AND IS SERVING A LENGTHY PRISON SENTENCE IN THE U.S. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: ABOUT 30 HARDCORE MEMBERS; UNDETERMINED NUMBER OF SYMPATHIZERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: RECEIVES AID, INCLUDING TRAINING AND BASE CAMP FACILITIES FROM RADICAL PALESTINIAN TERRORISTS, ESPECIALLY THE PFLP. MAY ALSO RECEIVE AID FROM LIBYA. SUSPECTED OF HAVING SYMPATHIZERS AND SUPPORT APPARATUS IN JAPAN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * SUPPORT WORLDWIDE MARXIST-LENINIST REVOLUTION BY CONDUCTING ACTS OF TERRORISM. * OPPOSE JAPANESE IMPERIALISM; * ESTABLISH A PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC IN JAPAN; * OVERTHROW THE JAPANESE MONARCHY AND EXISTING GOVERNMENT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE JAPANESE RED ARMY (JRA) WAS FORMED IN 1970/71 BY FUSAKO SHIGENOBU. WHILE SERVING AS LIAISON BETWEEN THE JRA FACTION AND PALESTINIAN TERRORISTS, SHIGENOBU FORMED THE JAPANESE RED ARMY WITH A SMALL CADRE OF PERSONNEL WHO HAD JOINED HER IN LEBANON. THE CORE STRENGTH OF THE JRA PROBABLY HAS NEVER EXCEEDED 20-30, AND A BASE OF SYMPATHIZERS IN JAPAN PROBABLY NUMBERS ABOUT 100. HOMELAND SUPPORTERS HAVE PROVIDED SOME MORAL SUPPORT AND LIMITED FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS AS WELL AS A HOME BASE FOR JRA PROPAGANDA. THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF FUNDS FOR THE JRA, HOWEVER, IS BELIEVED TO BE PALESTINIAN GROUPS AND POSSIBLY LIBYA. THE JRA CONDUCTED TERRORIST OPERATIONS ON BEHALF OF THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PFLP) FROM 1972 TO 1977, MOST NOTABLY THE 1972 MASSACRE AT LOD AIRPORT IN ISRAEL. IT ALSO HAS ACTED INDEPENDENTLY OVER THE YEARS, ALTHOUGH IT IS BELIEVED THAT AS RECENTLY AS THE LATE 1980S, THE JRA MAY HAVE CONSULTED WITH THE PFLP PRIOR TO CONDUCTING ATTACKS FOR ITS OWN PURPOSES. SINCE 1977, THE JAPANESE RED ARMY HAS NOT CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR VIOLENT ACTIONS; HOWEVER, INDIVIDUALS FORMERLY IDENTIFIED AS MEMBERS OF THE JRA HAVE BEEN LINKED TO ACTS OF TERRORISM . IT IS ALSO BELIEVED THAT THE GROUP CALLING ITSELF THE "ANTI-IMPERIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE" IS, IN FACT, THE JRA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1972: CARRIED OUT A MACHINEGUN AND GRENADE ATTACK AT LOD AIRPORT. THREE JRA MEMBERS KILLED 26 PEOPLE, INCLUDING 16 PUERTO RICAN PILGRIMS TO THE HOLY LAND. JANUARY - FEBRUARY, 1974: ATTACKED SHELL OIL REFINERY STORAGE TANKS IN SINGAPORE AND SEIZED A FERRYBOAT CREW AND HOSTAGES, ALL OF WHICH WERE RELEASED UNHARMED. SEPTEMBER, 1984: SEIZED 11 HOSTAGES AT THE FRENCH EMBASSY IN THE HAGUE. THE TERRORISTS DEMANDED, AND WERE PROVIDED, AN AIRLINER FOR TRANSPORT TO SYRIA. TWO DUTCH POLICE OFFICERS WERE WOUNDED IN THE COURSE OF THE INCIDENT. AUGUST, 1975: TEN MEMBERS OF THE JAPANESE RED ARMY TOOK OVER THE U.S. CONSULATE IN KUALA LUMPUR, AND SEIZED 52 HOSTAGES, INCLUDING THE CONSUL GENERAL AND THE SWEDISH CHARGE. THE TERRORISTS THREATENED TO BLOW UP THE BUILDING AND KILL THE HOSTAGES UNLESS SEVEN JRA PRISONERS IN JAPAN WERE RELEASED AND PROVIDED SAFE PASSAGE TO THE MIDDLE EAST. ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN WAS WILLING TO RELEASE THE PRISONERS, ONLY FIVE WERE WILLING TO GO; THEY WERE FLOWN TO TRIPOLI, LIBYA, BY WAY OF KUALA LUMPUR. SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER, 1977: HIJACKED A JAPAN AIRLINES PLANE IN BOMBAY AND FORCED IT TO LAND IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH. THE GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN AGREED TO RELEASE NINE IMPRISONED TERRORISTS AND TO PAY $6 MILLION IN EXCHANGE FOR THE RELEASE OF THE 159 HOSTAGES ABOARD THE PLANE. AFTER PAYMENT OF THE RANSOM AND THE RELEASE OF SIX JRA PRISONERS, THE HIJACKERS WERE FLOWN TO ALGERIA. MAY, 1986: JRA MEMBER YU KIKUMURA, 33, WAS ARRESTED FOR HAVING A BOMB IN HIS LUGGAGE AT THE SCHIPHOL AIRPORT IN AMSTERDAM. HE WAS LATER DEPORTED TO JAPAN. HE HAD BEEN A MEMBER OF THE "BLACK HELMET" (KURO HERO) RADICAL ORGANIZATION IN JAPAN BEFORE THAT GROUP JOINED FORCES WITH THE THE JRA IN THE SUMMER OF 1971. JUNE, 1986: INDONESIAN POLICE RELEASED PHOTOGRAPHS OF TSUTOMU SHIROSAKI, 38, A JRA MEMBER WHOSE FINGERPRINTS WERE FOUND IN A HOTEL ROOM FROM WHICH CRUDE MORTARS WERE FIRED AT THE JAPANESE AND U.S. EMBASSY BUILDINGS IN JAKARTA. SHIROSAKI WAS ALSO WANTED FOR A CAR BOMBING OUTSIDE THE CANADIAN EMBASSY IN JAKARTA IN MAY, 1986. THE ANTI-IMPERIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE (AIIB) CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JUNE, 1987: FIRED TWO ROCKETS AT THE BRITISH EMBASSY IN ROME. ABOUT THIRTY MINUTES LATER, JRA DETONATED A CAR BOMB ACROSS THE STREET FROM THE U.S. EMBASSY; AND WITHIN MINUTES LAUNCHED TWO HOME-MADE ROCKETS AT THE FRONT OF THE U.S. EMBASSY COMPOUND FROM A HOTEL BALCONY. NOVEMBER, 1987: OSAMU MARUOKA, A HIGH-RANKING JRA MEMBER, WAS ARRESTED IN TOKYO. EVIDENCE INDICATED THAT HE MAY HAVE BEEN ATTEMPTING TO ESTABLISH A BROADER BASE OF OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT IN EAST ASIA, POSSIBLY UNDER THE NAME OF THE "ANTIWAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT (ADF)." APRIL, 1988: JRA MEMBER YU KIKUMURA WAS ARRESTED IN NEW JERSEY WITH THREE BOMBS IN HIS POSSESSION. IT IS BELIEVED THAT HE PLANNED TO BOMB A TARGET IN THE NEW YORK AREA TO COINCIDE WITH THE JRA BOMBING IN NAPLES (SEE NEXT INCIDENT ENTRY). APRIL, 1988: A BOMB DETONATED IN FRONT OF THE U.S. SERVICEMEN'S CLUB IN NAPLES, ITALY, KILLING FIVE PERSONS, INCLUDING A U.S. SERVICEWOMAN. TWO JRA MEMBERS ARE THE MAIN SUSPECTS IN THE BOMBING, WHICH COINCIDED WITH THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE U.S. BOMBING RAID ON LIBYA IN 1986. JULY, 1988: ATTEMPTED TWO ROCKET ATTACKS, WITH MAKESHIFT LAUNCHERS, AGAINST THE U.S. EMBASSY IN MADRID, SPAIN. AIIB CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. NOTE: THE JRA HAS NOT CLAIMED ANY OF THESE MOST RECENT ATTACKS BUT IS SUSPECTED OF ACTING IN THE NAME OF THE ANTI-IMPERIALIALIST INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE (AIIB). THE AIIB HAS CARRIED OUT ROCKET ATTACKS ON THE U.S. EMBASSIES IN JAKARATA IN 1986 AND MADRID IN 1988, AS WELL AS A COORDINATED BOMB AND ROCKET ATTACK ON THE U.S. EMBASSY IN ROME IN JUNE 1987. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- INFORMATION DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS. LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM marked false LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM showNameProp Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) Date Formed: 1972. Estimated Membership 2,000 active. Headquarters: Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka. Area of Operations: Sri Lanka. Leadership: Vellupillai Prabhakaran, leader; Anton Balasingam, spokesman. Other Names: Tigers, Tamil Tigers. Sponsors: Formerly by the Tamil Nadu State, India. Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Create a separate Tamil state in the northern and eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. * Sabotage any negotiations between the governments of Sri Lanka and India and moderate Sri Lankan Tamils, leading to a negotiated settlement of the Sri Lankan conflict within the framework of a unitary Sri Lanka; force Indian troops to leave Sri Lanka. * Eliminate moderate Tamils and other Tamil militant groups that compete with the LTTE for influence and power within the Sri Lankan Tamil community. * Focus international attention on the plight of the Tamils living in Sri Lanka, concentrating especially on human rights issues. Background Long the strongest Sri Lankan Tamil militant group, the LTTE is the only major group that has fought the Indian Peacekeeping Force in Sri Lanka. The LTTE was formed in the early 1970s by young Sri Lankan Tamils who sought a separate Tamil state in Sri Lanka as a way of redressing Tamil grievances against the Sri Lankan Government. The LTTE gained notoriety after it claimed responsibility for the 1975 murder of Alfred Doriappa, the mayor of Jaffna. The LTTE started its campaign for a separate Tamil state in earnest in 1977 with assassination attempts on several moderate Tamil politicians. Since the widespread communal riots of 1983, the LTTE has expanded its operations to include attacks on Sri Lankan security forces, bank robberies, and indiscriminate attacks on Sri Lankan officials and civilians in Sri Lanka's northern and eastern provinces. The LTTE also has fought with other weaker Tamil militant groups in an attempt to ensure its preeminence. The LTTE has come under considerable pressure since October 1987, when the Indian Peacekeeping Force attacked and seized the LTTE stronghold of Jaffna city. This action was in response to continued LTTE attacks against civilians in the east and the LTTE's refusal to turn in its weapons and accept the accord. Since the seizure of Jaffna city, the Indian Peacekeeping Force has continued its actions against remaining LTTE fighters in the north and east. Selected Incident Chronology April 1975 - Claimed responsibility for the murder of Jaffna mayor Alfred Doriappa. July 1983 - Ambushed and killed 13 soldiers, setting off island-wide ethnic riots. April 1986 - Killed many members of another Tamil group (TELO) after a week of fighting: May 1986 - Suspected of organizing the bombing of an Air Lanka aircraft at Colombo airport, killing 15. June 1986 - Believed to be behind the placing of a rickshaw bomb in front of a crowded Colombo movie theater and exploding time bombs on two buses. July 1986 - Blamed for placing bombs on buses over a bay period, causing an estimated 100 deaths. September 1986 - Murdered a German engineer attached to the Deutsche Welle radio-relay station. December 1986 - In one week, attacked and killed over 90 members of a rival militant group, the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front. February 1987 - Hacked to death 28 sleeping villagers, including 5 women and 10 children in Ampara, Sri Lanka. April 1987 - Bombed central bus station in Colombo, killing 106 people and wounding 295 others. April 1987 - Attacked four buses, killing 107 people near the village of Aluth-Oya. June 1987 - Attacked a busload of Buddhist monks traveling south of Batticaloa, killing 29 and wounding 17. October 1987 - When 12 captured LTTE members committed suicide by taking cyanide capsules, the group unleashed a wave of terrorist attacks in reprisal, killing more than 200, including several captured Sri Lankan soldiers. May 1988 - Planted two landmines in Trincomalee; explosions killed seven members of the Indian Peacekeeping Force. March 1992 - 38 soldiers and scores of rebels were killed in KOKKUTHUDUWAN. May 1992 - Two high level leaders charged in connection with the slaying of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Velupillai Prabhakaran and Pottu Amman. Pottu Amman, the rebels' intelligence chief, charged as the main figure in the assassination. Both guerrilla leaders are in Sri Lanka's northern jungles. India has banned the Tamil Tiger group. December 1992 - 10 soldiers and 18 separatist guerrillas were were killed in Nanaddan. More than 17,500 people have been killed since 1983. MACHETEROS marked false MACHETEROS MACHETEROS showNameProp Macheteros (Machete Wielders) Date Formed: 1978. Estimated Membership: Unknown. Headquarters: Unknown Area of Operations: Puerto Rico. Leadership: Unknown. Other Names: Ejercito Popular de Boricua (EPB), Boricua Popular Army. (Boricua refers to rural inland Puerto Ricans.) Sponsors: None known. Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Wage a terrorist war against "U.S. colonialist imperialism." * Create public support for creation of a separate Puerto Rican nation. Background The Macheteros are a tightly organized and extremely violent Puerto Rican separatist group that has targeted primarily U.S. military personnel and Puerto Rican police. The group has tight internal security procedures and precisely executes its attacks. The Macheteros appear to be fiercely dedicated to total Puerto Rican independence. Nothing short of that is likely to cause them to cease terrorist operations. The stated position of the group is that they have "declared war" on the United States. Direct ties of the Macheteros to other groups operating in Latin America have not been established. There is apparent cooperation with another Puerto Rican separatist group called the Organization of Volunteers for the Puerto Rican Revolution. The two have made joint claims following some attacks. The Macheteros probably also have links to the Armed Forces of National Liberation, a Puerto Rican separatist group that has conducted anti-U.S. attacks for over three decades. Robberies and thefts evidently provide a major source of funds. The Macheteros also may receive donations from ideological backers. Selected Incident Chronology August 1978 - Killed a policeman during a robbery. December 1979 - Killed two sailors in an attack on a U.S. Navy bus. March 1980 - Fired on a bus carrying three ROTC instructors from the University of Puerto Rico. January 1981 - Destroyed eight aircraft and damaged two others in a carefully executed multiple bombing attack on the Air National Guard airfield. Damage was estimated at $40 million. May 1982 - Killed one sailor and wounded three others in an ambush outside a San Juan nightclub. September 1983 - Robbed a Wells Fargo armored truck depot in Hartford, Connecticut. The $7.2 million heist was the second largest in U.S. history. October 1983 - Fired an antitank rocket into the new Federal Building in San Juan to protest U.S. rescue operations in Grenada. January 1985 - Fired an antitank rocket into the Federal Courthouse in San Juan. November 1985 - Shot and wounded a U.S. Army recruiting officer in an ambush while he was on his way to work. October 1986 - Placed some ten explosive devices at military and military-related facilities across the island. November 1986 - Placed a bomb at a National Guard building in old San Juan. December 1986 - Bombed a vehicle at the National Guard Center at Yauco. May 1992 - The leader of the macheteros was convicted in absentia of masterminding a $7.1 million robbery of an armored- car depot in 1983. Filiberto Ojeda Rios, 59, was convicted on charges including bank robbery and conspiracy. May 1992 - Filiberto Ojeda Rios was sentenced in absentia to 55 years. MANUEL RODRIGUEZ PATRIOTIC FRONT marked false MANUEL RODRIGUEZ PATRIOTIC FRONT MANUEL RODRIGUEZ PATRIOTIC FRONT showNameProp Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) Date Formed: 1983. Estimated Membership 500-1,000. Headquarters: Santiago. Area of Operations: Urban areas of Chile. Leadership: Unknown. Other Names: Frente Patriotico Manuel Rodriguez (original language). Sponsors: Associated with the Chilean Communist Party and receives some assistance from Cuba. Political Objectives/Target Audiences: * Bring about the downfall of the Pinochet regime in Chile through a terrorist campaign designed to provoke greater Government repression and anti-Government sentiment. Strongly influence, if not actually lead, a subsequent government toward leftist, anti-US, and pro-Soviet policies. * Pressure U.S. interests to leave Chile through periodic attacks on business or government facilities. Background The FPMR, which takes its name from a 19th century Chilean revolutionary executed by Spanish authorities, is a relatively new but very active urban terrorist group. Not a great deal is known about its structure, but judging from its activities to date, it probably is relatively well organized and equipped. The FPMR is closely related with the Chilean Communist Party and has links to Cuba and other Communist countries, especially for training and weapons supply. In early 1985, FPMR spokesman Daniel Huerta said that the purpose of the group was to conduct exclusively urban terrorist operations. The structure of the organization would stress a cellular grouping of militants, who would earn their status by demonstrating "selflessness, sacrifice, combat ability, solidarity, and moral and military qualities." The FPMR has an impressive arsenal that includes remotely detonated bombs and a variety of small arms, rocket-propelled grenades, and hand-grenades. Several weapons caches have been discovered by authorities, but attacks continue, indicating sufficient sources of supplies. The group's operations have been primarily bombings, although it also has carried out kidnappings and assassinations. The FPMR was responsible for the nearly successful assassination attempt against President Pinochet in September 1986. Although the FPMR has been most active in Santiago, it has conducted operations in at least eight other cities. It frequently uses the mass media in its campaigns and sometimes seizes a radio station to broadcast its propaganda. Selected Incident Chronology March 1984 - Carried out simultaneous bombing attacks in Santiago, Valparaiso, Concepcion, and San Antonio. Considerable property damage was done, seven people were injured, and dozens were arrested in riots that followed. April 1984 - Bombed a Santiago subway station, wounding 20. August 1984 - Bombed the U.S. Cultural Center in Valparaiso and two U.S. businesses in Santiago as part of a series of bomb attacks throughout central Chile. December 1984 - Kidnaped the assistant director of a pro-Government newspaper. March 1985 - Bombed offices of two U.S. banks, Citibank and Republic National, along with several Chilean facilities in Santiago and other cities. January 1986 - Believed responsible for the bombing of the US-Chilean Cultural Institute in Vina del Mar. April 1986 - Blacked out major portions of central Chile in an attack on electrical power facilities. April 1986 - Detonated a bomb by the perimeter wall of the U.S. Ambassador's residence in Santiago. August 1986 - Kidnaped a Chilean Army colonel - the first abduction of a high-ranking military officer since the 1973 coup. He was released three days later. August 1986 - Arms caches containing more than 3,100 weapons of U.S. and other manufacture were discovered in the area of Copiapo and Santiago. Witnesses presented by the Chilean Government indicate the weapons were smuggled ashore from Cuban fishing trawlers off the coast of Chile. September 1986 - Attempted to assassinate Chilean President Pinochet. Weapons used were of the same type found in the arms caches. November 1986 - Conducted a series of dynamite attacks against power lines, blacking out the main cities in central and southern Chile. February-March 1987 - Set off dynamite explosions at pylons and towers of the national high-voltage power network, blacking out areas of Santiago, Valparaiso, and Vina del Mar. March incident occurred as President Pinochet spoke on radio and television. April 1987 - Santiago police deactivated a powerful bomb discovered in the office of the prosecutor who tried 14 FPMR members and held them for five months. April 1987 - Gunmen briefly seized control of eight radio stations in four cities with the objective of playing a clandestine broadcast, ending a self-proclaimed truce during the visit of Pope John Paul II. An off-duty guard was killed attempting to stop the gunmen's escape. May 1987 - Detonated bombs that destroyed four high-tension towers, resulting in a general power outage at Copiapo and Valdivia. June 1987 - Conducted a machinegun and bomb attack at a Santiago printing company, injuring three. Two other incidents that day at two National Intelligence Center barracks caused little damage and no injuries. June 1987 - Ambushed police patrol cars in Santiago with machineguns and firebombs. These separate evening attacks wounded two policemen and several passersby. June 1987 - Staged several machinegun, bomb, and firebomb attacks against police, pro-Government media, and Government offices in Santiago and Talca, causing five injuries and costly damage. Although the FPMR attempted to use rockets in three incidents, two were deactivated before being remotely fired and one failed to explode when triggered. (The June attacks may have been retaliatory for the killing of 12 FPMR members by security agents on June 16.) July 1987 - Four gunmen shot and killed a policeman waiting for a bus on a Santiago street. (Possible FPMR responsibility.) September 1987 - Kidnaped Chilean Army Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Carreno in Santiago. He was released in December 1987 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. June 1990 - Assassinated Police Col. Luis Fontaine, former head of the antiterrorist department. February 1991 - Launched crude nonexplosive rockets at the Israeli Embassy and Ambassador Daniel Mokady's residence in apparent simpathy towards Iraq. July 1992 - The three alleged members of the left-wing Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front, arrested in October 1986, were sentenced to life in prison. MORAZANIST PATRIOTIC FRONT marked false MORAZANIST PATRIOTIC FRONT MORAZANIST PATRIOTIC FRONT showNameProp MORAZANIST PATRIOTIC FRONT 10/28/92 GP00007 KEY WORDS: DESCRIPTION: A RADICAL, LEFTIST TERRORIST GROUP THAT FIRST APPEARED IN THE LATE 1980S. ATTACKS MADE IN PROTEST OF U.S. INTERVENTION IN HONDURAN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL AFFAIRS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: ATTACKS ON U.S., PRIMARILY MILITARY, PERSONNEL IN HONDURAS. CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A BUS IN MARCH, 1990 THAT WOUNDED SEVEN U.S. SERVICE PERSONNEL. THE FPM CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF A U.S. PEACE CORPS OFFICE IN DECEMBER, 1988; A BUS BOMBING THAT WOUNDED THREE U.S. SERVICEMEN IN FEBRUARY, 1989; AN ATTACK ON A U.S. CONVOY IN APRIL, 1989; AND A GRENADE ATTACK THAT WOUNDED SEVEN U.S. SOLDIERS IN LA CEIBA IN JULY, 1989. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN, PROBABLY QUITE SMALL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: TIES TO FORMER GOVERNMENT OF NICARAGUA AND POSSIBLY TO CUBA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE SOURCE DOCUMENTS. MOZAMBICAN NATIONAL RESISTANCE marked false MOZAMBICAN NATIONAL RESISTANCE MOZAMBICAN NATIONAL RESISTANCE showNameProp MOZAMBICAN NATIONAL RESISTANCE 10/28/92 GP00002 KEY WORDS: RENAMO; RESISTENCIA NACIONAL MOCAMBICANA DESCRIPTION: ESTABLISHED IN 1976 BY THE RHODESIAN SECURITY SERVICES, PRIMARILY TO OPERATE AGAINST ANTI-RHODESIAN GUERRILLAS BASED IN MOZAMBIQUE. SOUTH AFRICA SUBSEQUENTLY DEVELOPED RENAMO INTO AN INSURGENT GROUP OPPOSING FRELIMO, THE FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF MOZAMBIQUE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: RENAMO OPERATES AS A GUERRILLA INSURGENCY AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT OF MOZAMBIQUE AS WELL AS CIVILIAN TARGETS; FREQUENTLY AND INCREASINGLY RUNS CROSS-BORDER OPERATIONS INTO ZIMBABWE, MALAWI, AND ZAMBIA, WHERE IT HAS MURDERED AND KIDNAPPED NUMEROUS CIVILIANS AND DESTROYED PROPERTY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: 20,000 GUERRILLAS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: ASSISTANCE PREVIOUSLY RECEIVED FROM SOUTH AFRICA AS WELL AS FROM PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS IN EUROPE AND ELSEWHERE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY SEPTEMBER, 1985: SUSPECTED RENAMO MEMBERS ATTACKED A U.S. OWNED FIRM. THIS WAS THE FIRST ATTACK ON A U.S. FIRM REPORTED IN MOZAMBIQUE. MARCH, 1986: SUSPECTED RENAMO MEMBERS KIDNAPPED A PORTUGESE NATIONAL AND AN ITALIAN NUN. RENAMO CLAIMED TO HAVE RELEASED THE HOSTAGES IN DECEMBER, 1986. NOVEMBER, 1986: RENAMO REBELS KIDANPPED THREE WEST GERMANS, A PORTUGESE, AND A BRITON, RELEASING THEM IN DECEMBER, 1986. MAY, 1987: RENAMO MEMBERS KIDNAPPED SEVEN FOREIGN MEDICAL RELIEF WORKERS. THE VICTIMS WERE RELEASED THREE MONTHS LATER IN MALAWI. DECEMBER, 1988: A MINE PLANTED BY RENAMO KILLED TWO PASSENGERS ON A TRAIN AND INJURED THIRTY-THREE OTHERS. JANUARY, 1989: RENAMO GUERRILLAS AMBUSHED AND KILLED A PORTUGESE CATHOLIC PRIEST. FEBRUARY, 1989: SEVEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND FORTY ONE WOUNDED DURING AN ATTACK ON A PASSENGER TRAIN BY RENAMO. MARCH, 1989: TWO ITALIAN MISSIONARIES AND EIGHT SOLDIERS WERE KILLED, ALONG WITH AN UNDETERMINED NUMBER OF VILLAGERS IN THE COURSE OF A RAID BY RENAMO. APRIL, 1989: SEVEN MINERS WERE KILLED AND THREE WERE WOUNDED DURING A RENAMO RAID. FOUR LOCOMOTIVES WERE DESTROYED IN THE ATTACK. APRIL, 1989: EIGHTEEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED DURING A RENAMO RAID ON A PASSENGER JUNE, 1989: EIGHTEEN PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND MORE THAN TWENTY WERE INJURED IN THE COURSE OF TWO SEPARATE RENAMO ATTACKS. JULY, 1989: RENAMO IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE AMBUSH AND MURDER OF A BRAZILIAN ENGINEER. NOVEMBER, 1989: RENAMO IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR AN ATTACK ON A SPANISH TUGBOAT AND THE KIDNAPPING OF FOUR CREW MEMBERS. MAY, 1990: A SWISS PHYSICIAN WAS AMBUSHED AND MURDERED BY SUSPECTED RENAMO GUERRILLAS. JUNE,1990 TWO OFFICIALS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC) WERE ABDUCTED BY RENAM0. THEY WERE RELEASED UNHARMED AFTER BEING HELD FOR TWO WEEKS. AUGUST, 1990: RENAMO INSURGENTS KILLED FOUR SOLDIERS AND WOUNDED EIGHT DURING A RAID ON A PASSENGER/CARGO TRAIN. OCTOBER, 1990: RENAMO REBELS KILLED ELEVEN PEOPLE WHEN THEY LAUNCHED AN ATTACK ON A TRADITIONAL MUSIC FESTIVAL. NOVEMBER, 1990: RENAMO REBELS KILLED FOUR PEOPLE AND ABDUCTED TWENTY-FIVE CHILDREN DURING A RAID ON A WEDDING PARTY. JANUARY, 1991: RENAMO REBELS AMBUSHED AND KILLED A PORTUGESE MISSIONARY. FEBRUARY, 1991: A COLOMBIAN PRIEST WAS MURDERED AND TWO CHILDREN WERE WOUNDED BY RENAMO. MARCH, 1991: RENAMO REBELS SABOTAGED RAIL LINES CAUSING THE DERAILMENT OF A FREIGHT TRAIN. MARCH, 1991: RENAMO REBELS AMBUSHED A TRUCK AND KILLED EIGHT PASSENGERS. APRIL, 1991: RENAMO REBELS MASSACRED FORTY VILLAGERS AND WOUNDED THIRTEEN OTHERS. NOVEMBER, 1991: SUSPECTED RENAMO FORCES ATTACKED THE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AT BEIRA, KILLING TWO PEOPLE AND DAMAGING THE AIRPORT'S COMMUNICATIONS CENTER. FEBRUARY, 1992: RENAMO REBELS ATTACKED A CONVOY CARRYING RELIEF SUPPLIES TO A DROUGHT-STRICKEN AREA KILLING THIRTY-THREE PERSONS, INCLUDING SIX SOLDIERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY marked false NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY showNameProp #NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY 10/28/92 GP00004 KEY WORDS: ELN; EJERCITO DE LIBERACION NACIONAL DESCRIPTION: RURAL-BASED, ANTI-U.S., MAOIST-MARXIST-LENINIST GUERRILLA GROUP FORMED IN 1963. ENGAGED IN UNSUCCESSFUL PEACE TALKS WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF COLOMBIA DURING 1991. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: PERIODICALLY KIDNAPS FOREIGN EMPLOYEES OF LARGE CORPORATIONS AND HOLDS THEM FOR VERY LARGE RANSOM PAYMENTS. THE ELN CONDUCTS EXTORTION AND BOMBING OPERATIONS AGAINST U.S. AND OTHER FOREIGN BUSINESSES IN COLOMBIA, PARTICULARLY THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY. THE GROUP HAS INFLICTED MAJOR DAMAGE ON OIL PIPELINES SINCE 1986. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: 1,000 TO 2,000 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: IN THE PAST HAS RECEIVED LIMITED ARMS AND TRAINING FROM CUBA AND TRAINING FROM NICARAGUA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * PRO-CASTR0, ANTI-U.S., AND MARXIST-LENINIST; * ANTI-CAPITALIST AND ANTI-"NATIONAL BOURGEOISIE." * SEEKS "...THE CONQUEST OF POWER FOR THE POPULAR CLASSES..." ALONG WITH NATIONALIZATIONS, EXPROPRIATIONS, AND AGRARIAN REFORM. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE ELN IS A POLITICAL-MILITARY ORGANIZATION DRAWING MEMBERS FROM A WIDE VARIETY OF COLOMBIANS: FROM STUDENTS AND INTELLECTUALS TO PEASANTS AND MIDDLE CLASS WORKERS. ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN BY THE ELN INCLUDE KIDNAPPINGS OF WEALTHY RANCHERS AND INDUSTRIALISTS; ASSASSINATIONS OF MILITARY OFFICERS, LABOR LEADERS AND PEASANTS; ARMED ROBBERIES; BOMBINGS; RAIDS ON ISOLATED VILLAGES; ASSAULTS ON POLICE POSTS AND ARMY PATROLS (PRIMARILY TO OBTAIN WEAPONS); AND OCCUPATIONS OF RADIO STATIONS AND NEWSPAPER OFFICES. MOST RECENTLY THE ELN HAS CONCENTRATED ITS EFFORTS ON ATTACKING PETROLEUM PIPELINES AND FACILITIES, DAMAGING COLOMBIA'S ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND INVESTMENT CLIMATE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JANUARY, 1980: KIDNAPPED AN ENGLISHWOMAN AND HER SON FROM THEIR FARM IN CESAR DEPARTMENT, DEMANDING A $300,000 RANSOM. JANUARY, 1982: KIDNAPPED A DIPLOMAT ATTACHED TO THE EMBASSY OF HONDURAS IN BOGOTA TO PROTEST ALLEGED HONDURAN INTERFERENCE IN THE DOMESTIC AFFAIRS OF NICARAGUA AND EL SALVADOR. JULY, 1983: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A SERIES OF DYNAMITE ATTACKS IN COLOMBIA AS PART OF "OPERATION FREE CENTRAL AMERICA." THE SALVADORAN CONSULATE IN MEDELLIN AND TWO LOCAL POLICE OFFICES WERE THE TARGETS. NOVEMBER, 1983: KIDNAPPED THE BROTHER OF THE PRESIDENT OF COLOMBIA; BUT AFTER FIDEL CASTRO INTERVENED, THE VICTIM WAS RETURNED UNHARMED FIFTEEN DAYS LATER. MAY, 1984: SIX ELN MEMBERS RAIDED A GOLD MINE NEAR THE NORTHWESTERN TOWN OF SEGOVIA AND SEIZED THE EQUIVALENT OF ALMOST $90,000. JUNE, 1985: AMBUSHED AND KILLED EIGHT POLICEMEN NEAR THE VENEZUELAN BORDER. NOVEMBER, 1986: BOMBED A DREDGE IN THE NECHI RIVER IN COLOMBIA AND TEMPORARILY PARALYZED GOLD PRODUCTION IN THE AREA. DECEMBER, 1986: MADE NUMEROUS RAIDS AGAINST U.S.- ASSOCIATED OIL PRODUCTION SUBSIDIARIES, DESTROYING EQUIPMENT AND STEALING EXPLOSIVES. JANUARY-JUNE, 1987: CONTINUED TO TARGET COLOMBIA'S OIL PRODUCTION BY BLOWING UP SECTIONS OF PIPELINE AND ATTACKING OIL CAMPS. DURING THIS PERIOD, THE ELN MAY HAVE ATTAINED THE LEADERSHIP POSITION WITHIN THE NATIONAL GUERRILLA COORDINATOR, REPLACING M-19. APRIL-AUGUST, 1987: BOMBED OIL OPERATION LOCATIONS AND U.S.-COLOMBIAN TARGETS, CAUSING CONSIDERABLE PROPERTY DAMAGE. JUNE, 1987: AMBUSHED A VENEZUELAN NATIONAL GUARD UNIT ON AN ANTI-NARCOTICS MISSION NEAR THE COLOMBIAN BORDER. SEPTEMBER, 1987: ATTACKED A VENEZUELAN ARMY BORDER OUTPOST TO CAPTURE WEAPONS. OCTOBER, 1987: BOMBED THREE MORMON CHURCHES IN BOYACA AND A NAVAL FACILITY IN BARRANCABERMEJA. NOVEMBER, 1987: MURDERED SEVENTEEN POLICEMEN AND FOUR SOLDIERS IN SEPARATE AMBUSHES. FEBRUARY, 1988: DETONATED A CAR BOMB AT THE BOGOTA OFFICE OF A U.S. PETROLEUM COMPANY. MARCH, 1988: BOMBED A COLOMBIAN SUBSIDIARY OF A MAJOR U.S. BANKING FIRM IN BOGOTA. MAY, 1988: KIDNAPPED THE GERMAN HONORARY CONSULS IN MEDELLIN AND BUCARAMANGA, THE PRESIDENT OF THE SANTANDER DEPARTMENTAL ASSEMBLY IN BUCARAMANGA, THREE COLOMBIA JOURNALISTS IN BUCARAMANGA, THE FRENCH PRESS ATTACHE IN BOGOTA. FAILED TO CARRY OUT PLAN TO KIDNAP THE FRENCH HONORARY COUNSEL IN CALI AND THE PANAMANIAN CONSUL GENERAL IN CARTAGENA. ALL HOSTAGES RELEASED UNHARMED DURING MAY, 1988. JUNE, 1988: KIDNAPPED AN AMERICAN EMPLOYEE OF AN AMERICAN COMPANY. RELEASED UNHARMED IN NOVEMBER, 1988 AFTER REPORTED PAYMENT OF RANSOM. SEPTEMBER, 1988 DETONATED A CAR BOMB UNDER THE ARMORED VEHICLE OF A CANADIAN OIL COMPANY EXECUTIVE IN DOWNTOWN BOGOTA. THE TARGET WAS UNHURT, BUT A PASSERBY WAS SERIOUSLY INJURED. OCTOBER, 1988: TOWNS ATTACKED IN JOINT OPERATION WITH THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF COLOMBIA (FARC). AT LEAST THREE POLICE OFFICERS AND ONE CIVILIAN WERE KILLED. FIFTEEN POLICE OFFICERS, A PRIEST AND A NUN WERE KIDNAPPED. OCTOBER, 1988: KIDNAPPED A COLOMBIAN ANTHROPOLOGIST OF AMERICAN ORIGIN IN A NORTHERN JUNGLE AREA. THE VICTIM HAD BEEN ACCUSED OF BEING A CIA AGENT BECAUSE OF HIS WORK WITH THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION. HE WAS RELEASED UNHARMED IN JULY, 1989. DECEMBER, 1988: TOWN ATTACKED - ONE POLICE OFFICER AND THREE CIVILIANS WERE KILLED. FEBRUARY, 1989: TOWN ATTACKED IN A JOINT OPERATION WITH THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMED FORCES OF COLOMBIA (FARC) AND THE POPULAR LIBERATION ARMY (EPL). FIVE POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED AND ELEVEN POLICE OFFICERS WERE KIDNAPPED. MARCH, 1989: KIDNAPPED AN AMERICAN FROM HER FAMILY'S RANCH. RELEASED UNHURT IN JUNE, 1989 AFTER A RANSOM PAYMENT. MARCH, 1989: KIDNAPPED THE CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF COLOMBIAN OIL DISTRIBUTORS. STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN. APRIL, 1989: KIDNAPPED FOUR SPANISH AND ITALIAN ENGINEERS EMPLOYED AT A HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT. STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN. APRIL, 1989: KIDNAPPED FIVE COLOMBIAN JOURNALISTS. RELEASED WITHIN A WEEK WITH A MESSAGE TO THE PUBLIC. JUNE, 1989: KIDNAPPED TWO COLOMBIAN AND ONE SPANISH JOURNALISTS. THEIR STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN. OCTOBER, 1989: KIDNAPPED A SPANISH BUSINESSMAN IN QUITO, ECUADOR. THE VICTIM HAD EXTENSIVE BUSINESS HOLDINGS IN COLOMBIA. RELEASED AFTER A RANSOM WAS REPORTEDLY PAID. OCTOBER, 1989: TOWNS ATTACKED IN JOINT OPERATIONS WITH FARC AND THE EPL. DECEMBER, 1989: KIDNAPPED A BRITISH CITIZEN RESIDENT IN COLOMBIA WHO WAS INVOLVED IN SUPPLYING ELECTRICAL POWER SUBSTATIONS TO OIL COMPANIES. HIS STATUS REMAINS UNKNOWN. FEBRUARY, 1990: KIDNAPPED THREE RESIDENT AMERICANS AS A PROTEST TO THE ATTENDANCE OF PRESIDENT BUSH TO THE CARTAGENA DRUG SUMMIT. VICTIMS RELEASED UNHARMED APPROXIMATELY TWO WEEKS AFTER THEY HAD BEEN ABDUCTED. MAY, 1990: ATTACKED A CANADIAN-OWNED GOLD MINE NEAR ZARAGOZA, KILLED A COLOMBIAN ENGINEER AND KIDNAPPED THREE COMPANY EXECUTIVES (TWO COLOMBIANS AND A PERUVIAN). THE ELN PROMISED TO RELEASE THEIR HOSTAGES IF THE COMPANY WOULD CLOSE ITS DOORS. THE COMPANY STATED ITS INTENTION TO COMPLY AND THE HOSTAGES WERE RELEASED UNHARMED TWO WEEKS AFTER THEY HAD BEEN ABDUCTED. NOVEMBER, 1990: KIDNAPPED TWO COLOMBIAN AND THREE AMERICAN EMPLOYEES OF AN AMERICAN COMPANY. ONE COLOMBIAN WAS QUICKLY RELEASED WITH A MESSAGE TO THE AUTHORITIES. THE OTHER VICTIMS WERE RELEASED UNHARMED SEVERAL DAYS LATER AFTER THE REPORTED PAYMENT OF RANSOM. JANUARY, 1991: CONDUCTED A JOINT ATTACK WITH FARC ON A MAJOR FRENCH-COLOMBIAN OIL PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT. FORTY VEHICLES AND PIECES OF HEAVY MACHINERY WERE DESTROYED, THE COLOMBIAN SECURITY CHIEF WAS KILLED, AND THREE FRENCH ENGINEERS WERE KIDNAPPED. THEY WERE RELEASED UNHARMED IN JULY, 1991. MAY, 1991: KIDNAPPED SEVEN COLOMBIAN JOURNALISTS. THREE DAYS AFTER THEY WERE ABDUCTED, THE SEVEN WERE RELEASED AFTER BEING "INSTRUCTED." SEPTEMBER, 1991: MURDERED A SECURITY GUARD EMPLOYED BY A U.S. COMPANY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ELN HAS A LONG-STANDING STRATEGY OF CONDUCTING OPERATIONS AGAINST THE ENERGY SECTOR. ITS OBJECTIVE IS TWO-FOLD: TO DEPRIVE THE GOVERNMENT OF REVENUES AND TO DRIVE OUT FOREIGN FIRMS WHICH SYMBOLIZE COLOMBIA'S ALLEGED SUBSERVIENCE TO "IMPERIALISM." MANY OF THE ELN'S ATTACKS HAVE TARGETED THE CANO LIMON-COVENAS CRUDE OIL PIPELINE. THESE ATTACKS HAVE BEEN SO NUMEROUS THAT IT WOULD BE UNWIELDY TO LIST THEM INDIVIDUALLY. YEAR PIPELINE ATTACKS 1987 10 1988 52 1989 32 1990 31 1991 60 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. NESTOR PAZ ZAMORA COMMISSION marked false NESTOR PAZ ZAMORA COMMISSION NESTOR PAZ ZAMORA COMMISSION showNameProp NESTOR PAZ ZAMORA COMMISSION 10/28/92 GP00015 KEY WORDS: DESCRIPTION: A RADICAL LEFTIST TERRORIST ORGANIZATION THAT FIRST APPEARED IN OCTOBER, 1990. IT IS NAMED AFTER THE DECEASED BROTHER OF PRESIDENT PAZ ZAMORA. IT CURRENTLY OPERATES UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF THE ELN (BOLIVIA); AND IS A VIOLENT, EXTREMELY ANTI-U.S., MARXIST-LENINIST ORGANIZATION. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN. PROBABLY FEWER THAN 100. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: PERU'S MTRA (TUPAC AMARU) HAS PROVIDED TRAINING, LIMITED FUNDING, AND LOGISTIC SUPPORT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHHRONOLOGY JUNE, 1990: THE BOLIVIAN OWNER OF THE LA PAZ COCA-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY WAS KIDNAPPED WHILE HE WAS BEING DRIVEN TO WORK IN DOWNTOWN LA PAZ. THE VICTIM WAS MURDERED BY HIS CAPTORS ON DECEMBER 5, 1990, DURING A RESCUE ATTEMPT BY BOLIVIA POLICE. OCTOBER, 1990: ATTACKED THE RESIDENCE OF THE U.S. EMBASSY'S MARINE SECURITY GUARD DETACHMENT IN LA PAZ WITH AUTOMATIC WEAPONS AND EXPLOSIVES. ONE BOLIVIAN POLICE OFFICER STANDING GUARD AT THE MARINE HOUSE WAS KILLED AND ANOTHER POLICE OFFICER WAS SERIOUSLY WOUNDED. NONE OF THE MARINES WERE INJURED. OCTOBER, 1990: BOMBED A MONUMENT TO U.S. PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY IN LA PAZ. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. NEW PEOPLE'S ARMY marked false NEW PEOPLE'S ARMY NEW PEOPLE'S ARMY showNameProp (NEW PEOPLE'S ARMY 10/28/92 GP00008 KEY WORDS: DESCRIPTION: THE GUERRILLA ARM OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE PHILIPPINES, AN AVOWEDLY MAOIST GROUP FORMED IN DECEMBER, 1969 WITH THE AIM OF OVERTHROWING THE GOVERNMENT THROUGH PROTRACTED GUERRILLA WARFARE. ALTHOUGH PRIMARILY A RURAL-BASED GUERRILLA GROUP, THE NPA HAS AN ACTIVE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE TO CARRY OUT TERRORISM. THE NPA USES CITY-BASED ASSASSINATION SQUADS CALLED "SPARROW UNITS." THE NPA DERIVES MOST OF ITS FUNDING FROM CONTRIBUTIONS AND "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES" EXTORTED FROM LOCAL BUSINESSES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: IN ADDITION TO GUERRILLA ACTIVITIES, THE NPA HAS USED URBAN TERRORISM, INCLUDING ATTACKS ON GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, POLICE, AND MILITARY OFFICERS IN MANILA AND OTHER MAJOR CITIES. THE NPA HAS ALSO VOWED TO KILL U.S. CITIZENS WHO ALLEGEDLY ARE INVOLVED IN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE'S COUNTER-INSURGENCY CAMPAIGN. THE NPA HAS MURDERED TEN U.S. MILITARY MEMBERS AND PRIVATE AMERICAN CITIZENS SINCE 1987. IT HAS ALSO ATTACKED U.S. BUSINESSES LOCATED IN RURAL AREAS WHO REFUSED TO PAY REVOLUTIONARY TAXES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: 16,000 PLUS SUPPORT GROUPS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: RECEIVES FUNDING FROM OVERSEAS FUNDRAISERS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND ELSEWHERE; ALSO LINKED TO LIBYA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * REPLACE THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT WITH A COMMUNIST REGIME; * CONSOLIDATE GAINS IN RURAL AREAS AND FOCUS ON WINNING PEASANT SUPPORT; * SLOWLY ERODE SUPPORT OF THE GENERAL FILIPINO POPULACE FOR CONTINUED U.S. MILITARY PRESENCE; * PROVOKE A MORE REPRESSIVE RESPONSE FROM THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT THROUGH ITS COUNTER-INSURGENCY EFFORT, THEREBY ALIENATING LARGER SEGMENTS OF THE FILIPINO POPULACE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: A MAOIST-ORIENTED INSURGENT ORGANIZATION, THE NPA IS THE MILITARY WING OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE PHILIPPINES (CPP), A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION FORMED IN 1968. THE CPP IS DEDICATED TO OVERTHROWING THE CURRENT FILIPINO REGIME BY EMPLOYING MAOIST PRINCIPLES OF PEASANT REVOLUTION, INVOLVING PROTRACTED GUERRILLA WARFARE. SINCE ITS INCEPTION, THE NPA HAS INCREASED STEADILY IN SIZE AND CAPABILITY; AND INSURGENT ACTIVITIES HAVE CONCOMINANTLY ESCALATED IN SCOPE AND MAGNITUDE. THE NPA HAS BEEN FAIRLY SUCCESSFUL IN RURAL AREAS, WHERE IT HAS BEEN ABLE TO EXERT INFLUENCE AND EVEN ESTABLISH CONTROL OVER VILLAGE COMMUNITIES. IN THE YEARS FOLLOWING ITS INCEPTION, THE NPA CONDUCTED RURAL INSURGENT OPERATIONS THROUGHOUT MANY OF THE COUNTRY'S PROVINCES. OPERATIONS OFTEN WERE CONDUCTED ON LOCAL OR REGIONAL LEVELS, USUALLY WITH THE INTENT OF SECURING WEAPONS AND FUNDS AND HARASSING SECURITY FORCES. AS IT GREW IN SIZE, STRENGTH, AND CONFIDENCE, THE NPA INCREASINGLY BECAME ENGAGED IN A CAMPAIGN OF INTIMIDATION AND TERROR, AS IT BEGAN TO TARGET LOCAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS OPPOSED TO THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT. OTHER FREQUENT TARGETS INCLUDED SECURITY PERSONNEL, LOCAL POLICE, INFORMANTS, AND MEMBERS OF THE MEDIA WHO ESPOUSED ANTI-COMMUNIST RHETORIC. THE GOVERNMENT'S INABILITY TO CURB THE GROWTH OF THE MOVEMENT WAS NOT SIMPLY A FAILED COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT. THE MARCOS REGIME ALSO HAD FAILED TO INSTITUTE THE NECESSARY POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC REFORMS, AS WELL AS TO CURB RAMPANT CORRUPTION, MOVES THAT WOULD HAVE PLACATED CRITICS AND WON BACK POPULAR SUPPORT. AS THEY GAINED MOMENTUM, THE CPP AND NPA WERE ABLE TO EXPAND THEIR INFLUENCE INTO THE URBAN AREAS OF THE PHILIPPINES. THEIR POLITICAL STRENGTH ALSO WAS ENHANCED THROUGH ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN WITHIN THE SPHERE OF THE GROUPS' LEGAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION, THE NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONT. EXCEPT FOR AN INCIDENT IN WHICH THREE U.S. NAVAL OFFICERS WERE KILLED NEAR SUBIC BAY NAVAL BASE IN 1974, UNTIL 1987 THE NPA HAD REFRAINED FROM ACTIVELY TARGETING AMERICANS. THE GROUP HAS, HOWEVER, CONDUCTED CONTINUOUS SURVEILLANCE AND INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION OPERATIONS AGAINST U.S. PERSONNEL AND ASSETS THROUGHOUT THE YEARS. IN RECENT YEARS, THE NPA HAS THREATENED TO TARGET ANY U.S. PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN EITHER THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT OR THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE PHILIPPINES. ON 28 OCTOBER, 1987, HOWEVER, TWO U.S. SERVICEMEN AND A RETIREE, IN ADDITION TO A FILIPINO BYSTANDER, WERE MURDERED IN ANGELES CITY. A SPOKESMAN FOR THE NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONT CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK ON BEHALF OF THE NPA. SINCE THAT TIME THERE HAS BEEN A DRAMATIC INCREASE IN NPA OPERATIONS DIRECTED AGAINST BOTH OFFICIAL AS WELL AS PRIVATE U.S. INTERESTS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY APRIL, 1974: MURDERED THREE U.S. NAVAL PERSONNEL NEAR SUBIC BAY NAVAL BASE. SEPTEMBER, 1978: MURDERED THE MAYOR OF KALINGA APAYO. FEBRUARY, 1979: MURDERED THE SON OF THE THEN-COMMANDING GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINE ARMY. DECEMBER, 1981: IMPLICATED IN KIDNAPPING THE SON-IN-LAW OF PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS; THE NPA DENIED INVOLVEMENT. APRIL, 1982: MURDERED THE MAYOR OF CALBAYOG CITY. JULY, 1982: IMPLICATED IN THE MURDERS OF THE MAYORS OF RIZAL AND DIGOS. APRIL, 1983: MURDERED THE POLICE CHIEF AND FIVE POLICE OFFICERS IN BARANGAY TIBLAWAN. NOVEMBER, 1983: MURDERED THE MAYOR OF LUBA. MAY, 1984: ASSASSINATED BRIGADIER GENERAL KARNIXAL, POLICE COMMANDER OF QUEZON CITY. CLAIMED BY THE ALEX BONCAYO BRIGADE, AN ELITE SPARROW UNIT OF THE NPA. SEPTEMBER, 1984: INFILTRATED A PRISON ARMORY ON LEYTE ISLAND, SEIZING AN UNSPECIFIED NUMBER OF WEAPONS. NOVEMBER, 1984 - JANUARY, 1985: ASSASSINATED THE MAYORS OF ZAMBOANGA CITY AND SANTA ANA, THE DEPUTY MAYOR OF LAPUYAN, AND THE POLICE CHIEF OF NUEVA ECIJA. OCTOBER, 1987: MURDERED TWO AMERICAN SERVICEMEN, AN AMERICAN RETIREE, AND A FILIPINO BYSTANDER. CLAIMED BY THE ALEX BONCAYO BRIGADE, AND LATER BY THE NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONT ON BEHALF OF THE NPA. NOVEMBER, 1987: TWO HUNDRED NPA GUERRILLAS ATTACKED TWO U.S. OWNED AND OPERATED BANANA PLANTATIONS BURNING WAREHOUSES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT. THIS WAS THE SECOND NPA ATTACK ON THIS PLANTATION; THE FIRST HAVING TAKEN PLACE IN AUGUST, 1987. FEBRUARY, 1989: NPA GUERRILLAS ATTACKED A MINING COMPANY OPERATION WITH MORTARS AND SMALL ARMS. THE FACILITY WAS RANSACKED AND THE ARMORY WAS LOOTED. FIFTEEN SECURITY GUARDS, TWO CIVILIANS, AND EIGHT NPA REBELS DIED IN THE ATTACK. APRIL, 1989: THE NPA ATTEMPTED TO AMBUSH A CONVOY OF U.S. AIR FORCE SECURITY POLICE NEAR CLARK AIR FORCE BASE. THE AMBUSH WAS ABORTED WHEN THE CONVOY ARRIVED EARLY. THE NPA GUERRILLAS FLED. APRIL, 1989: THE NPA ATTACKED A U.S.-PHILIPPINE COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY ATOP MOUNT CABUYO. THREE ELECTRICAL POWER PYLONS AND A COMMUNICATIONS TRAILER WERE DAMAGED. APRIL, 1989: AN NPA UNIT ASSASSINATED U.S. ARMY COLONEL JAMES N. ROWE. THE VICTIM WAS ATTACKED WHILE BEING DRIVEN TO WORK. THE DRIVER OF THE VICTIM'S VEHICLE WAS WOUNDED. APRIL, 1989: NPA REBELS ATTACKED AN INTER-CITY FERRY FROM SPEED BOATS, ROBBING PASSENGERS. MAY, 1989: KIDNAPPED A JAPANESE AID WORKER. SEPTEMBER, 1989: ASSASSINATED TWO FORD AEROSPACE TECHNICIANS AS THE VICTIMS DROVE HOME FROM THEIR JOB AT CLARK AIR FORCE BASE. DECEMBER, 1989: TWO RIFLE GRENADES WERE FIRED INTO THE U.S. EMBASSY COMPOUND. NO INJURIES. DECEMBER, 1989: CARRIED OUT A RIFLE GRENADE AND SMALL ARMS ATTACK ON THE UNITED STATES INFORMATION SERVICE (USIS) LIBRARY IN DAVAO CITY. NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1990: DETONATED THREE BOMBS IN DAVAO CITY IN ONE DAY. ONE OF THE DEVICES DETONATED AT THE USIS FACILITY. FEBRUARY, 1990: ASSASSINATED AN AMERICAN CITIZEN, HIS FILIPINO WIFE AND HIS FATHER-IN-LAW NEAR THE CITY OF TAGBILARAN. MARCH, 1990: MURDERED AN ELDERLY AMERICAN RANCHER FOR VICTIM'S REFUSAL TO PAY THE NPA REVOLUTIONARY TAXES. MAY, 1990: A UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER WAS MURDERED BY THE NPA IN OLONGAPO CITY NEAR SUBIC BAY NAVAL BASE. MAY, 1990: TWO U.S. AIR FORCE PERSONNEL WERE KILLED AND A THIRD ESCAPED UNHURT WHEN THE NPA AMBUSHED THE THREE NEAR CLARK AIR FORCE BASE. MAY, 1990: TWO RIFLE GRENADES FIRED AT THE THOMAS JEFFERSON CULTURAL CENTER, A USIS FACILITY, IN MANILA. JUNE, 1990: A U.S. PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEER WAS KIDNAPPED, HELD 49 DAYS, AND RELEASED UNHARMED. JULY, 1990: SUSPECTED NPA MEMBERS DROVE BY THE USIS FACILITY IN DAVAO CITY, SPRAYING IT WITH SMALL ARMS FIRE. NO INJURIES. SEPTEMBER, 1990: NPA TERRORISTS BOMBED THE VOICE OF AMERICA (VOA) TRANSMITTER ANTENNA SITE IN TARLAC PROVINCE. NO INJURIES. NOVEMBER, 1990: FIRED TWO RIFLE GRENADES AT THE U.S. EMBASSY IN MANILA. NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1991: FIFTY NPA REBELS ATTACKED A PHILIPPINE POLICE BARRACKS NEAR THE SITE OF A VOICE OF AMERICA TRANSMITTER SITE. ATTEMPTED TO PLACE EXPLOSIVE DEVICES ON TRANSMITTER ANTENNAS, BUT THE DEVICES WERE DISARMED. NOVEMBER, 1991: AMBUSHED A PHILIPPINE ARMY PATROL, KILLING TWENTY TWO. FEBRUARY, 1992: AN NPA UNIT AMBUSHED A PHILIPPINE ARMY PATROL OF 100 TROOPS. AT LEAST THIRTY-SEVEN OF THE TROOPS WERE KILLED. RELIABLE REPORTING INDICATES THAT THE ATTACK WAS PARTICULARLY SAVAGE, WITH MANY OF VICTIMS' CORPSES SHOWING CLEAR SIGNS OF MUTILATION. MARCH, 1992: PHILIPPINE POLICE RESCUED AN AMERICAN BUSINESSMAN WHO HAD BEEN KIDNAPPED AND HELD HOSTAGE BY A GROUP CALLING ITSELF "RED SCORPION" BELIEVED TO BE A FACTION OF THE NPA. MARCH, 1992: NPA IS SUSPECTED IN THE MURDER OF AN ASSISTANT DEAN OF A UNIVERSITY LOCATED IN MANILA. THE VICTIM WAS SHOT IN THE HEAD AS HE WALKED TO WORK. JUNE, 1992: AN NPA UNIT RAIDED AN AMERICAN-OWNED FOOD PROCESSING PLANT IN DAVAO, WRECKING EQUIPMENT AND KIDNAPPING FILIPINO EMPLOYEES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT marked false PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT showNameProp PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT 08/06/92 GP00040 KEY WORDS: PLF; FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE; FLP DESCRIPTION: THE PLF IS A TERRORIST GROUP THAT BROKE AWAY FROM THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - GENERAL COMMAND (PFLP-GC) IN THE MID-1970S. IT LATER SPLIT AGAIN INTO THREE FACTIONS: PRO-PLO; PRO-SYRIAN; AND, PRO-LIBYAN. THE PRO-PLO FACTION IS LED BY MUHAMMAD ABBAS (ABU ABBAS), WHO BECAME A MEMBER OF THE PLO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IN 1984, BUT LEFT THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IN 1991. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: THE ABU ABBAS FACTION OF THE PLF CARRIED OUT AN ABORTIVE SEABORNE ATTACK STAGED FROM LIBYA AGAINST ISRAEL ON MAY 30, 1990. THE SAME GROUP WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OCTOBER, 1985 ATTACK ON THE CRUISE SHIP "ACHILLE LAURO" AND THE MURDER OF U.S. CITIZEN LEON KLINGHOFFER. A WARRANT FOR THE ARREST OF ABU ABBAS IS OUTSTANDING IN ITALY. THE PLF OPENLY SUPPORTED IRAQ DURING THE PERSIAN GULF WAR. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: AT LEAST FIFTY WITHIN ABU ABBAS FACTION. OTHER TWO FACTIONS: 200-250. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: RECEIVES LOGISTIC AND MILITARY SUPPORT MAINLY FROM PLO, BUT ALSO FROM LIBYA AND IRAQ. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCE: * DISMANTLE THE CURRENT STATE OF ISRAEL; * TERRORIZE ISRAEL BY DIRECT ATTACKS ON ITS SOIL; * ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT PALESTINIAN STATE IN PLACE OF ISRAEL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: ALTHOUGH ORIGINALLY A PART OF THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - GENERAL COMMAND (PFLP-GC), THE PLF WAS ESTABLISHED UNDER MUHAMMAD ABU AL ABBAS, IN OPPOSITION TO PFLP-GC LEADER AHMED JIBRIL'S SUPPORT FOR THE SYRIAN INCURSION INTO LEBANON IN JUNE, 1976. AFTER UNSUCCESSFULLY ATTEMPTING TO GAIN CONTROL OF THE PFLP-GC IN SEPTEMBER, 1976, THE PLF WAS SPLIT FROM THE PFLP-GC OFFICIALLY BY PLO CHAIRMAN YASSIR ARAFAT IN APRIL, 1977. THE PLF WAS ESTABLISHED WITH IRAQI SUPPORT, AND ITS EXISTENCE AS AN INDEPENDENT GROUP WAS RECOGNIZED WHEN IT OBTAINED SEATS ON THE PALESTINE NATIONAL COUNCIL IN 1981 WITH ITS HEADQUARTERS IN DAMASCUS. NEAR THE END OF 1983, THE PLF ITSELF SPLIT INTO FACTIONS WHEN ABU ABBAS FELT THAT HIS ORGANIZATION HAD BECOME TOO CLOSE TO SYRIA. LEAVING DAMASCUS, ALONG WITH MANY SUPPORTERS, ABU ABBAS WENT TO TUNIS TO ALIGN HIMSELF WITH ARAFAT AND THE MAINSTREAM FATAH ORGANIZATION. FOLLOWING THE ACHILLE LAURO INCIDENT, THE ABU ABBAS FACTION RELOCATED TO BAGHDAD AT THE REQUEST OF THE GOVERNMENT OF TUNISIA. THE PARTS OF THE PLF REMAINING IN DAMASCUS WERE FURTHER SPLIT IN JANUARY, 1984 WHEN ABD AL FATAH GHANEM ATTEMPTED A TAKEOVER OF THE PLF OFFICES AND HELD TAL'AT YAQUB, SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE PLF, HOSTAGE. THROUGH SYRIAN INTERVENTION, YAQUB WAS RELEASED AND GHANEM FORMED HIS OWN FACTION WITH TIES TO LIBYA. YAQUB'S FACTION JOINED THE PALESTINE NATIONAL SALVATION FRONT AND IS GENERALLY ALIGNED WITH SYRIA. OPERATIONALLY, THE ABBAS FACTION OF THE PLF HAS DEMONSTRATED CREATIVITY AND TECHNICAL ACUMEN. THE GROUP HAS EMPLOYED HOT AIR BALLOONS AND HANG GLIDERS FOR AIRBORNE OPERATIONS, AND A CIVILIAN PASSENGER SHIP FOR MOUNTING A SEABORNE INFILTRATION OPERATION. THE ACHILLE LAURO HIJACKING IN OCTOBER, 1985 - FOLLOWED BY THE MURDER OF AN ELDERLY AMERICAN CITIZEN - LEON KLINGHOFFER - CONTRIBUTED TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONDEMNATION OF ABU ABBAS AND THE PLF. IN 1988, THE PLF AND YASSIR ARAFAT FEUDED OVER THE PLO'S MODERATING STANCE ON ISRAEL AND ON THE USE OF TERROR AGAINST ISRAEL. THE DIFFERENCES APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN OVERCOME WHEN THE PLO REFUSED TO CONDEMN AN ATTEMPTED ATTACK BY THE PLF ON A TEL AVIV BEACH. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JULY, 1978: KIDNAPPED 51 UNIFIL SOLDIERS IN TYRE; FORCED BY FATAH TO RELEASE THEM SEVERAL HOURS LATER. SEPTEMBER, 1978: THREE PLF TERRORISTS WERE CAPTURED IN NORTHERN ISRAEL. THEY HAD INTENDED A HOSTAGE TAKING OPERATION WITH THE GOAL OF SEEKING THE RELEASE OF PLF PRISONERS HELD IN ISRAEL. APRIL, 1979: FOUR PLF OPERATIVES LANDED FROM THE SEA NEAR NAHARIYAH, INTENDING TO SEIZE ISRAELI HOSTAGES TO BE USED IN EXCHANGE FOR TERRORISTS BEING HELD BY THE ISRAELIS. THE TERRORISTS KILLED A MAN AND HIS DAUGHTER IN THEIR APARTMENT, AS WELL AS AN ISRAELI POLICEMAN. TWO TERRORISTS WERE KILLED DURING THE FIGHTING AND TWO WERE CAPTURED. AUGUST, 1979: ATTEMPTED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL BY SEA NEAR ROSH HANIQRA. THREE TERRORISTS WERE CAPTURED AND ONE KILLED. JULY, 1980: ATTEMPTED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL USING A HOT-AIR BALLOON. THE BALLOON EXPLODED AFTER TAKING OFF, KILLING ONE TERRORIST. MARCH, 1981: ATTEMPTED TO SEND TWO ONE-MAN HANG GLIDERS INTO ISRAEL. BOTH WERE CAPTURED. APRIL, 1981: ATTEMPTED UNSUCCESSFULLY TO INFILTRATE ISRAEL USING A HOT-AIR BALLOON. THE BALLOON WAS SHOT DOWN, AND TWO PLF OPERATIVES WERE KILLED. DOCUMENTS FOUND ON THE TERRORISTS INDICATED THAT THEIR MISSION WAS TO TAKE HOSTAGES IN EXCHANGE FOR IMPRISONED PLF MEMBERS IN ISRAEL. JUNE, 1984: A SQUAD FROM THE GHANEM FACTION OF THE PLF WAS CAPTURED IN NORTHERN ISRAEL, BELIEVED TO BE ON A HOSTAGE-TAKING OPERATION. OCTOBER, 1985: HIJACKED THE ITALIAN CRUISE SHIP "ACHILLE LAURO." AFTER HOLDING HOSTAGES FOR 2 DAYS AND MURDERING ONE WHEELCHAIR-BOUND U.S. PASSENGER, THE TERRORIST TEAM AND ABU ABBAS SURRENDERED TO THE EGYPTIANS IN EXCHANGE FOR A PROMISE OF SAFE PASSAGE. THEY WERE APPREHENDED AT A NATO AIR BASE IN SICILY AFTER U.S. AIRCRAFT INTERCEPTED AND FORCED DOWN THE EGYPTIAN AIRLINER THAT WAS FLYING THE TERRORISTS TO SAFEHAVEN. ABU ABBAS WAS SOON RELEASED BY THE ITALIANS. THE FOUR PLF TERRORISTS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE HIJACKING WERE CONVICTED OF THEIR CRIMES AND SENTENCED TO PRISON. MAY, 1990: ISRAELI MILITARY FORCES FOILED AN ATTEMPT BY PLF TERRORISTS TO LAND ON AN ISRAELI BEACH. THE PLAN OF THE TERRORISTS WERE TO ATTACK AND OCCUPY HOTELS ON THE TEL AVIV BEACH FRONT. MAY, 1992: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTEMPT TO RAID THE ISRAELI RED SEA RESORT OF EILAT. KILLED A SECURITY GUARD BEFORE ISRAELI MILITARY KILLED ONE AND WOUNDED ONE TERRORIST. BELIEVED TO HAVE ATTEMPTED TO SWIM FROM AQABA IN JORDAN ALONG THE COAST LINE TO EILAT. COMES EXACTLY TWO YEARS AFTER ATTEMPT IN MAY 1990 (5/30) TO ATTACK BEACH AT TEL AVIV. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION IS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATIO marked false PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATIO PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATIO showNameProp 1PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION 10/28/92 GP00013 KEY WORDS: DESCRIPTION: FOUNDED IN 1964 AS A PALESTINIAN NATIONALIST UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION DEDICATED TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INDEPENDENT PALESTINIAN STATE. AFTER THE 1967 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR, CONTROL OF THE PLO DEVOLVED TO THE LEADERSHIP OF THE VARIOUS FEDAYEEN MILITIA GROUPS, THE MOST DOMINANT OF WHICH WAS YASSIR ARAFAT'S AL-FATAH. IN 1969, ARAFAT BECAME CHAIRMAN OF THE PLO'S EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, A POSITION HE STILL HOLDS. IN THE EARLY 198OS, THE PLO BECAME FRAGMENTED INTO SEVERAL CONTENDING GROUPS BUT REMAINS THE PREEMINENT PALESTINIAN ORGANIZATION. THE UNITED STATES CONSIDERS THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION TO BE AN UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION THAT INCLUDES SEVERAL CONSTITUENT GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS HOLDING DIFFERING VIEWS ON TERRORISM. AT THE SAME TIME U.S. POLICY ACCEPTS THAT ELEMENTS OF THE PLO HAVE ADVOCATED, CARRIED OUT, OR ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR ACTS OF TERRORISM. PLO CHAIRMAN ARAFAT PUBLICLY RENOUNCED TERRORISM IN DECEMBER, 1988 ON BEHALF OF THE PLO. THE UNITED STATES CONSIDERS THAT ALL PLO GROUPS, INCLUDING AL-FATAH, FORCE 17, HAWARI GROUP, PLF, AND THE PFLP, ARE BOUND BY ARAFAT'S RENUNCIATION OF TERRORISM. THE U.S.- PLO DIALOGUE WAS SUSPENDED AFTER THE PLO FAILED TO CONDEMN THE 30 MAY 1990 PLF ATTACK ON ISRAELI BEACHES. PLF HEAD ABU ABBAS LEFT THE PLO EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE IN SEPTEMBER 1991; AND HIS SEAT WAS FILLED BY ANOTHER PLF MEMBER. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: IN THE EARLY 1970S SEVERAL GROUPS AFFILIATED WITH THE PLO CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ATTACKS. BY THE MID-1970S, UNDER INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE, THE PLO CLAIMED IT WOULD RESTRICT ATTACKS TO ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. SEVERAL TERRORIST ATTACKS WERE LATER CARRIED OUT BY GROUPS AFFILIATED WITH THE PLO/FATAH, INCLUDING THE HAWARI GROUP, THE PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT (PLF), AND FORCE 17, AGAINST TARGETS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF ISRAEL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE AB0VE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT SOURCE DOCUMENTS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Group Profiles) ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION 10/28/92 GP00023 KEY WORDS: ANO; FATAH THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL; FRC; ARAB REVOLUTIONARY BRIGADES; ARB; BLACK SEPTEMBER; ARAB REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL; BLACK JUNE; ROSM; REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION OF SOCIALIST MUSLIMS; PUNISHMENT; AL-IQTAB; FATAH THE CORRECTIVE MOVEMENT; BLACK SEPTEMBER-BLACK JUNE; MARTYRS OF ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DESCRIPTION: AN INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION LED BY SABRI AL-BANNA (AKA ABU NIDAL "FATHER OF STRUGGLE"). SPLIT FROM FATAH IN 1974. COMPOSED OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEES, INCLUDING MILITARY, POLITICAL, ETC. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION IS BELIEVED TO HAVE CARRIED OUT MORE THAN 90 TERRORIST OPERATIONS SINCE 1973-74 IN APPROXIMATELY 20 COUNTRIES, KILLING OR INJURING ALMOST 900 PEOPLE. THE ANO PRIMARILY TARGETS THE UNITED STATES, UNITED KINGDOM, ISRAEL, EUROPEAN NATIONS, JEWS OF ANY NATIONALITY, THE PLO, VARIOUS ARAB NATIONS. THE ANO'S METHODS OF OPERATION INCLUDE ARMED ATTACKS ON AIRPORTS, HIJACKINGS, ARMED ATTACKS ON PUBLIC GATHERING PLACES, BOMBINGS, ASSASSINATIONS, AND KIDNAPPINGS. THE GROUP'S ATTACKS ARE NOTED FOR THEIR FEROCITY AND THEIR INTENTIONS OF CAUSING MASSIVE CASUALTIES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: SEVERAL HUNDRED PLUS MILITIA IN LEBANON, PLUS AN OVERSEAS SUPPORT STRUCTURE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION: THE ANO WAS HEADQUARTERED IN IRAQ (1974-83) AND SYRIA (1983-87); CURRENTLY MAINTAINS A PRESENCE IN LIBYA WITH A SUBSTANTIAL PRESENCE IN LEBANON. THE ANO ALSO MAINTAINS A PRESENCE IN ALGERIA AS WELL AS IN OTHER NATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA. SOME ELEMENTS OF THE ANO MAY HAVE RELOCATED TO IRAQ FROM LIBYA IN MID-1990. THE GROUP HAS DEMONSTRATED ITS ABILITY TO OPERATE OVER A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC AREA, INCLUDING THE MIDDLE EAST, EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE SUPPORT, INCLUDING SAFEHAVEN, TRAINING, LOGISTICAL ASSISTANCE, AND FINANCIAL AID FROM IRAQ, SYRIA, AND LIBYA. THE GROUP CONTINUES TO RECEIVE SUPPORT FROM LIBYA, IN ADDITION TO CLOSE LOGISTICAL AND OPERATIONAL SUPPORT FOR TERRORIST OPERATIONS. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: *PLACE THE "ARMED STRUGGLE" AGAINST THE "ZIONIST ENEMY" AS THE FIRST PRIORITY OF THE PALESTINE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT; *UNDERMINE EFFORTS TO NEGOTIATE AN ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE BY TERRORIZING PRO-ARAFAT PALESTINIANS AND BY ATTACKING ISRAELI AND JEWISH TARGETS; *THREATEN OR ATTACK "REACTIONARY" REGIMES IN EGYPT, JORDAN, KUWAIT, SAUDI ARABIA, AND THE GULF SHEIKDOMS; *AFFIRM ARAB COMMITMENT TO THE DESTRUCTION OF ISRAEL; *INTIMIDATE THOSE NATIONS CURRENTLY HOLDING ABU NIDAL OPERATIVES IN PRISON INTO RELEASING THEM. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: A REJECTIONIST AND EXTREMELY VIOLENT TERRORIST GROUP, THE ANO OPPOSES ALL EFFORTS TOWARD POLITICAL RECONCILIATION OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT. THE GROUP CONTENDS THAT BOTH INTER-ARAB AND INTRA-PALESTINIAN TERRORISM ARE NEEDED TO PRECIPITATE AN ALL-EMBRACING ARAB REVOLUTION THAT ALONE CAN LEAD TO THE LIBERATION OF "OCCUPIED PALESTINE." THE ANO IS THE MOST DANGEROUS TERRORIST GROUP IN EXISTENCE, AND ITS AREA OF OPERATIONS IS ONE OF THE MOST EXTENSIVE. THE GROUP MADE ITS INITIAL APPEARANCE AFTER THE OCTOBER 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR WHEN YASSIR ARAFAT DECIDED TO RESTRICT TERRORIST OPERATIONS TO ISRAELI TARGETS. ABU NIDAL DECIDED TO FIGHT ANY EFFORT AT MODERATION BY CONTINUING INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AGAINST ISRAELI TARGETS AND BY TARGETING PRO-ARAFAT PALESTINIANS AND MODERATE ARAB STATES. THE RIFT BETWEEN ABU NIDAL AND ARAFAT BECAME SO INTENSE THAT ABU NIDAL WAS TRIED IN ABSENTIA AND SENTENCED TO DEATH BY ARAFAT. SINCE ITS FOUNDING, THE ANO HAS ALSO TARGETED THOSE NATIONS HOLDING ITS OPERATIVES AS PRISONERS. AS ABU NIDAL'S FOLLOWING GREW, THE GROUP'S OPERATIONS AGAINST PALESTINIAN MODERATES ESCALATED. DURING THE FIRST HALF OF 1978, THE ANO ASSASSINATED THREE PROMINENT PLO OFFICIALS, WHO WERE ALLIES OF ARAFAT. ALTHOUGH A TEMPORARY RAPPROCHEMENT TOOK PLACE IN 1978, THE ANO CONTINUES TO TARGET MODERATE PALESTINIAN ELEMENTS. DESPITE ITS SUPPORT BY A SUCCESSION OF STATE SPONSORS THE GROUP MAINTAINS ITS OWN POLITICAL AGENDA. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THE ANO'S OPERATIONS COINCIDE WITH THE INTERESTS OF ITS SPONSORS, THE GROUP ALSO CONDUCTS INDEPENDENT OPERATIONS. THE ANO IS FINANCIALLY SOUND AND MAY BE ONE OF THE MOST ECONOMICALLY VIABLE OF ALL TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS. THE GROUP IS BELIEVED TO DRAW ONE THIRD OF ITS INCOME FROM PATRON STATES, ONE THIRD FROM GRAFT OR BLACKMAIL/EXTORTION, AND ONE THIRD FROM ITS OWN NETWORK OF BUSINESSES AND FRONT ORGANIZATIONS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY SEPTEMBER, 1973 - WHILE STILL AFFILIATED WITH FATAH, ABU NIDAL MOUNTED AN OPERATION, SEIZING THE EMBASSY OF SAUDI ARABIA IN PARIS, AND DEMANDING THE RELEASE OF ABU DAWUD, A FATAH TERRORIST BEING HELD IN JORDAN. OCTOBER, 1974: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF FATAH OFFICIAL ABU MAZIM. ABU NIDAL WAS SENTENCED TO DEATH IN ABSENTIA BY FATAH FOR THIS ATTEMPT. SEPTEMBER, 1976: ATTACK AND TAKEOVER OF THE SEMIRAMIS HOTEL IN DAMASCUS OCTOBER, 1976: ATTACKS ON SYRIAN EMBASSIES IN ISLAMABAD AND ROME. NOVEMBER, 1976: ATTACK ON THE INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL IN AMMAN. DECEMBER, 1976: FAILED ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST SYRIAN FORTEIGN MINISTER IN DAMASCUS. OCTOBER, 1977: ANOTHER FAILED ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE THE SYRIAN FOREIGN MINISTER, THIS TIME IN ABU DHABI. THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES MINISTER OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS WAS KILLED. AUGUST, 1978: ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF THE PLO IN PAKISTAN. JULY, 1980: ATTACK ON THE CHILDREN OF A JEWISH SCHOOL IN ANTWERP. JULY, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE ISRAELI COMMERCIAL ATTACHE IN BRUSSELS. MAY, 1981: MURDERED A VIENNA CITY COUNCILMAN AND THREATENED TO KILL AUSTRIAN CHANCELLOR KREISKY. AUGUST, 1981: MACHINEGUNNED A VIENNA SYNAGOGUE, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING SEVENTEEN PEOPLE. JUNE, 1982: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF SHLOMO ARGOV, ISRAELI AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED KINGDOM. JUNE, 1982: MURDERED A PLO OFFICIAL IN ROME WITH A CAR BOMB. AUGUST, 1982: ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) CONSUL IN BOMBAY. SEPTEMBER, 1982: ASSASSINATED A KUWAITI DIPLOMAT IN MADRID. OCTOBER, 1982: KILLED ONE CHILD AND INJURED TEN PEOPLE IN A GRENADE AND MACHINE-GUN ATTACK ON A SYNAGOGUE IN ROME. APRIL, 1983: MURDERED PLO OFFICIAL ISSAM SARTAWI AT THE SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN LISBON. OCTOBER, 1983: ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO ITALY IN ROME. OCTOBER, 1983: SEVERELY WOUNDED THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO INDIA IN NEW DELHI. NOVEMBER, 1983: ATTACKED SECURITY GUARDS ASSIGNED TO THE JORDANIAN EMBASSY IN ATHENS, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING ANOTHER. DECEMBER, 1983: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE FRENCH CULTURAL CENTER IN IZMIR, TURKEY. FEBRUARY, 1984: IMPLICATED IN THE PARIS MURDER OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AMBASSADOR TO FRANCE. MARCH, 1984: ASSASSINATED A BRITISH DIPLOMAT IN ATHENS. NOVEMBER, 1984: ASSASSINATED THE BRITISH HIGH COMMISSIONER IN BOMBAY, INDIA. DECEMBER, 1984: MURDERED ARAFAT SUPPORTER ISMAIL DARWISH IN ROME. MARCH, 1985: KIDNAPPED BRITISH JOURNALIST ALEC COLLETT IN BEIRUT; COLLETT WAS REPORTED TO HAVE BEEN MURDERED ONE YEAR LATER, BUT INFORMATION IS INCONCLUSIVE. MARCH, 1985: ATTACKED THE ROME OFFICES OF ALIA, THE ROYAL JORDANIAN AIRLINES, WOUNDING THREE PEOPLE. ALSO BELIEVED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON ALIA OFFICES IN ATHENS AND NICOSIA. APRIL, 1985: FIRED A ROCKET AT AN ALIA AIRLINER AS IT TOOK OFF FROM ATHENS AIRPORT. ALTHOUGH THE ROCKET DID NOT DETONATE, IT LEFT A HOLE IN THE FUSELAGE. JULY, 1985: BOMBED THE BRITISH AIRWAYS OFFICE IN MADRID, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING TWENTY SEVEN. FIVE MINUTES LATER ATTACKED THE MADRID OFFICES OF ALIA, TWO BLOCKS AWAY, WOUNDING TWO PERSONS. SEPTEMBER, 1985: GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST THE CAFE DE PARIS IN ROME, WOUNDING THIRTY EIGHT PEOPLE. SEPTEMBER, 1985: HIJACKED AN EGYPTIAN AIRLINER TO MALTA, WHERE SIXTY PEOPLE WERE KILLED DURING A RESCUE ATTEMPT BY EGYPTIAN FORCES. DECEMBER, 1985: ATTACKED THE AIRPORTS AT ROME AND VIENNA, KILLING SIXTEEN AND WOUNDING SCORES. CLAIMED BY THE CELLS OF THE ARAB FEDAYEEN. SEPTEMBER, 1986: ATTEMPTED HIJACKING OF PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT #73 AT KARACHI, KILLING TWENTY TWO PERSONS. SEPTEMBER, 1986: LESS THAN TWENTY FOUR HOURS AFTER THE KARACHI ATTACK, ANO OPERATIVES ATTACKED THE NEVE SHALOM SYNAGOGUE IN ISTANBUL, KILLING MORE THAN TWENTY WORSHIPPERS. JULY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A RESTAURANT ON THE WEST BANK OF THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES, WOUNDING FIFTEEN. NOVEMBER, 1987: CLAIMED TO HAVE SEIZED A YACHT OFF THE COAST OF ISRAEL AND TAKEN ITS EIGHT OCCUPANTS HOSTAGE. MARCH, 1988: A LONE GUNMAN ATTACKED AN ALITALIA AIRLINES CREW ABOARD A COMMUTER BUS IN BOMBAY, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING THE CREW CAPTAIN. MAY, 1988: IN KHARTOUM, SUDAN, ANO OPERATIVES KILLED EIGHT AND WOUNDED TWENTY ONE IN SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON THE ACROPOLE HOTEL AND THE SUDAN CLUB. JULY, 1988: FOLLOWING THE PREMATURE DETONATION OF A CAR BOMB AT AN ATHENS PIER, IN WHICH TWO ANO OPERATIVES WERE KILLED, ANO GUNMEN ABOARD THE DAY CRUISE SHIP "CITY OF POROS" ATTACKED THE PASSENGERS, KILLING NINE AND WOUNDING NINETY EIGHT. JANUARY, 1991: ABU IYAD, CONSIDERED THE SECOND MOST SENIOR OFFICIAL OF FATAH AFTER YASSIR ARAFAT; AND ABU HUL, COMMANDER OF THE WESTERN SECTOR FORCES OF FATAH, WERE ASSASSINATED BY AN ABU NIDAL OPERATIVE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Railroads marked false Railroads (Km) Railroads (Km) showNameProp railrdsl.pct Railrdsh.pct 0 Papua New Guinea (1) 0 Laos (2) 0 Vanuatu (3) 0 American Samoa (4) 0 Pitcairn Islands (5) 1 Gibraltar (6) 2 Monaco (7) 3 Lesotho (8) 4 Nauru (9) 10 Afghanistan (10) 13 Brunei (11) 19 Liechtenstein (12) 35 Hong Kong (13) 36 Man, Isle of (14) 38 Singapore (15) 40 Haiti (16) 52 Nepal (17) 58 Saint Kitts and Nevis (18) 64 Antigua and Barbuda (19) 84 Sierra Leone (20) 96 Puerto Rico (21) 97 Djibouti (22) 136 Malaysia (23) 166 Suriname (24) 187 Guyana (25) 238 Panama (26) 270 Luxembourg (27) 294 Jamaica (28) 297 Swaziland (29) 370 Kyrgyzstan (30) 373 Nicaragua (31) 378 Philippines (32) 480 Tajikistan (33) 480 Liberia (34) 515 Togo (35) 542 Venezuela (36) 543 Albania (37) 578 Benin (38) 600 Israel (39) 602 El Salvador (40) 612 Cambodia (41) 619 Jordan (42) 620 Burkina (43) 642 Mali (44) 644 Fiji (45) 649 Gabon (46) 660 Ivory Coast (47) 690 Mauritania (48) 712 Botswana (49) 785 Honduras (50) 789 Malawi (51) 797 Congo (52) 840 Armenia (53) 850 Holy See (Vatican City) (54) 884 Guatemala (55) 886 Saudi Arabia (56) 950 Costa Rica (57) 953 Ghana (58) 965 Ecuador (59) 970 Paraguay (60) 988 Ethiopia (61) 1003 Cameroon (62) 1020 Madagascar (63) 1030 Estonia (64) 1034 Senegal (65) 1045 Guinea (66) 1150 Moldova (67) 1266 Zambia (68) 1300 Uganda (69) 1570 Georgia (70) 1655 Dominican Republic (71) 1750 Mongolia (72) 1801 Peru (73) 1893 Morocco (74) 1947 Ireland (75) 1948 Sri Lanka (76) 2010 Lithuania (77) 2040 Kenya (78) 2090 Azerbaijan (79) 2115 Tunisia (80) 2120 Turkmenistan (81) 2341 Namibia (82) 2350 Syria (83) 2400 Latvia (84) 2457 Iraq (85) 2479 Greece (86) 2675 Denmark (87) 2698 Croatia (88) 2745 Zimbabwe (89) 2892 Bangladesh (90) 3000 Uruguay (91) 3037 Netherlands (92) 3059 Vietnam (93) 3106 Korea, South (94) 3189 Angola (95) 3288 Mozambique (96) 3386 Colombia (97) 3460 Uzbekistan (98) 3505 Nigeria (99) 3555 Tanzania (100) 3613 Portugal (101) 3667 Belgium (102) 3684 Bolivia (103) 3940 Thailand (104) 3991 Burma (105) 4060 Algeria (106) 4223 Norway (107) 4300 Bulgaria (108) 4600 Taiwan (109) 4716 New Zealand (110) 4850 Iran (111) 4915 Korea, North (112) 5110 Egypt (113) 5174 Switzerland (114) 5254 Zaire (115) 5500 Sudan (116) 5570 Belarus (117) 5924 Finland (118) 6028 Austria (119) 6456 Kuwait (120) 6964 Indonesia (121) 7765 Hungary (122) 7766 Chile (123) 8401 Turkey (124) 8773 Pakistan (125) 11275 Romania (126) 12000 Sweden (127) 12947 Cuba (128) 13103 Czechoslovakia (129) 14460 Kazakhstan (130) 15430 Spain (131) 16629 United Kingdom (132) 20011 Italy (133) 20638 South Africa (134) 22800 Ukraine (135) 24500 Mexico (136) 27041 Poland (137) 27327 Japan (138) 28828 Brazil (139) 31443 Germany (140) 34172 Argentina (141) 34568 France (142) 40478 Australia (143) 54000 China (144) 61850 India (145) 87180 Russia (146) 93544 Canada (147) 270312 United States (148) 270312 United States (1) 93544 Canada (2) 87180 Russia (3) 61850 India (4) 54000 China (5) 40478 Australia (6) 34568 France (7) 34172 Argentina (8) 31443 Germany (9) 28828 Brazil (10) 27327 Japan (11) 27041 Poland (12) 24500 Mexico (13) 22800 Ukraine (14) 20638 South Africa (15) 20011 Italy (16) 16629 United Kingdom (17) 15430 Spain (18) 14460 Kazakhstan (19) 13103 Czechoslovakia (20) 12947 Cuba (21) 12000 Sweden (22) 11275 Romania (23) 8773 Pakistan (24) 8401 Turkey (25) 7766 Chile (26) 7765 Hungary (27) 6964 Indonesia (28) 6456 Kuwait (29) 6028 Austria (30) 5924 Finland (31) 5570 Belarus (32) 5500 Sudan (33) 5254 Zaire (34) 5174 Switzerland (35) 5110 Egypt (36) 4915 Korea, North (37) 4850 Iran (38) 4716 New Zealand (39) 4600 Taiwan (40) 4300 Bulgaria (41) 4223 Norway (42) 4060 Algeria (43) 3991 Burma (44) 3940 Thailand (45) 3684 Bolivia (46) 3667 Belgium (47) 3613 Portugal (48) 3555 Tanzania (49) 3505 Nigeria (50) 3460 Uzbekistan (51) 3386 Colombia (52) 3288 Mozambique (53) 3189 Angola (54) 3106 Korea, South (55) 3059 Vietnam (56) 3037 Netherlands (57) 3000 Uruguay (58) 2892 Bangladesh (59) 2745 Zimbabwe (60) 2698 Croatia (61) 2675 Denmark (62) 2479 Greece (63) 2457 Iraq (64) 2400 Latvia (65) 2350 Syria (66) 2341 Namibia (67) 2120 Turkmenistan (68) 2115 Tunisia (69) 2090 Azerbaijan (70) 2040 Kenya (71) 2010 Lithuania (72) 1948 Sri Lanka (73) 1947 Ireland (74) 1893 Morocco (75) 1801 Peru (76) 1750 Mongolia (77) 1655 Dominican Republic (78) 1570 Georgia (79) 1300 Uganda (80) 1266 Zambia (81) 1150 Moldova (82) 1045 Guinea (83) 1034 Senegal (84) 1030 Estonia (85) 1020 Madagascar (86) 1003 Cameroon (87) 988 Ethiopia (88) 970 Paraguay (89) 965 Ecuador (90) 953 Ghana (91) 950 Costa Rica (92) 886 Saudi Arabia (93) 884 Guatemala (94) 850 Holy See (Vatican City) (95) 840 Armenia (96) 797 Congo (97) 789 Malawi (98) 785 Honduras (99) 712 Botswana (100) 690 Mauritania (101) 660 Ivory Coast (102) 649 Gabon (103) 644 Fiji (104) 642 Mali (105) 620 Burkina (106) 619 Jordan (107) 612 Cambodia (108) 602 El Salvador (109) 600 Israel (110) 578 Benin (111) 543 Albania (112) 542 Venezuela (113) 515 Togo (114) 480 Liberia (115) 480 Tajikistan (116) 378 Philippines (117) 373 Nicaragua (118) 370 Kyrgyzstan (119) 297 Swaziland (120) 294 Jamaica (121) 270 Luxembourg (122) 238 Panama (123) 187 Guyana (124) 166 Suriname (125) 136 Malaysia (126) 97 Djibouti (127) 96 Puerto Rico (128) 84 Sierra Leone (129) 64 Antigua and Barbuda (130) 58 Saint Kitts and Nevis (131) 52 Nepal (132) 40 Haiti (133) 38 Singapore (134) 36 Man, Isle of (135) 35 Hong Kong (136) 19 Liechtenstein (137) 13 Brunei (138) 10 Afghanistan (139) 4 Nauru (140) 3 Lesotho (141) 2 Monaco (142) 1 Gibraltar (143) 0 Pitcairn Islands (144) 0 American Samoa (145) 0 Vanuatu (146) 0 Laos (147) 0 Papua New Guinea (148) Highways marked false Highways (km) Highways (km) showNameProp Highwysl.pct Highwysh.pct 0 Monaco (1) 0 Holy See (Vatican City) (2) 6 Pitcairn Islands (3) 8 Tuvalu (4) 10 Maldives (5) 22 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (6) 27 Nauru (7) 32 Midway Islands (8) 39 Micronesia, Federated States of (9) 42 Macau (10) 42 Mayotte (11) 50 Gibraltar (12) 60 Anguilla (13) 80 Greenland (14) 80 Norfolk Island (15) 87 Saint Helena (16) 96 Andorra (17) 100 Wallis and Futuna (18) 104 San Marino (19) 106 British Virgin Islands (20) 120 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (21) 121 Turks and Caicos Islands (22) 123 Niue (23) 131 Liechtenstein (24) 160 Cayman Islands (25) 187 Cook Islands (26) 198 Tonga (27) 200 Bahrain (28) 200 Faroe Islands (29) 210 Bermuda (30) 240 Antigua and Barbuda (31) 260 Seychelles (32) 280 Montserrat (33) 300 Saint Kitts and Nevis (34) 300 Sao Tome and Principe (35) 350 American Samoa (36) 382 Northern Mariana Islands (37) 510 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (38) 600 French Polynesia (39) 640 Man, Isle of (40) 640 Kiribati (41) 674 Guam (42) 680 French Guiana (43) 750 Comoros (44) 750 Dominica (45) 760 Saint Lucia (46) 856 Virgin Islands (47) 950 Netherlands Antilles (48) 1000 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (49) 1000 Grenada (50) 1027 Vanuatu (51) 1090 Brunei (52) 1291 Malta (53) 1304 Bhutan (54) 1484 Hong Kong (55) 1500 Qatar (56) 1570 Barbados (57) 1680 Martinique (58) 1800 Mauritius (59) 1940 Guadeloupe (60) 2000 United Arab Emirates (61) 2042 Western Samoa (62) 2100 Solomon Islands (63) 2400 The Bahamas (64) 2460 Equatorial Guinea (65) 2597 Singapore (66) 2710 Belize (67) 2800 Reunion (68) 2853 Swaziland (69) 2900 Djibouti (70) 3083 The Gambia (71) 3218 Guinea-Bissau (72) 3300 Fiji (73) 3900 Kuwait (74) 4000 Haiti (75) 4750 Israel (76) 4885 Rwanda (77) 5050 Benin (78) 5108 Luxembourg (79) 5900 Burundi (80) 6200 Western Sahara (81) 6340 New Caledonia (82) 6462 Togo (83) 7080 Nepal (84) 7215 Lesotho (85) 7240 Bangladesh (86) 7300 Lebanon (87) 7400 Sierra Leone (88) 7500 Jordan (89) 7500 Gabon (90) 7525 Mauritania (91) 7665 Guyana (92) 8000 Trinidad and Tobago (93) 8300 Suriname (94) 8530 Panama (95) 8950 Honduras (96) 10000 El Salvador (97) 10087 Liberia (98) 10591 Macedonia (99) 10780 Cyprus (100) 11300 Armenia (101) 11514 Botswana (102) 11960 Congo (103) 12000 Dominican Republic (104) 12343 Iceland (105) 13135 Malawi (106) 13351 Cambodia (107) 13762 Puerto Rico (108) 14007 Senegal (109) 14553 Slovenia (110) 15215 Somalia (111) 15400 Costa Rica (112) 15500 Yemen (113) 15700 Mali (114) 16500 Burkina (115) 16700 Albania (116) 17700 Tunisia (117) 18200 Jamaica (118) 19200 Papua New Guinea (119) 20000 Moldova (120) 20000 Sudan (121) 20041 Taiwan (122) 21000 Afghanistan (123) 21168 Bosnia and Herzegovina (124) 21960 Paraguay (125) 22000 Central African Republic (126) 23000 Turkmenistan (127) 23600 Malaysia (128) 25930 Nicaragua (129) 26000 Oman (130) 26200 Uganda (131) 26429 Guatemala (132) 26477 Cuba (133) 26498 Mozambique (134) 27000 Burma (135) 27527 Laos (136) 28000 Ecuador (137) 28000 Syria (138) 29900 Tajikistan (139) 30000 Korea, North (140) 30100 Guinea (141) 30300 Kyrgyzstan (142) 30300 Estonia (143) 31322 Chad (144) 32071 Croatia (145) 32250 Ghana (146) 33900 Georgia (147) 34700 Iraq (148) 36370 Zambia (149) 36700 Azerbaijan (150) 36908 Bulgaria (151) 38836 Bolivia (152) 38938 Greece (153) 39970 Niger (154) 40000 Madagascar (155) 44200 Lithuania (156) 44300 Ethiopia (157) 44534 Thailand (158) 46019 Serbia and Montenegro (159) 46600 Ivory Coast (160) 46700 Mongolia (161) 49615 Turkey (162) 49900 Uruguay (163) 51925 Egypt (164) 54500 Namibia (165) 59198 Morocco (166) 59500 Latvia (167) 62145 Switzerland (168) 62936 Korea, South (169) 64590 Kenya (170) 65000 Cameroon (171) 66482 Denmark (172) 69942 Peru (173) 72799 Romania (174) 73540 Czechoslovakia (175) 73661 Portugal (176) 73828 Angola (177) 74000 Saudi Arabia (178) 75450 Colombia (179) 75749 Sri Lanka (180) 77785 Venezuela (181) 78400 Uzbekistan (182) 79025 Chile (183) 79540 Norway (184) 80000 Algeria (185) 81900 Tanzania (186) 85000 Vietnam (187) 85237 Zimbabwe (188) 92294 Ireland (189) 92648 New Zealand (190) 95412 Austria (191) 97400 Sweden (192) 98200 Belarus (193) 101315 Pakistan (194) 103000 Finland (195) 103396 Belgium (196) 107990 Nigeria (197) 108360 Netherlands (198) 119500 Indonesia (199) 130014 Hungary (200) 140072 Iran (201) 146500 Zaire (202) 150839 Spain (203) 156000 Philippines (204) 188309 South Africa (205) 189000 Kazakhstan (206) 208350 Argentina (207) 212000 Mexico (208) 273700 Ukraine (209) 294410 Italy (210) 299887 Poland (211) 362982 United Kingdom (212) 466305 Germany (213) 837872 Australia (214) 879100 Russia (215) 884272 Canada (216) 1029000 China (217) 1111974 Japan (218) 1448000 Brazil (219) 1551400 France (220) 1970000 India (221) 6365590 United States (222) 6365590 United States (1) 1970000 India (2) 1551400 France (3) 1448000 Brazil (4) 1111974 Japan (5) 1029000 China (6) 884272 Canada (7) 879100 Russia (8) 837872 Australia (9) 466305 Germany (10) 362982 United Kingdom (11) 299887 Poland (12) 294410 Italy (13) 273700 Ukraine (14) 212000 Mexico (15) 208350 Argentina (16) 189000 Kazakhstan (17) 188309 South Africa (18) 156000 Philippines (19) 150839 Spain (20) 146500 Zaire (21) 140072 Iran (22) 130014 Hungary (23) 119500 Indonesia (24) 108360 Netherlands (25) 107990 Nigeria (26) 103396 Belgium (27) 103000 Finland (28) 101315 Pakistan (29) 98200 Belarus (30) 97400 Sweden (31) 95412 Austria (32) 92648 New Zealand (33) 92294 Ireland (34) 85237 Zimbabwe (35) 85000 Vietnam (36) 81900 Tanzania (37) 80000 Algeria (38) 79540 Norway (39) 79025 Chile (40) 78400 Uzbekistan (41) 77785 Venezuela (42) 75749 Sri Lanka (43) 75450 Colombia (44) 74000 Saudi Arabia (45) 73828 Angola (46) 73661 Portugal (47) 73540 Czechoslovakia (48) 72799 Romania (49) 69942 Peru (50) 66482 Denmark (51) 65000 Cameroon (52) 64590 Kenya (53) 62936 Korea, South (54) 62145 Switzerland (55) 59500 Latvia (56) 59198 Morocco (57) 54500 Namibia (58) 51925 Egypt (59) 49900 Uruguay (60) 49615 Turkey (61) 46700 Mongolia (62) 46600 Ivory Coast (63) 46019 Serbia and Montenegro (64) 44534 Thailand (65) 44300 Ethiopia (66) 44200 Lithuania (67) 40000 Madagascar (68) 39970 Niger (69) 38938 Greece (70) 38836 Bolivia (71) 36908 Bulgaria (72) 36700 Azerbaijan (73) 36370 Zambia (74) 34700 Iraq (75) 33900 Georgia (76) 32250 Ghana (77) 32071 Croatia (78) 31322 Chad (79) 30300 Estonia (80) 30300 Kyrgyzstan (81) 30100 Guinea (82) 30000 Korea, North (83) 29900 Tajikistan (84) 28000 Syria (85) 28000 Ecuador (86) 27527 Laos (87) 27000 Burma (88) 26498 Mozambique (89) 26477 Cuba (90) 26429 Guatemala (91) 26200 Uganda (92) 26000 Oman (93) 25930 Nicaragua (94) 23600 Malaysia (95) 23000 Turkmenistan (96) 22000 Central African Republic (97) 21960 Paraguay (98) 21168 Bosnia and Herzegovina (99) 21000 Afghanistan (100) 20041 Taiwan (101) 20000 Sudan (102) 20000 Moldova (103) 19200 Papua New Guinea (104) 18200 Jamaica (105) 17700 Tunisia (106) 16700 Albania (107) 16500 Burkina (108) 15700 Mali (109) 15500 Yemen (110) 15400 Costa Rica (111) 15215 Somalia (112) 14553 Slovenia (113) 14007 Senegal (114) 13762 Puerto Rico (115) 13351 Cambodia (116) 13135 Malawi (117) 12343 Iceland (118) 12000 Dominican Republic (119) 11960 Congo (120) 11514 Botswana (121) 11300 Armenia (122) 10780 Cyprus (123) 10591 Macedonia (124) 10087 Liberia (125) 10000 El Salvador (126) 8950 Honduras (127) 8530 Panama (128) 8300 Suriname (129) 8000 Trinidad and Tobago (130) 7665 Guyana (131) 7525 Mauritania (132) 7500 Gabon (133) 7500 Jordan (134) 7400 Sierra Leone (135) 7300 Lebanon (136) 7240 Bangladesh (137) 7215 Lesotho (138) 7080 Nepal (139) 6462 Togo (140) 6340 New Caledonia (141) 6200 Western Sahara (142) 5900 Burundi (143) 5108 Luxembourg (144) 5050 Benin (145) 4885 Rwanda (146) 4750 Israel (147) 4000 Haiti (148) 3900 Kuwait (149) 3300 Fiji (150) 3218 Guinea-Bissau (151) 3083 The Gambia (152) 2900 Djibouti (153) 2853 Swaziland (154) 2800 Reunion (155) 2710 Belize (156) 2597 Singapore (157) 2460 Equatorial Guinea (158) 2400 The Bahamas (159) 2100 Solomon Islands (160) 2042 Western Samoa (161) 2000 United Arab Emirates (162) 1940 Guadeloupe (163) 1800 Mauritius (164) 1680 Martinique (165) 1570 Barbados (166) 1500 Qatar (167) 1484 Hong Kong (168) 1304 Bhutan (169) 1291 Malta (170) 1090 Brunei (171) 1027 Vanuatu (172) 1000 Grenada (173) 1000 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (174) 950 Netherlands Antilles (175) 856 Virgin Islands (176) 760 Saint Lucia (177) 750 Dominica (178) 750 Comoros (179) 680 French Guiana (180) 674 Guam (181) 640 Kiribati (182) 640 Man, Isle of (183) 600 French Polynesia (184) 510 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (185) 382 Northern Mariana Islands (186) 350 American Samoa (187) 300 Sao Tome and Principe (188) 300 Saint Kitts and Nevis (189) 280 Montserrat (190) 260 Seychelles (191) 240 Antigua and Barbuda (192) 210 Bermuda (193) 200 Faroe Islands (194) 200 Bahrain (195) 198 Tonga (196) 187 Cook Islands (197) 160 Cayman Islands (198) 131 Liechtenstein (199) 123 Niue (200) 121 Turks and Caicos Islands (201) 120 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (202) 106 British Virgin Islands (203) 104 San Marino (204) 100 Wallis and Futuna (205) 96 Andorra (206) 87 Saint Helena (207) 80 Norfolk Island (208) 80 Greenland (209) 60 Anguilla (210) 50 Gibraltar (211) 42 Mayotte (212) 42 Macau (213) 39 Micronesia, Federated States of (214) 32 Midway Islands (215) 27 Nauru (216) 22 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (217) 10 Maldives (218) 8 Tuvalu (219) 6 Pitcairn Islands (220) 0 Holy See (Vatican City) (221) 0 Monaco (222) Groups 4lastCard dobackup -- card that called leavePage dobackup leavePage lastCard dobackup lastCard dontSearch false WayzataGoPrevious buttonUp buttonUp `-WayzataGoPrevious :PHYSSIZE WayzataGoNext buttonUp buttonUp jWayzataGoNext :PHYSSIZE :PHYSSIZE go back buttonUp buttonUp :PHYSSIZE Go back wayzataGoTo 2 buttonUp buttonUp wayzataGoTo :PHYSSIZE Main) groupText sharedText false textHeightProp Terror Group Profiles ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION marked false ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION showNameProp (ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION 10/28/92 GP00023 KEY WORDS: ANO; FATAH THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL; FRC; ARAB REVOLUTIONARY BRIGADES; ARB; BLACK SEPTEMBER; ARAB REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL; BLACK JUNE; ROSM; REVOLUTIONARY ORGANIZATION OF SOCIALIST MUSLIMS; PUNISHMENT; AL-IQTAB; FATAH THE CORRECTIVE MOVEMENT; BLACK SEPTEMBER-BLACK JUNE; MARTYRS OF ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DESCRIPTION: AN INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATION LED BY SABRI AL-BANNA (AKA ABU NIDAL "FATHER OF STRUGGLE"). SPLIT FROM FATAH IN 1974. COMPOSED OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL COMMITTEES, INCLUDING MILITARY, POLITICAL, ETC. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION IS BELIEVED TO HAVE CARRIED OUT MORE THAN 90 TERRORIST OPERATIONS SINCE 1973-74 IN APPROXIMATELY 20 COUNTRIES, KILLING OR INJURING ALMOST 900 PEOPLE. THE ANO PRIMARILY TARGETS THE UNITED STATES, UNITED KINGDOM, ISRAEL, EUROPEAN NATIONS, JEWS OF ANY NATIONALITY, THE PLO, VARIOUS ARAB NATIONS. THE ANO'S METHODS OF OPERATION INCLUDE ARMED ATTACKS ON AIRPORTS, HIJACKINGS, ARMED ATTACKS ON PUBLIC GATHERING PLACES, BOMBINGS, ASSASSINATIONS, AND KIDNAPPINGS. THE GROUP'S ATTACKS ARE NOTED FOR THEIR FEROCITY AND THEIR INTENTIONS OF CAUSING MASSIVE CASUALTIES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: SEVERAL HUNDRED PLUS MILITIA IN LEBANON, PLUS AN OVERSEAS SUPPORT STRUCTURE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION: THE ANO WAS HEADQUARTERED IN IRAQ (1974-83) AND SYRIA (1983-87); CURRENTLY MAINTAINS A PRESENCE IN LIBYA WITH A SUBSTANTIAL PRESENCE IN LEBANON. THE ANO ALSO MAINTAINS A PRESENCE IN ALGERIA AS WELL AS IN OTHER NATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA. SOME ELEMENTS OF THE ANO MAY HAVE RELOCATED TO IRAQ FROM LIBYA IN MID-1990. THE GROUP HAS DEMONSTRATED ITS ABILITY TO OPERATE OVER A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC AREA, INCLUDING THE MIDDLE EAST, EUROPE, AFRICA, AND ASIA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE SUPPORT, INCLUDING SAFEHAVEN, TRAINING, LOGISTICAL ASSISTANCE, AND FINANCIAL AID FROM IRAQ, SYRIA, AND LIBYA. THE GROUP CONTINUES TO RECEIVE SUPPORT FROM LIBYA, IN ADDITION TO CLOSE LOGISTICAL AND OPERATIONAL SUPPORT FOR TERRORIST OPERATIONS. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: *PLACE THE "ARMED STRUGGLE" AGAINST THE "ZIONIST ENEMY" AS THE FIRST PRIORITY OF THE PALESTINE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT; *UNDERMINE EFFORTS TO NEGOTIATE AN ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE BY TERRORIZING PRO-ARAFAT PALESTINIANS AND BY ATTACKING ISRAELI AND JEWISH TARGETS; *THREATEN OR ATTACK "REACTIONARY" REGIMES IN EGYPT, JORDAN, KUWAIT, SAUDI ARABIA, AND THE GULF SHEIKDOMS; *AFFIRM ARAB COMMITMENT TO THE DESTRUCTION OF ISRAEL; *INTIMIDATE THOSE NATIONS CURRENTLY HOLDING ABU NIDAL OPERATIVES IN PRISON INTO RELEASING THEM. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: A REJECTIONIST AND EXTREMELY VIOLENT TERRORIST GROUP, THE ANO OPPOSES ALL EFFORTS TOWARD POLITICAL RECONCILIATION OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT. THE GROUP CONTENDS THAT BOTH INTER-ARAB AND INTRA-PALESTINIAN TERRORISM ARE NEEDED TO PRECIPITATE AN ALL-EMBRACING ARAB REVOLUTION THAT ALONE CAN LEAD TO THE LIBERATION OF "OCCUPIED PALESTINE." THE ANO IS THE MOST DANGEROUS TERRORIST GROUP IN EXISTENCE, AND ITS AREA OF OPERATIONS IS ONE OF THE MOST EXTENSIVE. THE GROUP MADE ITS INITIAL APPEARANCE AFTER THE OCTOBER 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI WAR WHEN YASSIR ARAFAT DECIDED TO RESTRICT TERRORIST OPERATIONS TO ISRAELI TARGETS. ABU NIDAL DECIDED TO FIGHT ANY EFFORT AT MODERATION BY CONTINUING INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AGAINST ISRAELI TARGETS AND BY TARGETING PRO-ARAFAT PALESTINIANS AND MODERATE ARAB STATES. THE RIFT BETWEEN ABU NIDAL AND ARAFAT BECAME SO INTENSE THAT ABU NIDAL WAS TRIED IN ABSENTIA AND SENTENCED TO DEATH BY ARAFAT. SINCE ITS FOUNDING, THE ANO HAS ALSO TARGETED THOSE NATIONS HOLDING ITS OPERATIVES AS PRISONERS. AS ABU NIDAL'S FOLLOWING GREW, THE GROUP'S OPERATIONS AGAINST PALESTINIAN MODERATES ESCALATED. DURING THE FIRST HALF OF 1978, THE ANO ASSASSINATED THREE PROMINENT PLO OFFICIALS, WHO WERE ALLIES OF ARAFAT. ALTHOUGH A TEMPORARY RAPPROCHEMENT TOOK PLACE IN 1978, THE ANO CONTINUES TO TARGET MODERATE PALESTINIAN ELEMENTS. DESPITE ITS SUPPORT BY A SUCCESSION OF STATE SPONSORS THE GROUP MAINTAINS ITS OWN POLITICAL AGENDA. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THE ANO'S OPERATIONS COINCIDE WITH THE INTERESTS OF ITS SPONSORS, THE GROUP ALSO CONDUCTS INDEPENDENT OPERATIONS. THE ANO IS FINANCIALLY SOUND AND MAY BE ONE OF THE MOST ECONOMICALLY VIABLE OF ALL TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS. THE GROUP IS BELIEVED TO DRAW ONE THIRD OF ITS INCOME FROM PATRON STATES, ONE THIRD FROM GRAFT OR BLACKMAIL/EXTORTION, AND ONE THIRD FROM ITS OWN NETWORK OF BUSINESSES AND FRONT ORGANIZATIONS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY SEPTEMBER, 1973 - WHILE STILL AFFILIATED WITH FATAH, ABU NIDAL MOUNTED AN OPERATION, SEIZING THE EMBASSY OF SAUDI ARABIA IN PARIS, AND DEMANDING THE RELEASE OF ABU DAWUD, A FATAH TERRORIST BEING HELD IN JORDAN. OCTOBER, 1974: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF FATAH OFFICIAL ABU MAZIM. ABU NIDAL WAS SENTENCED TO DEATH IN ABSENTIA BY FATAH FOR THIS ATTEMPT. SEPTEMBER, 1976: ATTACK AND TAKEOVER OF THE SEMIRAMIS HOTEL IN DAMASCUS OCTOBER, 1976: ATTACKS ON SYRIAN EMBASSIES IN ISLAMABAD AND ROME. NOVEMBER, 1976: ATTACK ON THE INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL IN AMMAN. DECEMBER, 1976: FAILED ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AGAINST SYRIAN FORTEIGN MINISTER IN DAMASCUS. OCTOBER, 1977: ANOTHER FAILED ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE THE SYRIAN FOREIGN MINISTER, THIS TIME IN ABU DHABI. THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES MINISTER OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS WAS KILLED. AUGUST, 1978: ATTACK ON THE OFFICES OF THE PLO IN PAKISTAN. JULY, 1980: ATTACK ON THE CHILDREN OF A JEWISH SCHOOL IN ANTWERP. JULY, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE ISRAELI COMMERCIAL ATTACHE IN BRUSSELS. MAY, 1981: MURDERED A VIENNA CITY COUNCILMAN AND THREATENED TO KILL AUSTRIAN CHANCELLOR KREISKY. AUGUST, 1981: MACHINEGUNNED A VIENNA SYNAGOGUE, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING SEVENTEEN PEOPLE. JUNE, 1982: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF SHLOMO ARGOV, ISRAELI AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED KINGDOM. JUNE, 1982: MURDERED A PLO OFFICIAL IN ROME WITH A CAR BOMB. AUGUST, 1982: ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) CONSUL IN BOMBAY. SEPTEMBER, 1982: ASSASSINATED A KUWAITI DIPLOMAT IN MADRID. OCTOBER, 1982: KILLED ONE CHILD AND INJURED TEN PEOPLE IN A GRENADE AND MACHINE-GUN ATTACK ON A SYNAGOGUE IN ROME. APRIL, 1983: MURDERED PLO OFFICIAL ISSAM SARTAWI AT THE SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN LISBON. OCTOBER, 1983: ATTEMPTED TO MURDER THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO ITALY IN ROME. OCTOBER, 1983: SEVERELY WOUNDED THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO INDIA IN NEW DELHI. NOVEMBER, 1983: ATTACKED SECURITY GUARDS ASSIGNED TO THE JORDANIAN EMBASSY IN ATHENS, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING ANOTHER. DECEMBER, 1983: BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR BOMBING THE FRENCH CULTURAL CENTER IN IZMIR, TURKEY. FEBRUARY, 1984: IMPLICATED IN THE PARIS MURDER OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AMBASSADOR TO FRANCE. MARCH, 1984: ASSASSINATED A BRITISH DIPLOMAT IN ATHENS. NOVEMBER, 1984: ASSASSINATED THE BRITISH HIGH COMMISSIONER IN BOMBAY, INDIA. DECEMBER, 1984: MURDERED ARAFAT SUPPORTER ISMAIL DARWISH IN ROME. MARCH, 1985: KIDNAPPED BRITISH JOURNALIST ALEC COLLETT IN BEIRUT; COLLETT WAS REPORTED TO HAVE BEEN MURDERED ONE YEAR LATER, BUT INFORMATION IS INCONCLUSIVE. MARCH, 1985: ATTACKED THE ROME OFFICES OF ALIA, THE ROYAL JORDANIAN AIRLINES, WOUNDING THREE PEOPLE. ALSO BELIEVED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON ALIA OFFICES IN ATHENS AND NICOSIA. APRIL, 1985: FIRED A ROCKET AT AN ALIA AIRLINER AS IT TOOK OFF FROM ATHENS AIRPORT. ALTHOUGH THE ROCKET DID NOT DETONATE, IT LEFT A HOLE IN THE FUSELAGE. JULY, 1985: BOMBED THE BRITISH AIRWAYS OFFICE IN MADRID, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING TWENTY SEVEN. FIVE MINUTES LATER ATTACKED THE MADRID OFFICES OF ALIA, TWO BLOCKS AWAY, WOUNDING TWO PERSONS. SEPTEMBER, 1985: GRENADE ATTACK AGAINST THE CAFE DE PARIS IN ROME, WOUNDING THIRTY EIGHT PEOPLE. SEPTEMBER, 1985: HIJACKED AN EGYPTIAN AIRLINER TO MALTA, WHERE SIXTY PEOPLE WERE KILLED DURING A RESCUE ATTEMPT BY EGYPTIAN FORCES. DECEMBER, 1985: ATTACKED THE AIRPORTS AT ROME AND VIENNA, KILLING SIXTEEN AND WOUNDING SCORES. CLAIMED BY THE CELLS OF THE ARAB FEDAYEEN. SEPTEMBER, 1986: ATTEMPTED HIJACKING OF PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT #73 AT KARACHI, KILLING TWENTY TWO PERSONS. SEPTEMBER, 1986: LESS THAN TWENTY FOUR HOURS AFTER THE KARACHI ATTACK, ANO OPERATIVES ATTACKED THE NEVE SHALOM SYNAGOGUE IN ISTANBUL, KILLING MORE THAN TWENTY WORSHIPPERS. JULY, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A RESTAURANT ON THE WEST BANK OF THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES, WOUNDING FIFTEEN. NOVEMBER, 1987: CLAIMED TO HAVE SEIZED A YACHT OFF THE COAST OF ISRAEL AND TAKEN ITS EIGHT OCCUPANTS HOSTAGE. MARCH, 1988: A LONE GUNMAN ATTACKED AN ALITALIA AIRLINES CREW ABOARD A COMMUTER BUS IN BOMBAY, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING THE CREW CAPTAIN. MAY, 1988: IN KHARTOUM, SUDAN, ANO OPERATIVES KILLED EIGHT AND WOUNDED TWENTY ONE IN SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON THE ACROPOLE HOTEL AND THE SUDAN CLUB. JULY, 1988: FOLLOWING THE PREMATURE DETONATION OF A CAR BOMB AT AN ATHENS PIER, IN WHICH TWO ANO OPERATIVES WERE KILLED, ANO GUNMEN ABOARD THE DAY CRUISE SHIP "CITY OF POROS" ATTACKED THE PASSENGERS, KILLING NINE AND WOUNDING NINETY EIGHT. JANUARY, 1991: ABU IYAD, CONSIDERED THE SECOND MOST SENIOR OFFICIAL OF FATAH AFTER YASSIR ARAFAT; AND ABU HUL, COMMANDER OF THE WESTERN SECTOR FORCES OF FATAH, WERE ASSASSINATED BY AN ABU NIDAL OPERATIVE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Groups AL FATAH marked false AL FATAH AL FATAH showNameProp &AL FATAH 10/28/92 GP00024 KEY WORDS: FATAH; FORCE 17; BLACK SEPTEMBER; HAWARI SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP; BSO; AL-ASIFA; THE STORM; BLACK SEPTEMBER ORGANIZATION; FATAH SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP; HAWARI GROUP; MARTYRS OF TAL AL ZA'ATAR; AMN ARAISSI. DESCRIPTION: HEADED BY YASSIR ARAFAT, AL FATAH JOINED THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) IN 1968 AND ATTAINED THE LEADERSHIP ROLE IN 1969. ITS COMMANDERS WERE EXPELLED FROM JORDAN FOLLOWING VIOLENT CONFRONTATIONS WITH GOVERNMENT OF JORDAN FORCES IN 1970-71, BEGINNING WITH THE "BLACK SEPTEMBER" OF 1970. THE ISRAELI INVASION OF LEBANON IN 1982 LED TO THE GROUP'S DISPERSAL TO SEVERAL COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA INCLUDING TUNISIA, YEMEN, ALGERIA, IRAQ, AND OTHERS. RE-INFILTRATED SOUTHERN LEBANON OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS. MAINTAINS SEVERAL MILITARY AND INTELLIGENCE WINGS THAT HAVE CARRIED OUT TERRORIST OPERATIONS, INCLUDING FORCE 17 AND THE HAWARI SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP. TWO OF FATAH'S LEADERS, ABU JIHAD AND ABU IYAD, WERE ASSASSINATED IN THE LAST THREE YEARS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: IN THE SIXTIES AND SEVENTIES, AL FATAH OFFERED TRAINING TO A WIDE RANGE OF MIDDLE EASTERN, EUROPEAN, ASIAN AND AFRICAN TERRORIST AND INSURGENT GROUPS. AL-FATAH HAS CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS ACTS OF TERRORISM IN WESTERN EUROPE AS WELL AS AFRICA, ASIA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST DURING THE EARLY TO MID 1970S. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: 6,000 TO 8,000. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: CLOSE AND LONGSTANDING POLITICAL AND FINANCIAL TIES TO KUWAIT, SAUDI ARABIA, AND OTHER MODERATE STATES. THESE RELATIONS BECAME STRAINED FOLLOWING ARAFAT'S SUPPORT OF IRAQ DURING THE PERSIAN GULF CRISIS AND WAR (1990-1991). AL FATAH HAS RECEIVED WEAPONS AND TRAINING FROM THE SOVIET UNION AND SEVERAL EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. NORTH KOREA AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA HAVE REPORTEDLY SUPPLIED WEAPONS TO AL FATAH. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * SEEK TO ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT, SECULAR PALESTINIAN STATE; ORIGINALLY COMMITED TO RECAPTURING ALL OF PALESTINE, BUT NOW MAY ACCEPT A STATE BASED UPON A GAZA AND WEST BANK FORMULATION; * RECOGNIZE THE PLO AS THE SOLE LEGITIMATE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: FORMED BY PALESTINIAN EXILES IN KUWAIT IN 1957, AL FATAH SURFACED IN 1959 AND BEGAN CARRYING OUT RAIDS INTO ISRAEL IN 1965. AFTER THE 1967 SIX DAY WAR, FATAH, THE MILITARY ARM OF THE PLO, GREW RAPIDLY AND ECLIPSED OTHER PALESTINIAN ORGANIZATIONS. IN 1969, FATAH LEADER YASSIR ARAFAT ASSUMED THE LEADERSHIP OF THE PLO. THE INCREASE IN FATAH'S POWER AFTER 1967 ALSO CREATED NEW PROBLEMS FOR THE ORGANIZATION; AND IN 1968 ISRAEL INITIATED STRIKES IN RETALIATION FOR FATAH OPERATIONS BY ATTACKING FATAH LOCATIONS AND BASES IN JORDAN. FATAH, MEANWHILE, BEGAN TO COMPETE DIRECTLY AGAINST JORDANIAN AUTHORITY IN AREAS SUCH THE JORDAN RIVER VALLEY. THESE TENSIONS CULMINATED IN SEPTEMBER, 1970 (REFERRED TO AS "BLACK SEPTEMBER" BY PALESTINIAN RADICALS) WHEN JORDANIAN FORCES FOUGHT FATAH TO RE-ASSERT GOVERNMENT CONTROL. FATAH-JORDANIAN TENSIONS CONTINUED THROUGH 1971 WHEN THE REMAINDER OF FATAH FORCES WERE FORCED TO LEAVE JORDAN. NEARLY ALL FATAH FORCES WERE RE-LOCATED TO LEBANON. FATAH'S STRATEGY OF USING INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM CHANGED IN THE WAKE OF THE 1973 ARAB-ISRAELI "YOM KIPPUR" WAR. INCREASED EFFORTS ON THE PART OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER WESTERN NATIONS TO FORGE A PEACE PROCESS IN THE MIDDLE EAST CAUSED ARAFAT TO RECONSIDER HIS STANCE IN THE REGION. IN AN EFFORT TO IMPROVE FATAH'S IMAGE WITH THE UNITED STATES AND THE WEST, ARAFAT DECIDED TO LIMIT THE EMPLOYMENT OF TERRORIST OPERATIONS TO ISRAEL, LEBANON, AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. FATAH HAS NOT ALWAYS ADHERED TO THIS POLICY, AS ELEMENTS OF FATAH, SUCH AS FORCE 17 AND THE HAWARI ORGANIZATION, HAVE CONDUCTED OPERATIONS AGAINST ISRAELI AND NON-ISRAELI TARGETS OUTSIDE OF ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. ISRAEL'S 1982 INVASION OF LEBANON (PROVOKED BY THE ABU NIDAL ORAGNIZATION'S ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE ISRAELI AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED KINGDOM) DEALT A SEVERE BLOW TO FATAH. AFTER SUFFERING A TOTAL MILITARY DEFEAT IN LEBANON AT THE HANDS OF THE ISRAELIS, FATAH FORCES WERE PERMITTED TO LEAVE BEIRUT EN MASSE. FATAH ESTABLISHED ITS CURRENT HEADQUARTERS IN TUNISIA IN 1982. THE EFFECTS OF THE ISRAELI RAID ON PLO HEADQUARTERS IN TUNIS IN OCTOBER, 1985, PROMPTED A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN THE FATAH PRESENCE IN TUNIS. TODAY, ONLY A NOMINAL PLO HEADQUARTERS STAFF REMAINS IN TUNIS. THE PRIMARY CONCENTRATIONS OF FATAH PERSONNEL ARE IN YEMEN, SUDAN, IRAQ, AND ALGERIA. ALMOST ALL INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY PERSONNEL STATIONED IN PLO DIPLOMATIC POSTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD ARE DRAWN FROM THE RANKS OF FATAH. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY NOTE: MANY OF THE INCIDENTS RELATED BELOW WERE CARRIED OUT AND IN MANY CASES CLAIMED BY COVERT FATAH SURROGATES, SUCH AS BLACK SEPTEMBER, FORCE 17, THE HAWARI GROUP, ETC. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- MARCH, 1971: A FIVE MAN FATAH TEAM DESTROYED FUEL TANKS AT THE OIL DOCK FACILITIES IN ROTTERDAM. JULY, 1971: ATTACKED AN ALIA (ROYAL JORDANIAN AIRLINES) OFFICE IN ROME. JULY, 1971: ATTACKED AN ALIA PLANE AT CAIRO. AUGUST, 1971: HIJACKED AN ALIA FLIGHT TO ALGERIA. SEPTEMBER, 1971: ATTEMPTED HIJACKING OF AN ALIA FLIGHT FROM BEIRUT TO CAIRO. NOVEMBER, 1971: ASSASSINATED THE JORDANIAN PRIME MINISTER, WASFI EL-TAL, IN CAIRO. CLAIMED BY BLACK SEPTEMBER. DECEMBER, 1971: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE JORDANIAN AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED KINGDOM IN LONDON. FEBRUARY, 1972: ASSASSINATED FIVE PALESTINIANS AND ONE JORDANIAN IN WEST GERMANY. MARCH, 1972: ATTEMPTED ATTACK AGAINST THE LONDON RESIDENCE OF JORDAN'S KING HUSSEIN. SEPTEMBER, 1972: EIGHT BLACK SEPTEMBER TERRORISTS SEIZED THE DORMITORY OF ISRAELI ATHLETES AT THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE IN MUNICH. WHEN THE INCIDENT WAS EVENTUALLY RESOLVED, ELEVEN ISRAELI ATHLETES AND COACHES WERE DEAD, A GERMAN POLICEMAN WAS DEAD, FIVE TERRORISTS HAD BEEN KILLED, AND THREE CAPTURED. THE ARRESTED TERRORISTS WERE SUBSEQUENTLY RELEASED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY FOLLOWING A LUFTHANSA HIJACKING IN OCTOBER, 1972. SEPTEMBER, 1972: SENT LETTER BOMBS FROM AMSTERDAM TO ISRAEL AND TO ISRAELI EMBASSIES AND CONSULATES IN PARIS, GENEVA, MONTREAL, VIENNA, OTTAWA, BRUSSELS, KINSHASA, BUENOS AIRES, AND WASHINGTON. NOVEMBER, 1972: ASSASSINATED A SYRIAN JOURNALIST IN FRANCE. DECEMBER, 1972: CAPTURED THE ISRAELI EMBASSY IN BANGKOK. TERRORISTS HELD SIX EMPLOYEES HOSTAGE, BUT RELEASED THEM AFTER 19 HOURS. JANUARY, 1973: ATTACKED THE JEWISH AGENCY IN PARIS. MARCH, 1973: OCCUPIED THE SAUDI EMBASSY IN SUDAN. THREE WESTERN DIPLOMATS INCLUDING THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR, THE AMERICAN DEPUTY CHIEF OF MISSION, AND THE BELGIAN CHARGE, WERE MURDERED. SEPTEMBER, 1973: ATTEMPTED MISSILE ATTACK AGAINST AN EL AL AIRCRAFT IN ROME. SEPTEMBER, 1975: SEIZED AND OCCUPIED THE EGYPTIAN EMBASSY IN MADRID. THE TERRORISTS TOOK SIX DIPLOMATS HOSTAGE WHOM THEY THREATENED TO KILL UNLESS EGYPT WITHDREW FROM PEACE TALKS IN GENEVA AND CONDEMNED INTERIM AGREEMENTS WITH ISRAEL. THE TERRORISTS TOOK THEIR HOSTAGES TO ALGIERS, WHERE THEY WERE RELEASED. JULY, 1978: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE IRAQI AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED KINGDOM. AUGUST, 1978: ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THE IRAQI CONSUL IN KARACHI. APRIL, 1985: THE COASTAL FREIGHTER "ATAVARIUS" WAS INTERCEPETED AND SUNK WHILE ATTEMPTING TO INFILTRATE A FATAH RAIDING PARTY INTO ISRAEL. TWENTY RAIDERS WERE KILLED AND EIGHT WERE CAPTURED. SEPTEMBER, 1985: FORCE 17 OPERATIVES SEIZED A PRIVATE PLEASURE BOAT IN LARNACA, CYPRUS, TOOK THREE ISRAELIS ON BOARD HOSTAGE, AND BEFORE SURRENDERING, MURDERED THEM. OCTOBER, 1985: FORCE 17 MURDERED TWO ISRAELI MERCHANT SEAMEN IN BARCELONA. FEBRUARY, 1986: FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A BUS BOMBING IN ISRAEL THAT WOUNDED SIX. JULY, 1986: FATAH OPERATIVES BELONGING TO THE HAWARI ORGANIZATION WERE ARRESTED IN MOROCCO WHILE PLANNING A TERRORIST OPERATION. SEPTEMBER, 1986: AN ISRAELI CITIZEN WAS STABBED TO DEATH IN A MARKET IN GAZA. FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK. FEBRUARY, 1987: NINE PEOPLE WERE INJURED BY A BOMB ABOARD A BUS ENROUTE TO JERUSALEM FROM HAIFA. FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. JULY, 1987: FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A BUS BOMBING IN ISRAEL THAT INJURED TWO PEOPLE. JULY, 1987: AN ANTI-ARAFAT CARTOONIST WAS MURDERED IN LONDON. FORCE 17 HAS BEEN IMPLICATED IN THE ATTACK. MARCH, 1988: A BUS WAS HIJACKED BETWEEN BEERSHEBA AND DIMONA, ISRAEL. THREE PASSENGERS WERE KILLED BEFORE ISRAELI SECURITY FORCES STORMED THE BUS. FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. OCTOBER, 1990: THREE ISRAELIS WERE STABBED TO DEATH AND ONE WAS WOUNDED. PERSONS CLAIMING TO REPRESENT FORCE SEVENTEEN AS WELL AS THE PALESTINIAN ISLAMIC JIHAD CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- PLEASE NOTE THAT FURTHER INFORMATION ON FATAH TERRORIST OPERATIONS MAY BE FOUND IN THE PROFILES OF VARIOUS FATAH SURROGATES SUCH AS FORCE 17. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. ARAB ORGANIZATION 15 MAY marked false ARAB ORGANIZATION 15 MAY ARAB ORGANIZATION 15 MAY showNameProp ARAB ORGANIZATION 15 MAY 10/28/92 GP00025 KEY WORDS: 15 MAY ORGANIZATION; MAY 15 ORGANIZATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DESCRIPTION: FORMED IN 1979 FROM THE REMNANTS OF WADDI HADDAD'S POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE - SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP(PFLP-SOG). MAY 15 WAS LED BY MUHAMMAD AL-UMARI (AKA ABU IBRAHIM), WHO IS ALSO KNOWN THROUGHOUT MIDDLE EASTERN TERRORISM CIRCLES AS THE "BOMB MAN." THE GROUP WAS NEVER A PART OF THE PLO. IT REPORTEDLY DISBANDED IN THE MID-1980S WHEN SEVERAL KEY MEMBERS JOINED COLONEL HAWARI'S SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP OF FATAH. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: MAY 15 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR SEVERAL BOMBINGS IN THE EARLY TO MID-1980S, INCLUDING HOTEL BOMBINGS IN LONDON (1980), EL AL'S ROME AND ISTANBUL OFFICES (1981), AND THE ISRAELI EMBASSIES IN ATHENS AND VIENNA (1981). ANTI-U.S. ATTACKS INCLUDE A BOMBING ON BOARD A PAN AMERICAN FLIGHT FROM TOKYO TO HONOLULU (AUGUST, 1982), AND AN ATTEMPTED BOMBING OF A PAN AMERICAN AIRLINER IN RIO DE JANIERO (AUGUST, 1981). THE ACCUSED BOMBER IN AUGUST, 1982 PAN AMERICAN INCIDENT, MUHAMMAD RASHID, IS CURRENTLY IMPRISONED IN GREECE ON DIFFERENT CHARGES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: 50 TO 60 OPERATIVES IN THE EARLY 1980S ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION: BAGHDAD UNTIL 1984. BEFORE DISBANDING, THE GROUP OPERATED PRIMARILY THE MIDDLE EAST, EUROPE, AND EAST ASIA. ABU IBRAHIM IS REPORTEDLY IN IRAQ. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: PROBABLY RECEIVED LOGISTICAL AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM IRAQ UNTIL 1984. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES * DESTROY ISRAEL * INTIMIDATE MODERATE PALESTINIANS AND OTHER ARABS WHO FAVOR A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT OF THE PALESTINIAN ISSUE. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE ORGANIZATION TAKES ITS NAME FROM THE DATE OF THE FOUNDING OF ISRAEL. MAY 15 TRADITIONALLY HAS USED DISTINCTIVE AND HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES. THE ORGANIZATION FREQUENTLY TARGETTED UNDEFENDED PUBLIC AREAS. AIRLINES AND AIRPORTS HAVE BEEN FAVORED TARGETS BECAUSE OF THEIR INTERNATIONAL VISIBILITY. NO OPERATIONS HAVE DEFINITIVELY BEEN ATTRIBUTED TO MAY 15 SINCE THE MID-1980S. SEVERAL RECENT BOMBINGS, HOWEVER, RAISE THE POSSIBILITY THAT MAY 15 MEMBERS ARE ACTIVE OR HAVE BEEN ABSORBED INTO OTHER TERRORIST GROUPS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JANUARY, 1980: KILLED A 22 YEAR OLD ARAB STUDENT AND WOUNDED A GERMAN NATIONAL IN A BOMBING OF THE MOUNT ROYAL HOTEL IN LONDON. MAY, 1981: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE OUTSIDE THE ROME OFFICE OF EL AL AIRLINES. AUGUST, 1981: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE NEAR THE EL AL OFFICE AT LEONARDO DA VINCI AIRPORT IN ROME. AUGUST, 1981: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE NEAR THE EMBASSY OF ISRAEL IN ATHENS. JANUARY, 1982: KILLED ONE CHILD AND WOUNDED 46 PERSONS IN THE BOMBING OF A JEWISH RESTAURANT IN WEST BERLIN. AUGUST, 1982: KILLED ONE PERSON AND INJURED FOURTEEN WITH A TIME-DELAY EXPLOSIVE DEVICE THAT DETONATED ON A PAN AMERICAN AIRCRAFT SHORTLY BEFORE IT LANDED IN HAWAII. DECEMBER, 1983: ATTEMPTED TO BLOW UP THREE AIRLINERS IN FLIGHT. EXPLOSIVE DEVICES WERE DISCOVERED ABOARD TWO ISRAEL-BOUND FLIGHTS AND A SUITCASE BOMB WAS DISCOVERED PRIOR TO BEING LOADED ABOARD A ROME-NEW YORK FLIGHT. JANUARY, 1984: ATTEMPTED TO BLOW UP AN EL AL FLIGHT FROM TEL AVIV TO ATHENS WITH A SUITCASE BOMB. THE ATTEMPT FAILED DUE TO A TECHNICAL MALFUNCTION IN THE DEVICE. OCTOBER, 1985: ITALIAN POLICE ARRESTED TWO MEMBERS OF MAY 15 AND SEIZED DEVICES FOR USE IN ATTACKS ON AMERICAN EXPRESS AND THE AMERICAN EMBASSY IN ROME. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIB marked false ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIB ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIB showNameProp !ARMENIAN SECRET ARMY FOR THE LIBERATION OF ARMENIA 10/28/92 GP00026 KEY WORDS: ASALA; ORLY GROUP; THIRD OCTOBER ORGANIZATION; 3RD OCTOBER ORGANIZATION; ASALA - REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT; ASALA-RM; ASALA - MILITANT; ASALA-M.DESCRIPTION: A MARXIST-LENINIST ARMENIAN TERRORIST GROUP FORMED IN 1975 WITH THE STATED INTENTION OF COMPELLING THE GOVERNMENT OF TURKEY TO ACKNOWLEDGE PUBLICLY ITS ALLEGED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE DEATHS OF 1.5 MILLION ARMENIANS IN 1915, PAY REPARATIONS, AND CEDE TERRIRTORY FOR AN ARMENIAN HOMELAND. LED BY HAGOP HAGOPIAN UNTIL HIS ASSASSINATION IN ATHENS IN APRIL, 1988. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: INITIAL BOMBING AND ASSASSINATION ATTACKS WERE DIRECTED AGAINST TURKISH TARGETS. ASALA LATER ATTACKED FRENCH AND SWISS TARGETS TO FORCE THE RELEASE OF IMPRISONED COMRADES. MADE SEVERAL MINOR BOMBING ATTACKS AGAINST U.S. AIRLINE OFFICES IN WESTERN EUROPE IN EARLY 1980S. BOMBING OF TURKISH AIRLINE COUNTER AT ORLY AIRPORT IN PARIS - SEVEN KILLED AND 55 INJURED - LED TO A SPLIT IN THE GROUP OVER THE ISSUE OF CAUSING INDISCRIMINATE CASUALTIES. SUFFERING FROM INTERNAL SCHISMS, THE GROUP HAS BEEN RELATIVELY INACTIVE OVER THE LAST FIVE YEARS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: SEVERAL HUNDRED ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION: LEBANON; EUROPE; UNITED STATES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: HAS RECEIVED AID, INCLUDING TRAINING AND SAFEHAVEN, FROM SYRIA. MAY ALSO HAVE RECEIVED SOME AID FROM LIBYA. EXTENSIVE TIES TO RADICAL PALESTINIAN GROUPS, INCLUDING THE PFLP, PFLP-GC, AND THE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * USE REVOLUTIONARY VIOLENCE TO FORCE AN END TO THE "EXPLOITATION, REPRESSION, AND TERROR OF TURKISH COLONIALISM" AND THE "IMPERIALISM" OF NATO AND ZIONISM; * ATTACK TURKISH REPRESENTATIVES AND INTERESTS WORLDWIDE, AS WELL AS INTERESTS OF THOSE COUNTRIES THAT SUPPORT TURKEY; * AFFIRM "SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM" AS THE POLITICAL DOCTRINE OF THE RECONSTITUTED ARMENIAN HOMELAND; * TRANSFORM "SOVIET" ARMENIA INTO A BASE FOR REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE AGAINST TURKEY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: ASALA IS A TRANSNATIONAL, ETHNIC TERRORIST ORGANIZATION THAT ESPOUSES A MARXIST-LENINIST POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND SOLIDARITY WITH LEFTIST AND SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS WORLDWIDE. ITS PRIMARY GOAL IS REESTABLISHING THE HISTORICAL ARMENIAN HOMELAND, AN AREA THAT INCLUDES EASTERN TURKEY, NORTHERN IRAN, AND ARMENIA (OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES). ASALA ALSO DEMANDS AN ADMISSION OF GUILT FROM TURKEY FOR THE ALLEGED GENOCIDE OF ARMENIANS DURING THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AS WELL AS AN END TO THE DISCRIMINATION THEY CLAIM ARMENIANS SUFFER IN TURKEY. TO FURTHER ITS GOALS ASALA HAS COMMITTED A SERIES OF ASSASSINATIONS, BOMBINGS, AND ASSAULTS. ASALA TERRORISM HAS PROGRESSED THROUGH TWO PHASES. DURING THE FIRST PHASE, THE GROUP CARRIED OUT ATTACKS AGAINST TURKISH DIPLOMATIC PERSONNEL AND INSTALLATIONS IN ORDER TO FOCUS ATTENTION ON THE "ARMENIAN QUESTION" AND GAIN SUPPORT AMONG ARMENIANS. IN THE SECOND PHASE ASALA EXPANDED ITS OPERATIONS TO INCLUDE ATTACKS AGAINST "IMPERIALIST" TARGETS. THE FIRST OF THESE WERE BOMBINGS IN NOVEMBER, 1979, AGAINST KLM AND LUFTHANSA OFFICES IN PARIS AND TWA'S OFFICE IN MADRID. IN ADDITION, THE GROUP LAUNCHED ATTACKS AGAINST THE CITIZENS AND PROPERTY OF COUNTRIES HOLDING ASALA MEMBERS IN PRISONS. THE POLICY OF INDISCRIMINATE VIOLENCE AND DISPUTES OVER LEADERSHIP EVENTUALLY CAUSED A SPLIT IN ASALA. FOLLOWING THE JULY, 1983 ASALA BOMBING OF THE TURKISH AIRLINES TICKET COUNTER AT ORLY AIRPORT, PARIS, THAT KILLED SEVEN, A DISSIDENT GROUP, ASALA-RM, WAS FORMED. ASALA-RM VIEWED INDISCRIMINATE "BLIND" TERRORISM AS DETRIMENTAL TO THE ARMENIAN CAUSE AND FAVORED LIMITNG TERRORIST ATTACKS TO TURKISH TARGETS. ASALA-M CONTINUED TO FAVOR UNRESTRICTED TERRORISM AGAINST TURKISH AS WELL AS "IMPERIALIST" TARGETS. FOLLOWING THE SPLIT, ASALA'S MEMBERS WERE APPARENTLY PREOCCUPIED IN AN INTERNAL POWER STRUGGLE, LEADING TO A REDUCTION IN TERRORIST OPERATIONS. ASALA, HOWEVER, WAS REPORTED TO HAVE BEEN AMONG THOSE GROUPS INVOLVED IN A NUMBER OF BOMBINGS IN PARIS IN LATE 1986 THAT KILLED AND INJURED SOME 200. THE ATTACKS WERE CLAIMED BY THE "COMMITTEE FOR SOLIDARITY WITH ARAB AND MIDDLE EASTERN PRISONERS" AND WERE INTENDED TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE TO RELEASE THREE SUSPECTED TERORORIST PRISONERS, INCLUDING ASALA MEMBER, VAROUJAN GARABEDJIAN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JANUARY, 1975: BOMBED THE BEIRUT HEADQAURTERS OF THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES BECAUSE OF ITS ROLE IN ASSISTING ARMENIANS TO EMIGRATE TO OTHER COUNTRIES. OCTOBER, 1975: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE TURKISH AMBASSADOR TO AUSTRIA. THE OPERATION WAS ALSO CLAIMED BY THE JUSTICE COMMANDOS OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE (JCAG). OCTOBER, 1975: CLAIMED RESPONSIBLITY FOR THE MURDERS OF THE TURKISH AMBASSADOR TO FRANCE AND HIS CHAUFFER, WHO WERE MACHINE-GUNNED TO DEATH WHILE ENROUTE TO THE TURKISH EMBASSY. FEBRUARY, 1976: ASSASSINATED THE FIRST SECRETARY OF THE TURKSIH EMBASSY IN BEIRUT. OCTOBER, 1976: DETONATED TWO BOMBS IN ISTANBUL, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING FOUR. NOVEMBER, 1979: BOMB THE TWA OFFICE IN MADRID. DECEMBER, 1979: BOMBED THE TURKISH AIRLINES OFFICE IN LONDON. IN CLAIMING RESPONSIBILITY, ASALA EXPRESSED SOLIDARITY WITH THE TERRORIST MOVEMENTS IN NORTHERN IRELAND. DECEMBER, 1979: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF THE TURKISH PRESS ATTACHE IN PARIS. MARCH, 1980: BOMBED THE OFFICES HOUSING THE TURKISH AIRLINES AND THE TOURIST BUREAU IN ROME, KILLING TWO PERSONS. JUNE, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A TURKISH CONSULAR EMPLOYEE IN GENEVA. OCTOBER, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE ALITALIA OFFICE IN MADRID. OCTOBER, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE TURKISH AIRLINES OFFICE IN LONDON. NOVEMBER, 1980: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE BOMBING OF THE SWISSAIR OFFICE IN MADRID. JANUARY, 1981: BOMBED THE SWISSAIR OFFICE AND THE SWISS CONSULATE IN MILAN IN RETALIATION FOR THE ARREST OF TWO ARMENIAN MILITANTS IN GENEVA. MARCH, 1981: ASSASSINATED THE TURKISH LABOR ATTACHE AND CONSUL FOR RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS IN PARIS. SEPTEMBER, 1981: STORMED THE TURKISH CONSULATE IN PARIS, KILLING A GUARD AND SERIOUSLY WOUNDING A VICE-CONSUL. THE TERRORISTS HELD 51 PERSONS HOSTAGE FOR FIFTEEN HOURS BEFORE SURRENDERING. JUNE, 1982: ATTEMPTED TO BOMB THE AIR CANADA FREIGHT OFFICE AT LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. POLICE DISARMED THE DEVICE FIFTEEN MINUTES BEFORE IT WAS SET TO DETONATE. AUGUST, 1982: ATTACKED ISTANBUL'S ESENBOGA AIRPORT, KILLING SEVEN AND WOUNDING SEVENTY TWO. JUNE, 1983: CARRIED OUT A GRENADE AND MACHINE GUN ATTACK ON THE ISTANBUL BAZAAR, KILLING TWO. JULY, 1983: BOMBED THE TURKISH AIRLINES COUNTER AT ORLY, PARIS, KILLING SEVEN. MARCH, 1984: WOUNDED THE FIRST SECRETARY AND THE DEPUTY MILITARY ATTACHE OF THE TURKISH EMBASSY IN TEHRAN. JANUARY-MAY, 1986: STAGED FIVE INCIDENTS IN LEBANON, RESULTING IN ONE KIDNAPPING, NINE DEATHS, TWO INJURIES, AND PROPERTY DAMAGE RESULTING FROM BOMBINGS AGAINST "DASHNAG" (RIGHT WING) ARMENIAN POLITICAL PARTY MEMBERS. ASALA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY OR WAS SUSPECTED IN ALL OF THE OPERATIONS. SEPTEMBER, 1986: SUSPECTED OF INVOLVEMENT IN THE PARIS BOMBING CAMPAIGN. OCTOBER, 1987: IN EAST BEIRUT, LEBANON, GUNMEN ATTACKED THREE MEMBERS OF THE FRENCH EMBASSY GUARD FORCE, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING ONE. ASALA CLAIMED THE ATTACK WAS CARRIED OUT TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE TO RELEASE ASALA PRISONERS HELD IN FRANCE. APRIL, 1988: ASALA LEADER HAGOP HAGOPIAN KILLED IN ATHENS. DECEMBER, 1991: A LONE GUNMAN OPEENED FIRE ON A LIMOSINE IN WHICH THE TURKISH AMBASSADOR TO HUNGARY WAS RIDING. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. A CALLER CLAIMING TO REPRESENT ASALA TOOK RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS. BASQUE FATHERLAND AND LIBERTY marked false BASQUE FATHERLAND AND LIBERTY BASQUE FATHERLAND AND LIBERTY showNameProp :BASQUE FATHERLAND AND LIBERTY 10/28/92 GP00027 KEY WORDS: ETA; EUSKADI TA ASAKATASUNA; ETA-M; ETA-PM DESCRIPTION: FOUNDED IN THE LATE 1950S WITH THE AIM OF CREATING AN INDEPENDENT HOMELAND IN SPAIN'S BASQUE REGION (PRIMARILY THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF VIZCAYA, ALAVA, AND GUIPUZCOA). THE ETA HAS A MUTED COMMITMENT TO MARXISM. IN 1974, THE GROUP SPLIT INTO TWO FACTIONS - ETA/POLITICAL MILITARY, AND ETA/MILITARY; THE FORMER HAS BEEN RELATIVELY INACTIVE SINCE LIMITED HOME RULE WAS GRANTED IN 1982. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: CHIEFLY BOMBINGS, KIDNAPPINGS, ASSASSINATIONS OF SPANISH GOVERNMENT TARGETS, AND RECENTLY FOREIGN (FRENCH, U.S.) TARGETS IN SPAIN. HAS ALSO CONDUCTED LIMITED OPERATIONS AGAINST SPANISH BUSINESS AND DIPLOMATIC TARGETS IN ITALY, NETHERLANDS, GERMANY. ETA'S BOMBING ATTACKS ARE LETHAL, SOPHISTICATED, AND INCREASINGLY INDISCRIMINATE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: ETA HAS RECEIVED TRAINING AT VARIOUS TIMES DURING ITS HISTORY IN LIBYA, LEBANON, AND NICARAGUA. ETA ALSO HAS REPORTEDLY CLOSE TIES TO THE PROVISIONAL IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY (PIRA). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * ESTABLISH AN INDEPENDENT BASQUE NATION THROUGH TERRORISM AGAINST SPANISH INTERESTS TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN INTO MAKING DESIRED CONCESSIONS. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE ETA IS ONE OF THE OLDEST WEST EUROPEAN TERRORIST GROUPS STILL OPERATING. ALTHOUGH THE LEADERSHIP OF ETA GENERALLY ESPOUSES A MARXIST- LENINIST IDEOLOGICAL STANCE, THE PRIMARY MOTIVATION FOR MANY OF ITS MEMBERS IS BASQUE NATIONALISM. THE ETA ACTUALLY IS COMPOSED OF SEVERAL FACTIONS THAT ESTABLISHED A LOOSE ALLIANCE BUT STILL MAINTAIN SEPARATE IDENTITIES. THE MORE AGGRESSIVE FACTION IS KNOWN AS ETA-MILITARY WING (ETA-M). IT ADVOCATES A RELENTLESS CAMPAIGN OF TERRORISM DIRECTED AT THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN. ANOTHER FACTION, THE ETA POLITICAL-MILITARY FRONT (ETA-PM), NOW LARGELY INACTIVE, PRACTICED TERRORISM BUT TRIED TO COMBINE IT WITH GRASS ROOTS POLITICAL AGITATION IN ORDER TO BROADEN THE BASE OF REVOLUTION. THE ETA REGULARLY TARGETS SPANISH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, MEMBERS OF THE MILITARY, AND SECURITY AND POLICE FORCES, AS WELL AS MODERATE BASQUES FOR ASSASSINATION. IN ADDITION, THE GROUP HAS CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS BOMBINGS AGAINST GOVERNMENT FACILITIES AND ECONOMIC TARGETS, INCLUDING SEASONAL CAMPAIGNS AGAINST TOURIST RESORTS. THE ETA IS BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR APPROXIMATELY 700 DEATHS SINCE 1968, AND CAN CLAIM TO BE ONE OF THE MOST VIOLENT TERRORIST GROUPS IN EUROPE. ETA GENERATES ITS FUNDS THROUGH KIDNAPPINGS, ARMED ROBBERIES, AND THE EXTORTION OF "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES." THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ETA IS QUITE SOPHISTICATED. THE MAJORITY OF ITS MEMBERS (COMMANDOS") ARE ORGANIZED INTO THREE OR FOUR MEMBER CELLS. MOST COMMANDOS ARE "LEGAL" - ETA MEMBERS NOT KNOWN TO THE AUTHORITIES - WHO LIVE OPEN LIVES WITHOUT SUSPICION. THEY CARRY OUT OPERATIONS AND THEN DISAPPEAR INTO THEIR ENVIRONMENT. A SMALLER NUMBER OF COMMANDOS ARE "ILLEGALS," WHOSE INVOLVEMENT IN THE ETA ARE KNOWN TO THE AUTHORITIES AND WHO LIVE AND OPERATE ENTIRELY UNDERGROUND. THERE IS ALSO A LARGE GROUP THAT PROVIDES INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS AND OTHER SUPPORT NEEDED TO MAINTAIN THE ETA'S INFRASTRUCTURE. RESOURCES FOR A WIDE-RANGING PROGRAM OF TERRORISM ARE AVAILABLE NOT ONLY IN THE SPANISH BASQUE AREA, BUT IN THE FRENCH BASQUE AREAS ALONG THE BORDER. THE INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS OF ETA ARE QUITE EXTENSIVE. IT HAS REPORTED TIES WITH THE PROVISIONAL IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY (PIRA), WITH WHICH IT SHARES NUMEROUS CHARACTERISTICS. ITS OTHER CONNECTIONS MAY BE BASED UPON COMMON IDEOLOGICAL (MARXIST) ORIENTATIONS. IN THE PAST ETA MEMBERS HAVE TRAINED AT CAMPS IN THE MIDDLE EAST. THE GOVERNMENT OF CUBA HAS PROVIDED SAFEHAVEN AND TRAINING TO ETA. THERE ARE ALSO REPORTS OF ETA MEMBERS IN NICARAGUA, SOME OF WHOM HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN ATTACKS AGAINST OPPONENTS OF THE SANDINISTA GOVERNMENT. POLICE OPERATIONS AGAINST THE ETA HAVE BEEN CONTINUOUS AND OFTEN SUCCESSFUL; HOWEVER, ETA SEEMS ABLE TO REBOUND FROM EVEN THE MOST AMBITIOUS COUNTERTERRORIST OPERATIONS. BECAUSE OF THE LARGE SIZE OF THE GROUP'S SUPPORT BASE AND THE HIGH LEVEL OF NATIONALIST SENTIMENT AMONG THE BASQUES, ETA VIOLENCE IS EXPECTED TO PLAGUE SPAIN FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY DECEMBER, 1973: ASSASSINATED SPANISH PRIME MINISTER LUIS CARRERO BLANCO, HIS CHAUFFER, AND A SECURITY OFFICER WITH A REMOTE-CONTROLLED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE. SEPTEMBER, 1974: BOMBED A CROWDED CAFE NEXT TO A SECURITY HEADQUARTERS IN MADRID. THIRTEEN CIVILIANS WERE KILLED AND SEVENTY WERE WOUNDED. OCTOBER, 1976: ASSASSINATED A SENIOR ADVISER TO KING JUAN CARLOS, HIS DRIVER, AND THREE SECURITY GUARDS. MARCH, 1978: DETONATED A POWERFUL BOMB AT THE BILBAO NUCLEAR POWERPLANT, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING FOURTEEN. JUNE/JULY, 1979: INITIATED A "TOURIST WAR" IN SPANISH SEASIDE RESORT AREAS. FOURTEEN TIME BOMBS WERE DETONATED, INJURING TWO AND CAUSING EXTENSIVE PROPERTY DAMAGE. NOVEMBER, 1979: KIDNAPPED A MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT IN MADRID. THE VICTIM WAS RELEASED AFTER THE GOVERNMENT AGREED TO REVIEW AND EXPEDITE CASES AGAINST BASQUE PRISONERS AND TO INVESTIGATE ALLEGATIONS OF TORTURE. FEBRUARY, 1980: FIRED AN ANTI-TANK ROCKET AT THE PRIME MINISTER'S RESIDENCE IN MADRID. THE ROCKET MISSED THE BUILDING. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. JANUARY, 1981: KIDNAPPED ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST MEN IN SPAIN, RELEASING HIM AFTER 58 DAYS AND PAYMENT OF A RANSOM REPORTED AT $3.29 MILLION. JANUARY, 1982: KIDNAPPED A LEADING INDUSTRIALIST AND HELD HIM FOR A MONTH BEFORE RECEIVING A REPORTED RANSOM PAYMENT OF $1.3 MILLION. OCTOBER, 1982: DETONATED NEARLY TWO DOZEN BOMBS AT SEVERAL BANKS IN THE BASQUE PROVINCES. FEBRUARY, 1983: KILLED THREE AND WOUNDED NINE IN THE BOMBING OF A BILBAO BANK THAT HAD REFUSED TO PAY "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES." APRIL, 1984: KILLED A RETIRED POLICE OFFICER IN PAMPLONA. A BOOBYTRAP IN THE GETAWAY CAR DETONATED WHILE IT WAS BEING EXAMINED, KILLING TWO POLICE OFFICERS. DECEMBER, 1984: BOMBED SECTIONS OF THE ROTA-ZARAGOZA MILITARY PETROLEUM PIPELINE. CLAIMED THE ACT WAS AGAINST THE SPANISH MILITARY. JULY, 1985: SHOT AND KILLED SPAIN'S DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE POLICY, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING HIS CHAUFFER - IN MADRID. SEPTEMBER, 1985: DETONATED A CAR BOMB BY REMOTE CONTROL IN MADRID, INJURING TEN MEMBERS OF THE CIVIL GUARD. AN AMERICAN BYSTANDER WAS KILLED. FEBRUARY, 1986: MURDERED VICE ADMIRAL CRISTOBOL COLON AND HIS CHAUFFER IN MADRID IN A MACHINE GUN AND GRENADE ATTACK. JULY, 1986: REMOTE CONTROLLED DETONATION OF A DEVICE HIDDEN IN A PARKED VAN IN MADRID. THE 100 POUND DEVICE DETONATED AS A BUS CARRYING CIVIL GUARD CADETS WAS PASSING. TEN CADETS WERE KILLED AND SEVERAL DOZEN WERE INJURED. JULY, 1986: DETONATED A BOMB IN MADRID, KILLING NINE PEOPLE. JULY, 1986: FIRED A DOZEN ANTI-TANK ROCKETS BY REMOTE CONTROL FROM A HOME MADE LAUNCHER AT THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE IN MADRID, INJURING TWO MILITARY OFFICERS. AFTER THE ATTACK, THE CAR TO WHICH THE LAUNCHER WAS ATTACHED EXPLODED, INJURING TEN. OCTOBER, 1986: MURDERED THE GOVERNOR OF GUIPUZCOA PROVINCE BY DETONATING AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE THAT HAD BEEN PLACED ON THE ROOF OF THE VICTIM'S CAR. THE VICTIM'S WIFE AND CHILDREN WERE ALSO KILLED. DECEMBER, 1986: KIDNAPPED A SPANISH BUSINESSMAN AND HELD HIM FOR 69 DAYS BEFORE RECEIVING A REPORTED RANSOM PAYMENT OF $1.5 MILLION. JANUARY, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB, DESTROYING A PASSING MILITARY BUS IN ZARAGOZA, KILLING AN ARMY OFFICER AND THE CIVILIAN DRIVER OF THE BUS. FORTY PERSONS WERE WOUNDED. JANUARY/FEBRUARY, 1987: PERPETRATED A SERIES OF ARSON AND BOMBING ATTACKS AGAINST FRENCH INTERESTS IN MONDRAGON, BILBAO, AND LASARTE. BELIEVED TO BE IN PROTEST OF FRANCE'S DEPORTATION OF BASQUE GUERRILLAS TO SPAIN. MARCH, 1987: STAGED A SUBMACHINE GUN ATTACK IN VITORIA, SERIOUSLY WOUNDING AN ARMY OFFICER. MARCH, 1987: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE BARCELONA PORT. ONE CIVIL GUARDSMAN WAS KILLED AND FIFTEEN PERSONS WERE INJURED. MARCH/APRIL, 1987: CONTINUED ARSON AND BOMBING ATTACKS AIMED MAINLY AT FRENCH TARGETS. APRIL, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB NEAR A BARCELONA CIVIL GUARD BARRACKS, KILLING ONE AND INJURING SEVEN. MAY, 1987: DETONATED THREE CAR BOMBS NEAR THE MADRID HEADQUARTERS OF THE SPANISH NAVY, AIR FORCE, AND CIVIL GUARD, KILLING ONE AND INJURING NINE. JUNE, 1987: IN SAN SEBASTIAN, DETONATED A CAR BOMB AS TWO POLICE VANS PASSED, INJURING SIX. JUNE, 1987: DETONATED TWO EXPLOSIVE DEVICES AT A STATE-OWNED PETRO-CHEMICAL PLANT. DAMAGE ESTIMATES VARIED BETWEEN $8 TO $16 MILLION. JUNE, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN A PARKING GARAGE UNDER A SUPERMARKET IN BARCELONA, KILLING TWENTY ONE AND INJURING MANY OTHERS. AUGUST, 1987: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE IN VITORIA AS A NATIONAL POLICE VEHICLE PASSED; TWO PERSONS WERE KILLED AND ONE WAS INJURED. AUGUST, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN EIBAR, INJURING THIRTEEN. SEPTEMBER, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN SAN SEBASTIAN AS TWO NATIONAL POLICE VANS PASSED. ONE POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED AND SIX PEOPLE WERE HURT. DECEMBER, 1987: DETONATED A CAR BOMB IN FRONT OF A SPANISH CIVIL GUARD APARTMENT COMPLEX, KILLING ELEVEN AND INJURING FORTY. APRIL, 1989: DETONATED AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE ON A SECONDARY RAILROAD LINE FIFTY MILES SOUTH OF MADRID, CAUSING MINOR DAMAGE AND NO INJURIES. JULY, 1989: MURDERED TWO ARMY OFFICERS IN MADRID. SEPTEMBER, 1989: MURDERED A GOVERNMENT PROSECUTER IN MADRID. SEPTEMBER, 1989: POSTMAN KILLED BY A PARCEL BOMB. JANUARY, 1990: A FRENCH AUTO DEALERSHIP IN THE BASQUE PROVINCE OF ALAVA IS BOMBED. JANUARY, 1990: A NATIONAL POLICEMAN WAS KILLED BY A BOMB PLACED NEXT TO HIS PERSONAL AUTO. FEBRUARY, 1990: AT LEAST THREE LETTER/PARCEL BOMBS WERE SENT BY ETA. ONE SERIOUSLY INJURED THE SENIOR JUDGE OF THE NATIONAL HIGH COURT OF SPAIN, ONE INJURED TWO POSTAL WORKERS, AND A THIRD WAS DISARMED. APRIL, 1990: A MEMBER OF THE CIVIL GUARD WAS SHOT DEAD AS HE RETURNED TO HIS HOME FROM WORK. APRIL, 1990: ETA PUBLISHED A COMMUNIQUE IN THE BASQUE LANGUAGE NEWSPAPER "EGIN" STATING THAT IT WOULD ENGAGE IN ATTACKS ON THE SEVILLE WORLD'S FAIR - EXPO 92. JUNE, 1990: A RETIRED SPANISH ARMY COLONEL WAS SHOT DEAD IN SAN SEBASTIAN. JUNE, 1990: A MAN WAS SHOT DEAD IN A CAFE IN A SUBURB OF THE BASQUE CITY OF BILBAO. ETA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ATTACK, APOLOGIZING TO THE VICTIM'S FAMILY FOR HAVING MURDERED THE WRONG PERSON. JUNE, 1990: A FRENCH AUTO DEALERSHIP IN THE BASQUE PROVINCE OF VIZCAYA WAS BOMBED. JUNE, 1990: AN OFFICE BUILDING IN AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, WAS BOMBED BY ETA. THE BUILDING HOUSED THE OFFICES OF IBERIAN AIR, THE SPANISH NATIONAL CARRIER. JULY, 1990: A SPANISH BANK IN AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS, WAS BOMBED BY ETA. A DUTCH NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED AN INTERVIEW WITH A BASQUE ACTIVIST WHO CLAIMED THAT ETA BOMBINGS IN HOLLAND WERE INTENDED AS "LESSONS" TO THE DUTCH GOVERNMENT FOR ITS COOPERATION WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN. AUGUST, 1990: A SERIES OF BOMBING ATTACKS AGAINST RAIL LINES THROUGHOUT SPAIN TOOK PLACE. SEPTEMBER, 1990: A CAR BOMB DETONATED AT A CIVIL GUARD FACILITY IN BILBAO. A CIVIL GUARDSMAN AND A CIVILIAN WERE KILLED. TWO GUARDSMEN WERE INJURED. SEPTEMBER, 1990: A CAR BOMB DETONATED IN THE CITY OF CARTAGENA OUTSIDE THE LIVING QUARTERS OF 400 CIVIL GUARD PERSONNEL AND THEIR FAMILIES. SEVENTEEN PERSONS WERE INJURED. NOVEMBER, 1990: TWO POLICEMEN WERE KILLED AND TWO WERE SERIOUSLY INJURED WHEN A TRUCK BOMB DETONATED AS THE VICTIMS' VEHICLE PASSED IN A BILBAO SUBURB. FEBRUARY, 1991: ETA WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BOMBING OF A SPANISH NAVY PATROL BOAT IN THE PORT OF FUENTTERRABIA. MARCH, 1991: ETA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MURDER OF A SPANISH CONSTRUCTION COMPANY EXECUTIVE IN VALENCIA. APRIL, 1991: A SPANISH POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED, AND HIS WIFE WAS SERIOUSLY INJURED WHEN A CAR BOMB DETONATED UNDER THEIR AUTOMOBILE. TWO BYSTANDERS WERE ALSO INJURED IN THE BOMBING WHICH OCCURED IN A SUBURB OF BILBAO. APRIL, 1991: A SEVENTEEN YEAR OLD DAUGHTER OF A NATIONAL POLICE OFFICER WAS KILLED IN SAN SEBASTIAN BY A BOMB THAT HAD BEEN PLACED UNDER HER FATHER'S CAR. THE BLAST INJURED THE FATHER AND THREE OTHER CHILDREN. ETA CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. MAY, 1991: NINE PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND APPROXIMATELY 50 INJURED IN A TOWN NEAR BARCELONA WHEN A CAR BOMB DETONATED. FOUR OF THE DEAD WERE CHILDREN. JUNE, 1991: A SPANISH AIR FORCE OFFICER WAS KILLED, AND FOUR CHILDRED WERE INJURED WHEN A BOMB PLANTED UNDER THE OFFICER'S CAR DETONATED. JUNE, 1991: A PRISON OFFICER, TWO INMATES, AND A VISITING FAMILY MEMBER WERE KILLED AND MORE THAN TWENTY PERSONS WERE INJURED WHEN A PARCEL BOMB DETONATED IN A PRISON'S ENTRY CONTROL ROOM. JULY, 1991: ETA ISSUED A WARNING TO FRENCH TRAVEL AGENCIES STATING THAT TOURISM WOULD BE CONSIDERED A LEGITIMATE "MILITARY" TARGET BY ETA. JULY, 1991: A SPANISH TOUR BUS WAS FIREBOMBED IN ROME. AUGUST, 1991: ETA BOMBED RAIL LINES AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS THROUGHOUT SPAIN. AUGUST, 1991: TWO BOMBS WERE PLANTED OUTSIDE SPANISH TRAVEL AGENCIES IN ROME. BOTH BOMBS WERE DISARMED BY THE POLICE. OCTOBER, 1991: TWO MEMBERS OF THE SPANISH CIVIL GUARD WERE SHOT DEAD IN THE CITY OF SAN SEBASTIAN. NOVEMBER, 1991: A BOMB PLANTED IN THE CAR OF A CIVIL GUARDSMAN IN BILBAO KILLED THE TWO YEAR OLD SON OF THE INTENDED VICTIM. THE CIVIL GUARDSMAN AND ANOTHER CHILD WERE INJURED IN THE ATTACK. DECEMBER, 1991: TWO PLAINCLOTHES SPANISH POLICE OFFICERS WERE SHOT DEAD IN BARCELONA. DECEMBER, 1991: THE ETA BOMBED THE LEADING LUXURY HOTEL IN THE SOUTHERN CITY OF SEVILLE, THE SITE OF EXPO 92. JANUARY, 1992: A SPANISH AIR FORCE MAJOR WAS SHOT DEAD IN AN AMBUSH IN BARCELONA. JANUARY, 1992: A FORMER SENATOR AND SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE BASQUE AUTONOMOUS REGIONS WAS ASSASSINATED NEAR THE UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA. JANUARY, 1992: TWO MEMBERS OF A SPANISH MILITARY BAND WERE SHOT DEAD IN THE CENTER OF BARCELONA. FEBRUARY, 1992: FIVE PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND AT LEAST SIX WERE INJURED WHEN A BOMB DESTROYED A POLICE VAN IN CENTRAL MADRID. MARCH, 1992: A RETIRED SPANISH ARMY COLONEL WAS KILLED BY A LETTER BOMB THAT HAD BEEN SENT TO HIM IN MADRID. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. CHUKAKU-HA marked false CHUKAKU-HA CHUKAKU-HA showNameProp CHUKAKU-HA 10/28/92 GP00028 KEY WORDS: NUCLEUS FACTION; MIDDLE CORE FACTION; KANSAI REVOLUTIONARY ARMY DESCRIPTION: ULTRA LEFTIST/RADICAL GROUP WITH ITS ORIGINS IN THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE JAPANESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN 1957. THE LARGEST DOMESTIC MILITANT GROUP, WITH A POLITICAL ARM, AND A SMALL, COVERT ACTION WING KNOWN AS THE KANSAI REVOLUTIONARY ARMY. THE ORGANIZATION'S FUNDING IS DERIVED FROM MEMBERSHIP DUES, SALES OF ITS NEWSPAPERS, AND FUNDRAISING CAMPAIGNS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: PARTICIPATES IN MASS PROTEST DEMONSTRATIONS, SUPPORTS FARMERS' PROTESTS OF CONSTRUCTION AT NARITA AIRPORT, AMONG OTHER CAUSES; SABOTAGED PART OF THE JAPANESE RAILROAD SYSTEM IN 1985-86; SPORADIC ATTACKS USUALLY INTENDED TO CAUSE PROPERTY DAMAGE THROUGH THE USE OF CRUDE ROCKETS AND INCENDIARY DEVICES. ANTI-U.S. ATTACKS HAVE INCLUDED SMALL SCALE ROCKET ATTACKS AGAINST U.S. DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY TARGETS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: APPROXIMATELY 3,500 (ESTIMATED 200 DEDICATED OPERATIVES). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: NONE KNOWN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * ABOLISH THE CURRENT CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY; * ABOLISH THE MONARCHY; * TERMINATE THE U.S. - JAPAN SECURITY TREATY AND REMOVE U.S. FORCES FROM JAPAN; * HALT CONSTRUCTION OF THE TOKYO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE CHUKAKU-HA IS THE MOST POWERFUL FACTION OF THE JAPANESE NEW LEFT, OR EXTREME LEFT WING RADICALS, WHICH IS COMPOSED OF APPROXIMATELY 33 FACTIONS. OFFICIAL ESTIMATES OF THE STRENGTH OF THE NEW LEFT MOVEMENT IN JAPAN ARE IN THE RANGE OF 35,000, INCLUDING SYMPATHIZERS. THE CHUKAKU-HA DEVELOPED AFTER A CONFRONTATION AND SUBSEQUENT SPLIT FROM THE KAKUMARU-HA, WHICH HAD BEEN THE FOREMOST ORGANIZER OF THE JAPANESE NEW LEFT UNTIL 1983. AT ISSUE BETWEEN THE TWO FACTIONS WAS WHETHER TO PURSUE THE POLICIES OF THE NEW LEFT OR TO CONCENTRATE ON INSTIGATING A MASS STRUGGLE. THE CHUKAKU-HA OPTED FOR THE LATTER OPERATIONAL PHILOSPHY. THE CHUKAKU-HA BECAME THE MORE ACTIVE FACTION AND ADOPTED TERRORISM AS A TACTIC. THE OPERATIONAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS OF THE GROUP ARE IMAGINATIVE AND INCLUDE USE OF TIMED INCENDIARY DEVICES, FLAMETHROWERS, AND MORTARLIKE LAUNCHERS, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS "ROCKETS." DESPITE SUCH TECHNICAL PROFICIENCY, RELATIVELY FEW CASUALTIES HAVE RESULTED FROM THE GROUP'S OPERATIONS. THE OPERATIVES OF CHUKAKU-HA COMPRISE AN EXTREMELY SECRETIVE GROUP, AVOIDING PUBLIC GATHERINGS OR DEMONSTRATIONS. CONTACTS WITH OUTSIDERS ARE SEVERELY RESTRICTED. THE GROUP FOCUSES ITS ATTACKS PRIMARILY UPON JAPANESE GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION AT NARITA AIRPORT, OR UPON THE NATIONAL RAILWAY SYSTEM; ALTHOUGH IT HS CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A NUMBER OF ATTACKS AGAINST U.S. TARGETS. PUBLIC STATEMENTS IN THE GROUP'S PERIODICAL "ZENSHIN" ("ADVANCE") INDICATE THAT SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS COULD BE TARGETED. THIS SHIFT IN TACTICS AND CONTINUING IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY ARE OF GROWING CONCERN TO GOVERNMENT SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS. FUNDS FOR THE GROUP ARE GENERATED FROM CONTRIBUTIONS SOLICITED FROM GENERAL MEMBERSHIP TO SUPPORT THE APPROXIMATELY 200 DEDICATED ACTIVISTS WHO HAVE NO OTHER SOURCE OF INCOME. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JUNE, 1979: BURNED TWO VEHICLES AND CUT COMMUNICATIONS LINES TO TOKYO'S HANEDA AIRPORT WHEN PRESIDENT CARTER ARRIVED. SEPTEMBER, 1984: ATTACKED THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY HEADQUARTERS WITH A TRUCK- MOUNTED FLAME-THROWER AND DETONATED A TIME BOMB NEAR THE EMBASSY OF ISRAEL. APRIL, 1985: USED A MORTAR-LIKE WEAPON IN SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON NARITA AND HAMEDA AIRPORTS. THERE WERE NO CASUALTIES BUT MAJOR DAMAGE TO AT LEAST ONE BUILDING. NOVEMBER, 1985: STORMED AND SET ABLAZE SEVERAL OF JAPAN'S LARGEST RAILWAY STATIONS. MARCH, 1986: LAUNCHED PROJECTILES AT THE IMPERIAL PALACE. MAY, 1986: LAUNCHED PROJECTILES AT THE BUILDINGS HOUSING THE ECONOMIC (G-7) SUMMIT MEETING. THE IMPROVISED MISSILES FLEW APPROXIMATELY 3,500 METERS. SEPTEMBER, 1986: UNIDENTIFIED ATTACKERS, SUSPECTED OF BEING MEMBERS OF CHUKAKU-HA BATTERED A RAILWAY TRADE UNION OFFICIAL TO DEATH AND SERIOUSLY INJURED EIGHT OTHERS IN A SERIES OF ATTACKS IN THEIR HOMES. OCTOBER, 1986: POLICE ARRESTED SEVEN SUSPECTED MEMBERS OF THE GROUP AND DISCOVERED A BOMB FACTORY IN NORTHERN JAPAN. NOVEMBER, 1986: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR TWO TIMED INCENDIARY DEVICES THAT EXPLODED AT THE RESIDENCE OF A FORMER EXECUTIVE OF THE AIRPORT PUBLIC CORPORATION. MARCH, 1987: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A SERIES OF BOMBINGS INTENDED TO STOP CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES INVOLVED WITH EXPANSION WORK AT NARITA. JULY, 1987: TARGETED VEHICLES INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW KANSAI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN OSAKA, AND EXPANDING NARITA; USED TIMED INCENDIARY DEVICES IN THIRTEEN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE SAME DAY. AUGUST, 1987: LAUNCHED FOUR INCENDIARY DEVICES FROM THE BED OF A STOLEN TRUCK IN THE DIRECTION OF THE IMPERIAL PALACE. JANUARY, 1988: FIRED FIVE ROCKET BOMBS TOWARD THE NEW TOKYO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AT NARITA. THE ROCKETS WERE LAUNCHED FROM A TRUCK PARKED ON AN EMPTY LOT. NO DAMAGE OR INJURIES WERE REPORTED. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. DAL KHALSA marked false DAL KHALSA DAL KHALSA showNameProp DAL KHALSA 10/28/92 GP00011 KEY WORDS: POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * CREATE AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE IN THE PUNJAB; * TARGET THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT, THE SIKH MODERATE COMMUNITY, AND HINDUS IN GENERAL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE DAL KHALSA, THE OLDEST OF THE SIKH SEPARATIST GROUPS, WAS ESTABLISHED WITH THE AVOWED OBJECT OF DEMANDING AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE. IT BECAME INVOLVED IN TERRORISM AFTER THE SIKH INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT TURNED VIOLENT UNDER SANT JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE IN 1981. THE DAL KHALSA WAS BANNED OFFICIALLY BY THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AFTER ALLEGEDLY PARICIPATING IN THE APRIL 1982 SIKH-HINDU COMMUNAL RIOTING. THE GROUP CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF GENERAL A.S. VAIYDA, CHIEF OF THE INDIAN ARMY STAFF DURING THE 1984 ARMY ASSAULT ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE. THE ASSASSINATION OF VAIYDA TOOK PLACE IN AUGUST, 1986 AND DAL KHALSA CLAIMED THAT HE HAD BEEN ON THE GROUP'S TARGET LIST SINCE THE TIME OF THE ARMY ATTACK ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS. DASHMESH marked false DASHMESH DASHMESH showNameProp DASHMESH 10/28/92 GP00012 KEY WORDS: DASHMESH REGIMENT; TENTH REGIMENT; 10TH REGIMENT POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * ESTABLISH KHALISTAN AS AN INDEPENDENT SIKH STATE; * TARGET INDIAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, MODERATE SIKHS, AND HINDU RESIDENTS OF THE PUNJAB. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE DASHMESH "TENTH" REGIMENT PROBABLY WAS ORGANIZED UNDER THE AEGIS OF SANT JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE. AFTER CONDUCTING A REIGN OF TERROR IN THE PUNJAB IN THE EARLY 1980S, HE WAS KILLED BY THE INDIAN ARMY IN A JUNE 1984 ATTACK ON THE SIKH GOLDEN TEMPLE. THE GROUP WAS NAMED AFTER THE SIKHS' REVERED 10TH AND LAST GURU, GOBIND SINGH, WHO IN THE 18TH CENTURY, IN ADDITION TO GREATLY INFLUENCING THE SIKH RELIGION, FORGED THE SIKHS INTO A WARRIOR CLASS. THE DASHMESH REGIMENT'S FOUNDER IS REPUTED TO HAVE BEEN MAJOR GENERAL SHAHEG SINGH, A SIKH OFFICER WITH EXPERIENCE TRAINING IRREGULARS IN BANGLADESH, AND WHO WAS SUBSEQUENTLY CASHIERED FROM THE INDIAN ARMY FOR CORRUPTION. HOWEVER, SHORTLY BEFORE HIS DEATH IN THE ATTACK ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE, THE GENERAL VEHEMENTLY DISCLAIMED ANY CONNECTION WITH THE DASHMESH REGIMENT OR ANY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SUCH A REGIMENT. SURINDER SINGH GILL, AN ORTHODOX SIKH WHO GAVE UP A PRIZED CIVIL SERVICE POSITION TO JOIN BHINDRANWALE, PROBABLY WAS THE GROUP'S FIRST LEADER. FOLLOWING THE ASSAULT ON THE GOLDEN TEMPLE, DASHMESH GAINED INCREASED COVERT AND POPULAR SUPPORT AND HAS CONTINUED TO CLAIM RESPONSIBILITY FOR TERRORIST OPERATIONS THROUGHOUT INDIA AND THE WORLD. EXAMPLES OF ATTACKS CLAIMED BY DASHMESH ARE THE FOLLOWING: IN JUNE 1985 DASHMESH CLAIMED RESPONSIBILTY FOR AN INCIDENT AT TOKYO'S NARITA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT WHEN A BOMB DESTINED FOR PLACEMENT ON AN AIR INDIA JET LINER EXPLODED PREMATURELY, KILLING TWO BAGGAGE HANDLERS. DASHMESH ALSO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MIDAIR DESTRUCTION OF AN AIR INDIA 747 FROM A BOMB PLACED IN THE LUGGAGE COMPARTMENT. ANOTHER TERRORIST GROUP, THE KASHMIR LIBERATION FRONT ALSO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERAT marked false DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIB DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIB showNameProp DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE 10/28/92 GP00029 KEY WORDS: DFLP; POPULAR DEMOCRATIC FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE; PDFLP DESCRIPTION: THE DFLP IS A MARXIST GROUP THAT SPLIT FROM THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PFLP) IN 1969. THE GROUP IS CURRENTLY LED BY NAYIF HAWATMEH. BELIEVES PALESTINIAN GOALS CAN ONLY BE ACHIEVED THROUGH A POPULAR REVOLUTION. IN THE EARLY 1980'S, THE GROUP OCCUPIED A POLITICAL STANCE MIDWAY BETWEEN YASSIR ARAFAT AND THE MORE RADICAL REJECTIONIST GROUPS. ALTHOUGH A MEMBER OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION, THE DFLP DIFFERS WITH KEY ELEMENTS OF ARAFAT'S POLICIES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: IN THE 1970'S THE DFLP CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS SMALL SCALE BOMBINGS AND ASSAULTS AND OTHER MORE SPECTACULAR OPERATIONS IN ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. THE GROUP HAS HISTORICALLY CONCENTRATED ON ATTACKING ISRAELI TARGETS, SUCH AS THE 1974 MASSACRE IN MA'ALOT IN WHICH 27 ISRAELIS WERE KILLED AND OVER 100 WOUNDED. SINCE 1988, THE DFLP HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN SMALL SCALE BORDER RAIDS INTO ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: ESTIMATED AT 500. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * SEEK REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN THE ARAB WORLD, ESPECIALLY IN THE CONSERVATIVE MONARCHIES, AS A NECESSARY PRECURSOR TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF PALESTINIAN OBJECTIVES; * ADVOCATE AN INTERNATIONAL STANCE THAT PLACES THE PALESTINIAN STRUGGLE WITHIN A GENERAL WORLD CONTEXT OF LIBERATION IN AFRICA, ASIA, AND LATIN AMERICA; * REPEATEDLY AFFIRMS ITS "HOSTILITY AND RESISTANCE" TO U.S. POLICY IN THE REGION, ITS SUPPORT FOR THE NON-ALIGNED BLOC, AND ITS SOLIDARITY WITH ALL NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS THAT FIGHT AGAINST "IMPERIALISM" AND RACISM. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: THE DFLP IS A MARXIST-LENINIST HISTORICALLY PRO-SOVIET GROUP AND BELIEVES THAT THE PALESTINE NATIONAL GOAL CANNOT BE ACHIEVED WITHOUT A REVOLUTION OF THE WORKING CLASS; ELITE MEMEBRS OF THE MOVEMENT SHOULD NOT BE SEPARATED FROM THE MASSES, AND LOWER CLASSES FIRST SHOULD BE EDUCATED IN TRUE SOCIALISM TO CARRY ON THE BATTLE. AT THE SPRING, 1977 PALESTINE NATIONAL COUNCIL MEETING, THE DFLP GAVE ITS FULL SUPPORT TO THE PALESTINE NATIONAL PROGRAM, SEEKING CREATION OF A PALESTINIAN STATE FROM ANY TERRIRTORY LIBERATED FROM ISRAEL. IN MID-1979, THE DFLP REPORTEDLY EXPERIENCED AN UPSURGE IN ITS MEMBERSHIP AND AN ACCOMPANYING INCREASE IN INFLUENCE. ALTHOUGH IT REMAINED A MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO), THE DFLP COOPERATED INCREASINGLY WITH ANTI-ARAFAT PALESTINIAN EXTREMISTS. DFLP TERRORIST OPERATIIONS HAVE ALWAYS TAKEN PLACE INSIDE OF ISRAEL OR THE OCCUPIED TERRIRTORIES. TYPICAL ACTS ARE MINOR BOMBINGS AND GRENADE ATTACKS, AS WELL AS SPECTACULAR OPERATIONS INTENDED TO SEIZE HOSTAGES AND ATTEMPT TO NEGOTIATE FOR THE RETURN OF ISRAELI-HELD PALESTINIAN PRISONERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY MAY, 1974: TOOK OVER A SCHOOLHOUSE AND MASSACRED ISRAELI HOSTAGES AFTER INFILTRATING USING UNIFORMS RESEMBLING THOSE OF THE ISRAEL DEFENSE FORCES (IDF). MURDERED 27 AND WOUNDED 124. NOVEMBER, 1974: ATTACKED THE TOWN OF BET SHE'AN IN ISRAEL. THREE TERRORISTS BARRICADED THEMSELVES IN A BUILDING CARRYING HAND GRENADES AND KALASHNIKOVS (AK-47). THEY HAD DEMANDED THE RELEASE OF 15 PALESTINIANS. JULY, 1977: IMPLICATED IN SEVERAL TEL AVIV AND JERUSALEM BOMBINGS. JANUARY, 1979: ATTEMPTED TO SEIZE 230 CIVILIANS AS HOSTAGES IN A GUEST HOUSE IN MA'ALOT. THREE TERRORISTS, ARMED WITH KALASHNIKOVS AND GRENADES, WERE KILLED BU ISRAELI DEFENSE FORCES (IDF). MARCH, 1979: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR PLANTING BOMBS IN ISRAELI BUSES TO PROTEST PRESIDENT CARTER'S VISIT TO ISRAEL. MARCH, 1982: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A GRENADE ATTACK IN THE GAZA STRIP THAT KILLED AN ISRAELI SOLDIER AND WOUNDED THREE OTHERS. FEBRUARY, 1984: CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR A GRENADE EXPLOSION IN JERUSALEM WHICH WOUNDED TWENTY ONE PERSONS. SEPTEMBER, 1985: ATTACKED AN ISRAELI BUS NEAR HEBRON. MARCH, 1986: SEVERAL DFLP GUERRILLAS, WEARING IDF UNIFORMS, ATTEMPTED TO INFILTRATE FROM LEBANON INTO ISRAEL, BUT WERE INTERCEPTED BY THE MAY, 1988: THREW MOLOTOV COCKTAILS AT TRADE AND INDUSTRY MINISTER ARIEL SHARON'S CAR. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SOURCE DOCUMENTS DEVRIMCI SOL marked false DEVRIMCI SOL DEVRIMCI SOL showNameProp DEVRIMCI SOL 10/28/92 GP00030 KEY WORDS: DEV SOL; DEV-SOL; REVOLUTIONARY LEFT DESCRIPTION: FORMED IN 1978 AS A SPLINTER FACTION OF THE TURKISH PEOPLE'S LIBERATION PARTY/FRONT. ESPOUSES A MARXIST IDEOLOGY,INTENSELY XENOPHOBIC, VIRULENTLY ANTI-U.S. AND ANTI-NATO. DEV SOL SEEKS TO UNIFY THE PROLETARIAT TO STAGE A NATIONAL REVOLUTION. THE GROUP FINANCES ITS ACTIVITIES LARGELY THROUGH ARMED ROBBERIES AND EXTORTION. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: CONDUCTED ATTACKS AGAINST U.S., TURKISH, AND NATO TARGETS UNTIL IT WAS WEAKENED BY MASSIVE ARRESTS DURING 1981-83. METHODDS OF ATTACK INCLUDE HANDGUN ASSASSINATIONS AND BOMBINGS. SINCE ITS REEMRGENCE DURING THE LATE 1980S, IT HAS CONCENTRATED ITS ATTACKS AGAINST CURRENT AND RETIRED TURKISH SECURITY AND MILITARY OFFICIALS; RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MURDERS OF FOUR ACTIVE AND RETIRED GENERALS AND NEARLY 30 POLICE OFFICERS IN 1991, CLAIMING RESPONSIBILITY FOR ASSASSINATING TWO AMERICAN CONTRACTORS AND ONE BRITISH BUSINESSMAN; ATTEMPTED TO MURDER A U.S. AIR FORCE OFFICER; AND CONDUCTED OVER 30 BOMBINGS AGAINST WESTERN DIPLOMATIC, CULTURAL, AND COMMERCIAL FACILITIES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: SEVERAL HUNDRED HARDCORE RADICALS, SEVERAL DOZEN ARMED MILITANTS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: POSSIBLE TRAINING AND LOGISTIC SUPPORT FROM PALESTINIAN RADICALS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED RECENT INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY NOVEMBER, 1988: SIX BANKS IN ISTANBUL WERE TARGETS OF MOLOTOV COCKTAILS AND/OR SUSPECTED ARSON ATTACKS DURING ONE EVENING. THERE WERE NO INJURIES REPORTED. JUNE, 1990: A FORMER MILITARY OFFICER WAS SHOT TO DEATH IN HIS ISTANBUL OFFICE. NOVEMBER, 1990: A PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ASSIGNED TO A PRISON IN ISTANBUL, WAS SHOT DEAD WHILE HIS CAR WAS STOPPED IN TRAFFIC. JANUARY, 1991: A BOMB WAS THROWN AT A U.S. MILITARY FACILITY IN DOWNTOWN ISTANBUL. JANUARY, 1991: TWO PRIVATE AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS - A PUBLISHING COMPANY AND A MARITIME ORGANIZATION WERE BOMBED. ONE EMPLOYEE OF THE MARITIME ORGANIZATION WAS WOUNDED. JANUARY, 1991: THE U.S. CONSULATE AND THE TURKISH-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION WERE BOMBED ON THE SAME DAY. JANUARY, 1991: A RETIRED TURKISH ARMY GENERAL, WHO WAS A SENIOR SECURITY ADVISOR TO THE PRIME MINISTER, WAS SHOT DEAD NEAR HIS HOME IN ANKARA. FEBRUARY, 1991: AN AMERICAN EMPLOYEE OF AN AMERICAN FIRM WAS ASSASSINATED IN FRONT OF HIS APARTMENT IN ADANA. FEBRUARY, 1991: A U.S. AIR FORCE OFFICER WAS SHOT AND WOUNDED IN AN ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT AS HE ENTERED HIS APARTMENT IN IZMIR. MARCH, 1991: THE AMERICAN OFFICE MANAGER OF A U.S. FIRM WAS ASSASSINATED IN HIS ISTANBUL OFFICE BY THREE MEN POSING AS POLICE OFFICERS. APRIL, 1991: A RETIRED TURKISH ARMY GENERAL WAS ASSASSINATED IN HIS ISTANBUL HOME. THREE MEN, ONE DISGUISED AS AN ARMY LIEUTENANT, ENTERED THE VICTIM'S HOME, TIED UP THE VICTIM AND HIS WIFE, AND THEN SHOT THE GENERAL. APRIL, 1991: A MANIFESTO, REPORTEDLY ISSUED BY DEV SOL, STATED THAT DEV SOL WOULD "ACT AGAINST" TURKS WORKING FOR U.S. FIRMS AS IF THEY WERE AMERICANS. THE DOCUMENT WARNED THAT ANYONE ACCEPTING EMPLOYMENT WITH A U.S. FIRM RISKED BEING KILLED. APRIL, 1991: A POLICE STATION IN IZMIR WAS BOMBED. JUNE, 1991: ONE PERSON WAS KILLED AND FOUR WERE WOUNDED IN A SERIES OF BOMBINGS IN ISTANBUL, ALL OF WHICH OCCURRED ON THE SAME DAY (6/13) AT APPROXIMATELY THE SAME TIME. JULY, 1991: FIVE TURKISH BANKS WERE BOMBED IN ISTANBUL ON THE NIGHT OF 7/18-19. THE BOMBINGS WERE SAID TO BE A PROTEST TO THE VISIT TO TURKEY OF U.S. PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH. JULY, 1991: THREE TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED IN ISTANBUL IN TWO SEPARATE ATTACKS. ONE OF THE VICTIMS WAS KILLED AS HE LEFT HIS HOME FOR WORK. THE OTHER TWO VICTIMS WERE SHOT DEAD AS THEY SAT IN THEIR UNMARKED POLICE CAR. AUGUST, 1991: A BRITISH NATIONAL WAS MURDERED IN ISTANBUL. THE VICTIM WAS EMPLOYED BY A BRITISH-OWNED INSURANCE FIRM WHOSE ISTANBUL OFFICES HAD BEEN BOMBED BY DEV SOL IN JANUARY, 1991. OCTOBER, 1991: IN TWO INCIDENTS OCCURRING ONLY HOURS APART FIVE POLICE OFFICERS WERE KILLED AND TWO WERE WOUNDED IN SHOOTING ATTACKS IN ISTANBUL. DECEMBER, 1991: THE DEPUTY POLICE CHIEF OF ISTANBUL AND HIS DRIVER WERE SHOT DEAD IN AN ATTACK ON THEIR VEHICLE IN ISTANBUL. FEBRUARY, 1992: FIVE GUNMEN AMBUSHED AND MURDERED THREE TURKISH POLICE OFFICERS IN ISTANBUL'S RUSH HOUR TRAFFIC. MARCH, 1992: A SUSPECTED DEV SOL OPERATIVE WAS KILLED WHEN A BOMB HE WAS CARRYING DETONATED PREMATURELY. POLICE SPECULATED THAT HE WAS ABOUT TO PLACE THE BOMB IN A MOSQUE IN THE NORTHERN TURKISH CITY OF ZONGULDAK WHEN THE DEVICE EXPLODED. MARCH, 1992: DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR AN ATTACK ON A BUS IN ISTANBUL. THE BUS WAS CARRYING TURKISH GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES. TWO PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND AT LEAST FIVE WERE INJURED. APRIL, 1992: A DEV SOL TEAM ATTACKED A POLICE BUS IN IZMIR, KILLING TWO AND WOUNDING NINE PERSONS. APRIL, 1992: DEV SOL ISSUED A BULLETIN STATING THEIR MAIN TARGETS AS: "...LOCAL AND FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES WHO SERVE THE IMPERIALISTS AND THEIR POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND MILITARY BASES...PROMINENT BUSINESSMEN AND COMPANIES...OFFICERS AND NCOS OF THE TURKISH MILITARY...THE TURKISH INTELLIGENCE SERVICE; TURKISH NATIONAL POLICE...." ETC. APRIL, 1992: A ROCKET PROPELLED GRENADE (RPG) WAS FIRED AT A REAR WALL OF THE COMPOUND HOUSING THE AMERICAN CONSULATE IN ISTANBUL. THERE WERE NO INJURIES. DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. APRIL, 1992: TWO POLICE OFFICERS WERE SHOT DEAD IN ISTANBUL AS THEY WAITED ON A STREET CORNER FOR A RIDE. DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. APRIL, 1992: A POLICE OFFICER AND A CONSTRUCTION WORKER WERE SHOT DEAD AT A BUS STOP IN ISTANBUL. DEV SOL CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. FORCE 17 marked false FORCE 17 FORCE 17 showNameProp FORCE 17 10/28/92 GP00031 KEY WORDS: DESCRIPTION: FORMED IN THE EARLY 1970S AS A PERSONAL SECURITY FORCE FOR ARAFAT AND OTHER PLO LEADERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: ACCORDING TO PRESS SOURCES, IN 1985 FORCE 17 EXPANDED THE SCOPE OF ITS OPERATIONS TO INCLUDE TERRORIST ATTACKS AGAINST ISRAELI TARGETS. THERE HAS BEEN NO CONFIRMED TERRORIST ACTIVITY OUTSIDE OF ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES SINCE SEPTEMBER, 1985, WHEN FORCE 17 CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR MURDERING THREE ISRAELIS AT LARNACA, CYPRUS, AN INCIDENT THAT WAS FOLLOWED BY ISRAELI AIR RAIDS ON PLO BASES IN TUNISIA. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: UNKNOWN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: THE PLO IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF SUPPORT FOR FORCE 17. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- LOCATION/AREA OF OPERATION: BASED IN BEIRUT PRIOR TO 1982. SINCE THEN, DISPERSED IN SEVERAL ARAB COUNTRIES. PRESENTLY OPERATING IN LEBANON, OTHER MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES, AND EUROPE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: THE SELECTED INCIDENTS CLAIMED BY OR ATTRIBUTED TO FORCE 17 HAVE BEEN INCLUDED UNDER THE SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY IN THE AL-FATAH PROFILE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABOVE INFORMATION DERIVED FROM DEPARTMENT OF STATE SOURCE DOCUMENTS. GRAPO marked false GRAPO GRAPO showNameProp GRAPO 10/28/92 GP00033 KEY WORDS: OCTOBER 1ST ANTIFASCIST RESISTANCE GROUP; FIRST OF OCTOBER ANTIFASCIST RESISTANCE GROUP; GRUPO DE RESISTENCIA ANTIFASCISTA, PRIMERO DE OCTUBRE----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DESCRIPTION: A SMALL, MAOIST URBAN TERRORIST GROUP THAT RECRUITED MEMBERS FROM THE SPANISH COMMUNIST PARTY - RECONSTITUTED (PCE-R). SEEKS TO REMOVE U.S. MILITARY FORCES FROM SPAIN AND TO ESTABLISH A REVOLUTIONARY REGIME. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACTIVITIES: CARRIED OUT SMALL-SCALE BOMBINGS ON U.S. AND NATO FACILITIES IN THE EARLY 1980S. SINCE THEN, SOME OF THE MEMBERS ARRESTED IN 1985 HAVE BEEN RELEASED FROM PRISON AND HAVE RETURNED TO ACTION, INCLUDING KILLING A SPANISH BUSINESSMAN IN 1988. DURING 1990, GRAPO CARRIED OUT BOMBINGS IN MADRID, BARCELONA, AND TARRAGONA. IN MARCH, 1990 GRAPO MURDERED A PHYSICIAN INVOLVED IN FORCE-FEEDING GRAPO PRISONERS WHO WERE WAGING A HUNGER STRIKE. IN MARCH, 1992, FERNANDO SILVA, ONE OF THE LEADERS OF GRAPO, ESCAPED FROM HIS SPANISH PRISON CELL. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- STRENGTH: PROBABLY FEWER THAN A DOZEN ACTIVE OPERATIVES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EXTERNAL AID: REPORTED TO HAVE HAD TIES TO ACTION DIRECTE IN FRANCE AND TO THE RED BRIGADES IN ITALY. GRAPO MAY ALSO HAVE TIES TO THE RED ARMY FACTION IN GERMANY. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- DATE FORMED: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES: * VIOLENTLY OVERTHROW THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT AND ESTABLISH A MAOIST STATE; * OPPOSE SPAIN'S PARTICIPATION IN NATO AND U.S. PRESENCE IN SPAIN. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND: GRAPO WAS ESTABLISHED AS THE "MILITARY" ARM OF THE OUTLAWED COMMUNIST PARTY OF SPAIN - RECONSTITUTED (PCE-R), WHICH IS A SPLINTER GROUP OF THE OFFICIAL AND RECOGNIZED COMMUNIST PARTY OF SPAIN (PCE). AN URBAN-ORIENTED GROUP, GRAPO HAS COMMITTED ASSASSINATIONS, BOMBINGS, AND KIDNAPPINGS AGAINST SPANISH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES. ON OCCASION IT ALSO HAS ATTACKED U.S. INTERESTS. THE GROUP APPEARS TO HAVE PREFERRED AMBUSHES USING AUTOMATIC WEAPONS. LIKE THE ETA, THE OTHER MAJOR SPANISH TERRORIST GROUP, GRAPO HAS FINANCED ITS OPERATIONS THROUGH KIDNAPS FOR RANSOM, BANK ROBBERIES, AND EXTORTING "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES" FROM INDIVIDUALS AND BUSINESSES. THESE SOURCES OF FUNDS HAVE PROVEN ADEQUATE FOR FINANCING GRAPO'S RANGE OF OPERATIONS AND FOR PROCURING WEAPONS AND EXPLOSIVES. DIRECT TIES BETWEEN GRAPO AND FOREIGN TERRORIST GROUPS OR STATE SPONSORS HAVE NOT BEEN DEFINITIVELY ESTABLISHED. GRAPO, HOWEVER, HAS MADE PUBLIC STATEMENTS IN SUPPORT OF A NUMBER OF OTHER TERRORIST GROUPS, INCLUDING THE RED BRIGADES AND THE RED ARMY FACTION. GRAPO'S STRUCTURE HAS BEEN BASED ON A CELLULAR CONCEPT FOR MAXIMUM INTERNAL SECURITY. THESE CELLS ARE PROBABLY QUITE SMALL IN VIEW OF THE GROUP'S LIMITED NUMBERS. GRAPO MEMBERS ARE EITHER "LEGAL COMMANDOS" OR "LIBERATED COMMANDOS." THE LEGAL COMMANDOS, UNKNOWN TO POLICE, LEAD APPARENTLY NORMAL LIVES AND PERIODICALLY CARRY OUT TERRORIST ACTIONS. THE LIBERATED COMMANDOS ARE FULL-TIME MEMBERS WHO ARE KNOWN TO THE AUTHORITIES AND WHO LIVE UNDERGROUND. SUCCESSFUL SPANISH POLICE OPERATIONS IN RECENT YEARS HAVE LED TO THE ARREST OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT GRAPO MEMBERS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY JANUARY, 1977: KIDNAPPED THE PRESIDENT OF THE SUPREME MILITARY TRIBUNAL AND THE FORMER ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF. HE WAS RESCUED IN A POLICE RAID THE FOLLOWING MONTH. MAY, 1977: BOMBED THE U.S. CULTURAL CENTER IN MADRID ON THE DAY THAT VICE PRESIDENT WALTER MONDALE ARRIVED FOR AN OFFICIAL VISIT. MARCH, 1978: ASSASSINATED THE DIRECTOR OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN MADRID. MARCH, 1979: ASSASSINATED A SEMI-RETIRED SPANISH BRIGADIER GENERAL IN MADRID AND CLAIMED THE ATTACK WAS IN PROTEST TO SPAIN'S PENDING ENTRY INTO NATO. MAY, 1979: KILLED 8 AND WOUNDED 40 IN A BOMBING AT A MADRID CAFE FREQUENTED BY RIGHTISTS. SEPTEMBER, 1980: KILLED A GENERAL AND WOUNDED HIS AIDE AND DRIVER IN A MACHINEGUN ATTACK IN BARCELONA. APRIL, 1982: AMBUSHED TWO POLICE OFFICERS IN BARCELONA, KILLING ONE AND WOUNDING THE OTHER AUGUST, 1982: BOMBED THE BANK OF AMERICA IN MADRID AND THE SEARS BUILDING IN BARCELONA. MAY, 1983: SHOT AND KILLED A CIVIL GUARDSMAN IN A SCHOOLBUS IN LA CORUNA, NORTHERN SPAIN. JANUARY, 1984: SHOT AND KILLED TWO POLICEMEN IN MADRID. APRIL, 1984: KIDNAPPED A BANK OFFICIAL AND RELEASED HIM AFTER A LARGE RANSOM WAS REPORTEDLY PAID. JULY, 1984: ROBBED THE FRENCH BANK CREDIT LYONNAIS IN BARCELONA OF 300,000 PESETAS. THE ROBBERS DETONATED A BOMB THAT COMPLETELY DESTROYED THE BANK AND INJURED ONE PERSON. JULY-AUGUST, 1984: DETONATED A SERIES OF 15 BOMBS IN SEVERAL CITIES, CAUSING EXTENSIVE PROPERTY DAMAGE TO A FRENCH BANK, A FRENCH CONSULATE, AND THE GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY, AMONG OTHERS. NO INJURIES WERE SUSTAINED. SEPTEMBER, 1984: MURDERED THE PRESIDENT OF THE SEVILLE ASSOCIATION OF BUSINESSMEN. SEPTEMBER, 1984: IN MADRID, MURDERED THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF A LARGE REAL ESTATE COMPANY. SEPTEMBER, 1984: KIDNAPPED THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF A COMPANY, WHO WAS FORCED TO WRITE A BANK DRAFT FOR ABOUT $30,000. A COMPANY EMPLOYEE WAS THEN KIDNAPPED AND FORCED TO CASH THE DRAFT. THE VICTIMS WERE THEN RELEASED AND THE TERRORISTS ESCAPED. JULY, 1987: SHOT AND SEVERELY INJURED A POLICE OFFICER WHO WAS STANDING WATCH IN FRONT OF A POLICE STATION. MARCH, 1989: TWO CIVIL GUARDS MEMBERS WERE SHOT TO DEATH IN THE COURSE OF A BANK ROBBERY BY GRAPO MEMBERS. DECEMBER, 1989: TWO CIVIL GUARD MEMBERS WERE SHOT TO DEATH WHILE THEY WERE ON GUARD AT A GOVERNMENT BUILDING IN GIJON. MARCH, 1990: GRAPO TERRORISTS SHOT AND KILLED A PHYSICIAN WHO WAS INVOLVED IN THE FORCED FEEDING OF AN IMPRISONED GRAPO TERRORIST WHO WAS ENGAGED IN A HUNGER STRIKE. SEPTEMBER, 1990: THREE BUILDINGS IN MADRID WERE BOMBED: THE STOCK EXCHANGE, IN WHICH SIX PERSONS WERE INJURED; THE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND FINANCE; AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT BUILDING. NOVEMBER, 1990: GRAPO BOMBED TWO GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS IN BARCELONA AS POLICE AND SECURITY OFFICIALS BEGAN A TWO DAY MEETING TO DISCUSS SECURITY FOR THE BARCELONA OLYMPICS. DECEMBER, 1990: A GRAPO CAR BOMB KILLED SIX POLICE OFFICERS, AND WOUNDED TWO OFFICERS AND EIGHT CIVILIANS IN THE CITY OF SABADELL, 18 MILES NORTH OF BARCELONA. NOVEMBER, 1991: SPANISH SECURITY OFFICIALS ANNOUNCED THAT TWO GRAPO MEMBERS WHO WERE ARRESTED IN MADRID HAD PLANNED TO CARRY OUT A BOMB ATTACK AT THE SITE OF EXPO 92 IN SEVILLE. FEBRUARY, 1992: GRAPO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A GAS PIPELINE WHICH RUNS BETWEEN ZARAGOZA AND ROTA. A PORTION OF THE ZARAGOZA-VALENCIA HIGHWAY WAS FORCED TO CLOSE FOR SEVERAL HOURS, AND APPROXIMATELY 50,000 HOMES WERE TEMPORARILY WITHOUT GAS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Net Migration marked false Net Migration (per thousand) Net Migration (per thousand) showNameProp NET_MIGl.pct NET_MIGh.pct -30 Grenada (1) -10 Anguilla (2) -9 Gibraltar (3) -8.5 Kyrgyzstan (4) -8 Antigua and Barbuda (5) -8 Cape Verde (6) -8 Sierra Leone (7) -7 Armenia (8) -7 Malawi (9) -6 Virgin Islands (10) -6 Albania (11) -6 El Salvador (12) -6 Barbados (13) -5 Bulgaria (14) -4 Gaza Strip (15) -3 Aruba (16) -3 Azerbaijan (17) -2 Hong Kong (18) -2 British Virgin Islands (19) -2 Somalia (20) -2 Burkina (21) -1 Tonga (22) -1 Morocco (23) -1 Bolivia (24) -1 Ghana (25) -0.1 Kazakhstan (26) 0 Taiwan (27) 0 Nauru (28) 0 Singapore (29) 0 The Bahamas (30) 0 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (31) 0 Dominica (32) 0 Colombia (33) 0 Panama (34) 0 Tunisia (35) 0 Saint Lucia (36) 0 Reunion (37) 0 French Polynesia (38) 0 Mexico (39) 0 Paraguay (40) 0 Northern Mariana Islands (41) 0 Vanuatu (42) 0 Solomon Islands (43) 0 Cuba (44) 0 Netherlands Antilles (45) 0 Sri Lanka (46) 0 Thailand (47) 0 Trinidad and Tobago (48) 0 Chile (49) 0 Cook Islands (50) 0 Jamaica (51) 0 Korea, North (52) 0 Suriname (53) 0 Turkey (54) 0 Ecuador (55) 0 Malaysia (56) 0 Western Samoa (57) 0 Libya (58) 0 Saudi Arabia (59) 0 Oman (60) 0 Saint Helena (61) 0 Japan (62) 0 Liechtenstein (63) 0 Bermuda (64) 0 Iceland (65) 0 Mauritius (66) 0 Guyana (67) 0 China (68) 0 Seychelles (69) 0 Fiji (70) 0 Brazil (71) 0 Dominican Republic (72) 0 Peru (73) 0 Lebanon (74) 0 Philippines (75) 0 Algeria (76) 0 Mongolia (77) 0 Uzbekistan (78) 0 Nicaragua (79) 0 Honduras (80) 0 Syria (81) 0 New Zealand (82) 0 Faroe Islands (83) 0 Puerto Rico (84) 0 Cyprus (85) 0 Greenland (86) 0 Indonesia (87) 0 Vietnam (88) 0 Guatemala (89) 0 South Africa (90) 0 Botswana (91) 0 Sao Tome and Principe (92) 0 Tajikistan (93) 0 Zimbabwe (94) 0 Kenya (95) 0 Iran (96) 0 Maldives (97) 0 Marshall Islands (98) 0 Greece (99) 0 Spain (100) 0 Ireland (101) 0 Argentina (102) 0 Tuvalu (103) 0 Egypt (104) 0 Turkmenistan (105) 0 Namibia (106) 0 Iraq (107) 0 Finland (108) 0 Romania (109) 0 Poland (110) 0 Montserrat (111) 0 Uruguay (112) 0 Moldova (113) 0 Saint Kitts and Nevis (114) 0 Burma (115) 0 Lesotho (116) 0 Czechoslovakia (117) 0 United Kingdom (118) 0 India (119) 0 Papua New Guinea (120) 0 Cameroon (121) 0 Zambia (122) 0 Bangladesh (123) 0 Swaziland (124) 0 Comoros (125) 0 Togo (126) 0 Mayotte (127) 0 Hungary (128) 0 Congo (129) 0 Pakistan (130) 0 Senegal (131) 0 Sudan (132) 0 Zaire (133) 0 Gabon (134) 0 Nepal (135) 0 Burundi (136) 0 Madagascar (137) 0 Uganda (138) 0 Rwanda (139) 0 Cambodia (140) 0 Equatorial Guinea (141) 0 Haiti (142) 0 Benin (143) 0 Tanzania (144) 0 Djibouti (145) 0 Laos (146) 0 Nigeria (147) 0 Yemen (148) 0 Bhutan (149) 0 The Gambia (150) 0 Mauritania (151) 0 Guinea-Bissau (152) 0 Central African Republic (153) 0 Angola (154) 0 Afghanistan (155) 0 Western Sahara (156) 0 Chad (157) 0 Guinea (158) 0 Mali (159) 0 Niger (160) 1 Costa Rica (161) 1 Venezuela (162) 1 New Caledonia (163) 1 Jordan (164) 1 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (165) 1 Korea, South (166) 1 Martinique (167) 1 Netherlands (168) 1 Malta (169) 1 France (170) 1 Georgia (171) 1 Italy (172) 1 Belgium (173) 1 Belarus (174) 1 Russia (175) 1 Denmark (176) 1 Ukraine (177) 1 Kiribati (178) 2 West Bank (179) 2 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (180) 2 United States (181) 2 Portugal (182) 2 Norway (183) 2 Sweden (184) 2 Ethiopia (185) 3 Guam (186) 3 Switzerland (187) 3 Estonia (188) 3 Ivory Coast (189) 4 Macau (190) 4 Belize (191) 4 Lithuania (192) 4 Latvia (193) 4 Man, Isle of (194) 5 San Marino (195) 5 Germany (196) 5 Guernsey (197) 5 Austria (198) 6 American Samoa (199) 6 Canada (200) 6 Jersey (201) 7 Bahrain (202) 7 Brunei (203) 7 Australia (204) 7 Luxembourg (205) 8 Guadeloupe (206) 8 Wallis and Futuna (207) 9 Monaco (208) 12 Micronesia, Federated States of (209) 12 Mozambique (210) 15 Andorra (211) 15 Qatar (212) 22 Turks and Caicos Islands (213) 24 French Guiana (214) 26 Israel (215) 27 United Arab Emirates (216) 33 Cayman Islands (217) 265 Liberia (218) 265 Liberia (1) 33 Cayman Islands (2) 27 United Arab Emirates (3) 26 Israel (4) 24 French Guiana (5) 22 Turks and Caicos Islands (6) 15 Qatar (7) 15 Andorra (8) 12 Mozambique (9) 12 Micronesia, Federated States of (10) 9 Monaco (11) 8 Wallis and Futuna (12) 8 Guadeloupe (13) 7 Luxembourg (14) 7 Australia (15) 7 Brunei (16) 7 Bahrain (17) 6 Jersey (18) 6 Canada (19) 6 American Samoa (20) 5 Austria (21) 5 Guernsey (22) 5 Germany (23) 5 San Marino (24) 4 Man, Isle of (25) 4 Latvia (26) 4 Lithuania (27) 4 Belize (28) 4 Macau (29) 3 Ivory Coast (30) 3 Estonia (31) 3 Switzerland (32) 3 Guam (33) 2 Ethiopia (34) 2 Sweden (35) 2 Norway (36) 2 Portugal (37) 2 United States (38) 2 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (39) 2 West Bank (40) 1 Kiribati (41) 1 Ukraine (42) 1 Denmark (43) 1 Russia (44) 1 Belarus (45) 1 Belgium (46) 1 Italy (47) 1 Georgia (48) 1 France (49) 1 Malta (50) 1 Netherlands (51) 1 Martinique (52) 1 Korea, South (53) 1 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (54) 1 Jordan (55) 1 New Caledonia (56) 1 Venezuela (57) 1 Costa Rica (58) 0 Niger (59) 0 Mali (60) 0 Guinea (61) 0 Chad (62) 0 Western Sahara (63) 0 Afghanistan (64) 0 Angola (65) 0 Central African Republic (66) 0 Guinea-Bissau (67) 0 Mauritania (68) 0 The Gambia (69) 0 Bhutan (70) 0 Yemen (71) 0 Nigeria (72) 0 Laos (73) 0 Djibouti (74) 0 Tanzania (75) 0 Benin (76) 0 Haiti (77) 0 Equatorial Guinea (78) 0 Cambodia (79) 0 Rwanda (80) 0 Uganda (81) 0 Madagascar (82) 0 Burundi (83) 0 Nepal (84) 0 Gabon (85) 0 Zaire (86) 0 Sudan (87) 0 Senegal (88) 0 Pakistan (89) 0 Congo (90) 0 Hungary (91) 0 Mayotte (92) 0 Togo (93) 0 Comoros (94) 0 Swaziland (95) 0 Bangladesh (96) 0 Zambia (97) 0 Cameroon (98) 0 Papua New Guinea (99) 0 India (100) 0 United Kingdom (101) 0 Czechoslovakia (102) 0 Lesotho (103) 0 Burma (104) 0 Saint Kitts and Nevis (105) 0 Moldova (106) 0 Uruguay (107) 0 Montserrat (108) 0 Poland (109) 0 Romania (110) 0 Finland (111) 0 Iraq (112) 0 Namibia (113) 0 Turkmenistan (114) 0 Egypt (115) 0 Tuvalu (116) 0 Argentina (117) 0 Ireland (118) 0 Spain (119) 0 Greece (120) 0 Marshall Islands (121) 0 Maldives (122) 0 Iran (123) 0 Kenya (124) 0 Zimbabwe (125) 0 Tajikistan (126) 0 Sao Tome and Principe (127) 0 Botswana (128) 0 South Africa (129) 0 Guatemala (130) 0 Vietnam (131) 0 Indonesia (132) 0 Greenland (133) 0 Cyprus (134) 0 Puerto Rico (135) 0 Faroe Islands (136) 0 New Zealand (137) 0 Syria (138) 0 Honduras (139) 0 Nicaragua (140) 0 Uzbekistan (141) 0 Mongolia (142) 0 Algeria (143) 0 Philippines (144) 0 Lebanon (145) 0 Peru (146) 0 Dominican Republic (147) 0 Brazil (148) 0 Fiji (149) 0 Seychelles (150) 0 China (151) 0 Guyana (152) 0 Mauritius (153) 0 Iceland (154) 0 Bermuda (155) 0 Liechtenstein (156) 0 Japan (157) 0 Saint Helena (158) 0 Oman (159) 0 Saudi Arabia (160) 0 Libya (161) 0 Western Samoa (162) 0 Malaysia (163) 0 Ecuador (164) 0 Turkey (165) 0 Suriname (166) 0 Korea, North (167) 0 Jamaica (168) 0 Cook Islands (169) 0 Chile (170) 0 Trinidad and Tobago (171) 0 Thailand (172) 0 Sri Lanka (173) 0 Netherlands Antilles (174) 0 Cuba (175) 0 Solomon Islands (176) 0 Vanuatu (177) 0 Northern Mariana Islands (178) 0 Paraguay (179) 0 Mexico (180) 0 French Polynesia (181) 0 Reunion (182) 0 Saint Lucia (183) 0 Tunisia (184) 0 Panama (185) 0 Colombia (186) 0 Dominica (187) 0 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (188) 0 The Bahamas (189) 0 Singapore (190) 0 Nauru (191) 0 Taiwan (192) -0.1 Kazakhstan (193) -1 Ghana (194) -1 Bolivia (195) -1 Morocco (196) -1 Tonga (197) -2 Burkina (198) -2 Somalia (199) -2 British Virgin Islands (200) -2 Hong Kong (201) -3 Azerbaijan (202) -3 Aruba (203) -4 Gaza Strip (204) -5 Bulgaria (205) -6 Barbados (206) -6 El Salvador (207) -6 Albania (208) -6 Virgin Islands (209) -7 Malawi (210) -7 Armenia (211) -8 Sierra Leone (212) -8 Cape Verde (213) -8 Antigua and Barbuda (214) -8.5 Kyrgyzstan (215) -9 Gibraltar (216) -10 Anguilla (217) -30 Grenada (218) Infant Mortality marked false Infant Mortality (per thousand) Infant Mortality (per thousand) showNameProp INFANTl.pct INFANTh.pct 4 Japan (1) 4 Iceland (2) 5 Liechtenstein (3) 6 Gibraltar (4) 6 Taiwan (5) 6 Singapore (6) 6 Finland (7) 6 Sweden (8) 6 Switzerland (9) 6 Guernsey (10) 6 Jersey (11) 7 Hong Kong (12) 7 Faroe Islands (13) 7 Spain (14) 7 Netherlands (15) 7 Malta (16) 7 France (17) 7 Denmark (18) 7 Norway (19) 7 Germany (20) 7 Canada (21) 7 Andorra (22) 8 Reunion (23) 8 Ireland (24) 8 United Kingdom (25) 8 Italy (26) 8 Belgium (27) 8 Macau (28) 8 San Marino (29) 8 Austria (30) 8 Australia (31) 8 Luxembourg (32) 8 Monaco (33) 8 Cayman Islands (34) 9 Aruba (35) 9 New Zealand (36) 9 Man, Isle of (37) 9 Israel (38) 10 Cyprus (39) 10 Greece (40) 10 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (41) 10 United States (42) 10 Portugal (43) 10 Guadeloupe (44) 10 Croatia (45) 11 Dominica (46) 11 Cuba (47) 11 Netherlands Antilles (48) 11 Montserrat (49) 11 Czechoslovakia (50) 11 Martinique (51) 12 Costa Rica (52) 13 Virgin Islands (53) 13 Bulgaria (54) 13 Bermuda (55) 13 Turks and Caicos Islands (56) 14 Puerto Rico (57) 14 Poland (58) 14 Hungary (59) 14 Kuwait (60) 15 French Polynesia (61) 15 Seychelles (62) 15 Guam (63) 15 Bosnia and Herzegovina (64) 17 Panama (65) 17 Trinidad and Tobago (66) 17 Chile (67) 17 New Caledonia (68) 17 French Guiana (69) 18 Anguilla (70) 18 Saint Lucia (71) 18 Jamaica (72) 18 Lithuania (73) 19 The Bahamas (74) 19 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (75) 19 Fiji (76) 19 Latvia (77) 19 American Samoa (78) 20 Antigua and Barbuda (79) 20 British Virgin Islands (80) 20 Belarus (81) 21 Sri Lanka (82) 21 Bahrain (83) 22 Barbados (84) 22 Tonga (85) 22 Mauritius (86) 22 Romania (87) 22 Saint Kitts and Nevis (88) 22 Ukraine (89) 23 Uruguay (90) 23 Venezuela (91) 23 Korea, South (92) 23 United Arab Emirates (93) 24 Qatar (94) 25 Cook Islands (95) 25 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (96) 25 Estonia (97) 26 El Salvador (98) 26 Kazakhstan (99) 26 Brunei (100) 27 Albania (101) 27 Malaysia (102) 27 Greenland (103) 28 Grenada (104) 28 Paraguay (105) 29 Wallis and Futuna (106) 30 Mexico (107) 30 Vanuatu (108) 30 Solomon Islands (109) 30 Korea, North (110) 30 Belize (111) 31 Colombia (112) 31 Russia (113) 32 China (114) 34 Suriname (115) 34 Argentina (116) 34 Tuvalu (117) 34 Georgia (118) 35 Armenia (119) 35 Thailand (120) 35 Moldova (121) 37 West Bank (122) 38 Tunisia (123) 38 Northern Mariana Islands (124) 38 Jordan (125) 39 Micronesia, Federated States of (126) 40 Western Samoa (127) 40 Oman (128) 40 Saint Helena (129) 41 Gaza Strip (130) 41 Nauru (131) 42 Ecuador (132) 42 Botswana (133) 43 Lebanon (134) 45 Azerbaijan (135) 45 Syria (136) 47 Mongolia (137) 47 Vietnam (138) 50 Guyana (139) 50 South Africa (140) 52 Marshall Islands (141) 53 Philippines (142) 54 Honduras (143) 55 Turkey (144) 56 Kyrgyzstan (145) 56 Morocco (146) 56 Dominican Republic (147) 56 Algeria (148) 56 Guatemala (149) 57 Nicaragua (150) 58 Sao Tome and Principe (151) 59 Saudi Arabia (152) 59 Peru (153) 59 Zimbabwe (154) 60 Libya (155) 61 Cape Verde (156) 61 Maldives (157) 63 World (158) 64 Iran (159) 65 Uzbekistan (160) 66 Namibia (161) 67 Brazil (162) 67 Papua New Guinea (163) 68 Kenya (164) 68 Burma (165) 70 Indonesia (166) 74 Tajikistan (167) 74 Lesotho (168) 77 Zambia (169) 80 Egypt (170) 80 Senegal (171) 81 India (172) 81 Cameroon (173) 82 Bolivia (174) 83 Sudan (175) 84 Iraq (176) 84 Comoros (177) 84 Mayotte (178) 86 Ghana (179) 89 Mauritania (180) 90 Nepal (181) 91 Uganda (182) 93 Madagascar (183) 94 Turkmenistan (184) 94 Togo (185) 94 Ivory Coast (186) 97 Zaire (187) 98 Swaziland (188) 99 Kiribati (189) 100 Gabon (190) 103 Tanzania (191) 104 Haiti (192) 105 Pakistan (193) 106 Burundi (194) 107 Equatorial Guinea (195) 107 Laos (196) 108 Rwanda (197) 109 Congo (198) 110 Nigeria (199) 110 Mali (200) 112 Bangladesh (201) 112 Ethiopia (202) 115 Somalia (203) 115 Benin (204) 115 Djibouti (205) 115 Niger (206) 117 Burkina (207) 118 Yemen (208) 119 Liberia (209) 121 Cambodia (210) 124 Guinea-Bissau (211) 126 Bhutan (212) 129 The Gambia (213) 134 Malawi (214) 134 Mozambique (215) 135 Central African Republic (216) 136 Chad (217) 143 Guinea (218) 148 Sierra Leone (219) 152 Angola (220) 159 Western Sahara (221) 162 Afghanistan (222) 162 Afghanistan (1) 159 Western Sahara (2) 152 Angola (3) 148 Sierra Leone (4) 143 Guinea (5) 136 Chad (6) 135 Central African Republic (7) 134 Mozambique (8) 134 Malawi (9) 129 The Gambia (10) 126 Bhutan (11) 124 Guinea-Bissau (12) 121 Cambodia (13) 119 Liberia (14) 118 Yemen (15) 117 Burkina (16) 115 Niger (17) 115 Djibouti (18) 115 Benin (19) 115 Somalia (20) 112 Ethiopia (21) 112 Bangladesh (22) 110 Mali (23) 110 Nigeria (24) 109 Congo (25) 108 Rwanda (26) 107 Laos (27) 107 Equatorial Guinea (28) 106 Burundi (29) 105 Pakistan (30) 104 Haiti (31) 103 Tanzania (32) 100 Gabon (33) 99 Kiribati (34) 98 Swaziland (35) 97 Zaire (36) 94 Ivory Coast (37) 94 Togo (38) 94 Turkmenistan (39) 93 Madagascar (40) 91 Uganda (41) 90 Nepal (42) 89 Mauritania (43) 86 Ghana (44) 84 Mayotte (45) 84 Comoros (46) 84 Iraq (47) 83 Sudan (48) 82 Bolivia (49) 81 Cameroon (50) 81 India (51) 80 Senegal (52) 80 Egypt (53) 77 Zambia (54) 74 Lesotho (55) 74 Tajikistan (56) 70 Indonesia (57) 68 Burma (58) 68 Kenya (59) 67 Papua New Guinea (60) 67 Brazil (61) 66 Namibia (62) 65 Uzbekistan (63) 64 Iran (64) 63 World (65) 61 Maldives (66) 61 Cape Verde (67) 60 Libya (68) 59 Zimbabwe (69) 59 Peru (70) 59 Saudi Arabia (71) 58 Sao Tome and Principe (72) 57 Nicaragua (73) 56 Guatemala (74) 56 Algeria (75) 56 Dominican Republic (76) 56 Morocco (77) 56 Kyrgyzstan (78) 55 Turkey (79) 54 Honduras (80) 53 Philippines (81) 52 Marshall Islands (82) 50 South Africa (83) 50 Guyana (84) 47 Vietnam (85) 47 Mongolia (86) 45 Syria (87) 45 Azerbaijan (88) 43 Lebanon (89) 42 Botswana (90) 42 Ecuador (91) 41 Nauru (92) 41 Gaza Strip (93) 40 Saint Helena (94) 40 Oman (95) 40 Western Samoa (96) 39 Micronesia, Federated States of (97) 38 Jordan (98) 38 Northern Mariana Islands (99) 38 Tunisia (100) 37 West Bank (101) 35 Moldova (102) 35 Thailand (103) 35 Armenia (104) 34 Georgia (105) 34 Tuvalu (106) 34 Argentina (107) 34 Suriname (108) 32 China (109) 31 Russia (110) 31 Colombia (111) 30 Belize (112) 30 Korea, North (113) 30 Solomon Islands (114) 30 Vanuatu (115) 30 Mexico (116) 29 Wallis and Futuna (117) 28 Paraguay (118) 28 Grenada (119) 27 Greenland (120) 27 Malaysia (121) 27 Albania (122) 26 Brunei (123) 26 Kazakhstan (124) 26 El Salvador (125) 25 Estonia (126) 25 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (127) 25 Cook Islands (128) 24 Qatar (129) 23 United Arab Emirates (130) 23 Korea, South (131) 23 Venezuela (132) 23 Uruguay (133) 22 Ukraine (134) 22 Saint Kitts and Nevis (135) 22 Romania (136) 22 Mauritius (137) 22 Tonga (138) 22 Barbados (139) 21 Bahrain (140) 21 Sri Lanka (141) 20 Belarus (142) 20 British Virgin Islands (143) 20 Antigua and Barbuda (144) 19 American Samoa (145) 19 Latvia (146) 19 Fiji (147) 19 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (148) 19 The Bahamas (149) 18 Lithuania (150) 18 Jamaica (151) 18 Saint Lucia (152) 18 Anguilla (153) 17 French Guiana (154) 17 New Caledonia (155) 17 Chile (156) 17 Trinidad and Tobago (157) 17 Panama (158) 15 Bosnia and Herzegovina (159) 15 Guam (160) 15 Seychelles (161) 15 French Polynesia (162) 14 Kuwait (163) 14 Hungary (164) 14 Poland (165) 14 Puerto Rico (166) 13 Turks and Caicos Islands (167) 13 Bermuda (168) 13 Bulgaria (169) 13 Virgin Islands (170) 12 Costa Rica (171) 11 Martinique (172) 11 Czechoslovakia (173) 11 Montserrat (174) 11 Netherlands Antilles (175) 11 Cuba (176) 11 Dominica (177) 10 Croatia (178) 10 Guadeloupe (179) 10 Portugal (180) 10 United States (181) 10 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (182) 10 Greece (183) 10 Cyprus (184) 9 Israel (185) 9 Man, Isle of (186) 9 New Zealand (187) 9 Aruba (188) 8 Cayman Islands (189) 8 Monaco (190) 8 Luxembourg (191) 8 Australia (192) 8 Austria (193) 8 San Marino (194) 8 Macau (195) 8 Belgium (196) 8 Italy (197) 8 United Kingdom (198) 8 Ireland (199) 8 Reunion (200) 7 Andorra (201) 7 Canada (202) 7 Germany (203) 7 Norway (204) 7 Denmark (205) 7 France (206) 7 Malta (207) 7 Netherlands (208) 7 Spain (209) 7 Faroe Islands (210) 7 Hong Kong (211) 6 Jersey (212) 6 Guernsey (213) 6 Switzerland (214) 6 Sweden (215) 6 Finland (216) 6 Singapore (217) 6 Taiwan (218) 6 Gibraltar (219) 5 Liechtenstein (220) 4 Iceland (221) 4 Japan (222) Fertility Rate marked false Fertility Rate (per woman) Fertility Rate (per woman) showNameProp FERTILl.pct FERTILh.pct 1.1 Monaco (1) 1.2 Saint Helena (2) 1.2 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (3) 1.3 Jersey (4) 1.3 San Marino (5) 1.3 Andorra (6) 1.4 Portugal (7) 1.4 Germany (8) 1.4 Spain (9) 1.4 Italy (10) 1.4 Hong Kong (11) 1.5 Cayman Islands (12) 1.5 Austria (13) 1.5 Liechtenstein (14) 1.5 Greece (15) 1.6 Korea, South (16) 1.6 Guernsey (17) 1.6 Belgium (18) 1.6 Luxembourg (19) 1.6 Netherlands (20) 1.6 Japan (21) 1.6 Switzerland (22) 1.6 Macau (23) 1.7 Antigua and Barbuda (24) 1.7 Bulgaria (25) 1.7 Denmark (26) 1.7 Finland (27) 1.8 Romania (28) 1.8 Hungary (29) 1.8 Barbados (30) 1.8 Bermuda (31) 1.8 Taiwan (32) 1.8 Man, Isle of (33) 1.8 United States (34) 1.8 United Kingdom (35) 1.8 Cuba (36) 1.8 Aruba (37) 1.8 Australia (38) 1.8 Norway (39) 1.8 Canada (40) 1.8 France (41) 1.9 Czechoslovakia (42) 1.9 Singapore (43) 1.9 Sweden (44) 1.9 Martinique (45) 2 Ukraine (46) 2 Poland (47) 2 Netherlands Antilles (48) 2 Ireland (49) 2 Malta (50) 2 Guadeloupe (51) 2.1 Nauru (52) 2.1 Mauritius (53) 2.1 Russia (54) 2.1 Latvia (55) 2.1 Lithuania (56) 2.1 Belarus (57) 2.1 Puerto Rico (58) 2.1 New Zealand (59) 2.2 Greenland (60) 2.2 Thailand (61) 2.2 Sri Lanka (62) 2.2 Georgia (63) 2.2 The Bahamas (64) 2.2 Montserrat (65) 2.2 Faroe Islands (66) 2.2 Iceland (67) 2.3 China (68) 2.3 Estonia (69) 2.3 British Virgin Islands (70) 2.3 Turks and Caicos Islands (71) 2.4 Guyana (72) 2.4 Saint Kitts and Nevis (73) 2.4 Korea, North (74) 2.4 Trinidad and Tobago (75) 2.4 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (76) 2.4 Seychelles (77) 2.4 Uruguay (78) 2.4 Cyprus (79) 2.4 Dominica (80) 2.5 Guam (81) 2.5 Jamaica (82) 2.5 Chile (83) 2.5 Gibraltar (84) 2.6 Moldova (85) 2.6 Colombia (86) 2.7 Northern Mariana Islands (87) 2.7 Armenia (88) 2.7 New Caledonia (89) 2.7 Virgin Islands (90) 2.8 Indonesia (91) 2.8 Argentina (92) 2.8 Saint Lucia (93) 2.8 Reunion (94) 2.8 Albania (95) 2.9 Suriname (96) 2.9 Kazakhstan (97) 2.9 Azerbaijan (98) 2.9 Israel (99) 3 Fiji (100) 3 Brazil (101) 3 Dominican Republic (102) 3 Cook Islands (103) 3 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (104) 3 Panama (105) 3.1 Tuvalu (106) 3.1 Anguilla (107) 3.2 Tunisia (108) 3.2 Costa Rica (109) 3.3 World (110) 3.3 Peru (111) 3.3 French Polynesia (112) 3.3 Mexico (113) 3.3 Venezuela (114) 3.4 Turkey (115) 3.5 Philippines (116) 3.5 Ecuador (117) 3.5 Brunei (118) 3.6 Vietnam (119) 3.6 Malaysia (120) 3.6 Lebanon (121) 3.6 Wallis and Futuna (122) 3.6 French Guiana (123) 3.7 India (124) 3.7 Morocco (125) 3.7 Tonga (126) 3.8 Burma (127) 3.8 Belize (128) 3.9 Kiribati (129) 4 Kyrgyzstan (130) 4 Qatar (131) 4 El Salvador (132) 4 Bahrain (133) 4.1 Gabon (134) 4.1 Algeria (135) 4.1 Micronesia, Federated States of (136) 4.2 Uzbekistan (137) 4.4 Cambodia (138) 4.4 Egypt (139) 4.4 Botswana (140) 4.4 South Africa (141) 4.4 Western Samoa (142) 4.4 Paraguay (143) 4.4 Kuwait (144) 4.5 Bolivia (145) 4.5 Turkmenistan (146) 4.5 Mongolia (147) 4.5 West Bank (148) 4.5 American Samoa (149) 4.6 Bangladesh (150) 4.6 Nicaragua (151) 4.6 Guatemala (152) 4.6 Grenada (153) 4.7 Lesotho (154) 4.7 United Arab Emirates (155) 4.8 Honduras (156) 4.9 Papua New Guinea (157) 4.9 Libya (158) 5.1 Vanuatu (159) 5.2 Sao Tome and Principe (160) 5.3 Chad (161) 5.3 Tajikistan (162) 5.4 Nepal (163) 5.4 Equatorial Guinea (164) 5.4 Zimbabwe (165) 5.5 Central African Republic (166) 5.5 Bhutan (167) 5.7 Guinea-Bissau (168) 5.7 Congo (169) 6 Guinea (170) 6 Solomon Islands (171) 6.1 Sierra Leone (172) 6.1 Zaire (173) 6.2 Haiti (174) 6.2 Senegal (175) 6.2 Swaziland (176) 6.2 Kenya (177) 6.3 Djibouti (178) 6.3 Laos (179) 6.3 Sudan (180) 6.3 Ghana (181) 6.4 Afghanistan (182) 6.4 Mozambique (183) 6.4 The Gambia (184) 6.4 Cameroon (185) 6.5 Nigeria (186) 6.5 Liberia (187) 6.5 Namibia (188) 6.5 Cape Verde (189) 6.5 Maldives (190) 6.5 Iran (191) 6.6 Angola (192) 6.6 Pakistan (193) 6.6 Oman (194) 6.7 Saudi Arabia (195) 6.8 Madagascar (196) 6.8 Burundi (197) 6.8 Ivory Coast (198) 6.9 Benin (199) 6.9 Ethiopia (200) 6.9 Zambia (201) 6.9 Comoros (202) 6.9 Mayotte (203) 6.9 Syria (204) 6.9 Gaza Strip (205) 7 Tanzania (206) 7 Togo (207) 7 Marshall Islands (208) 7 Iraq (209) 7 Jordan (210) 7.1 Western Sahara (211) 7.1 Mauritania (212) 7.1 Burkina (213) 7.1 Somalia (214) 7.2 Uganda (215) 7.3 Mali (216) 7.3 Yemen (217) 7.4 Niger (218) 7.6 Malawi (219) 8.3 Rwanda (220) 8.3 Rwanda (1) 7.6 Malawi (2) 7.4 Niger (3) 7.3 Yemen (4) 7.3 Mali (5) 7.2 Uganda (6) 7.1 Somalia (7) 7.1 Burkina (8) 7.1 Mauritania (9) 7.1 Western Sahara (10) 7 Jordan (11) 7 Iraq (12) 7 Marshall Islands (13) 7 Togo (14) 7 Tanzania (15) 6.9 Gaza Strip (16) 6.9 Syria (17) 6.9 Mayotte (18) 6.9 Comoros (19) 6.9 Zambia (20) 6.9 Ethiopia (21) 6.9 Benin (22) 6.8 Ivory Coast (23) 6.8 Burundi (24) 6.8 Madagascar (25) 6.7 Saudi Arabia (26) 6.6 Oman (27) 6.6 Pakistan (28) 6.6 Angola (29) 6.5 Iran (30) 6.5 Maldives (31) 6.5 Cape Verde (32) 6.5 Namibia (33) 6.5 Liberia (34) 6.5 Nigeria (35) 6.4 Cameroon (36) 6.4 The Gambia (37) 6.4 Mozambique (38) 6.4 Afghanistan (39) 6.3 Ghana (40) 6.3 Sudan (41) 6.3 Laos (42) 6.3 Djibouti (43) 6.2 Kenya (44) 6.2 Swaziland (45) 6.2 Senegal (46) 6.2 Haiti (47) 6.1 Zaire (48) 6.1 Sierra Leone (49) 6 Solomon Islands (50) 6 Guinea (51) 5.7 Congo (52) 5.7 Guinea-Bissau (53) 5.5 Bhutan (54) 5.5 Central African Republic (55) 5.4 Zimbabwe (56) 5.4 Equatorial Guinea (57) 5.4 Nepal (58) 5.3 Tajikistan (59) 5.3 Chad (60) 5.2 Sao Tome and Principe (61) 5.1 Vanuatu (62) 4.9 Libya (63) 4.9 Papua New Guinea (64) 4.8 Honduras (65) 4.7 United Arab Emirates (66) 4.7 Lesotho (67) 4.6 Grenada (68) 4.6 Guatemala (69) 4.6 Nicaragua (70) 4.6 Bangladesh (71) 4.5 American Samoa (72) 4.5 West Bank (73) 4.5 Mongolia (74) 4.5 Turkmenistan (75) 4.5 Bolivia (76) 4.4 Kuwait (77) 4.4 Paraguay (78) 4.4 Western Samoa (79) 4.4 South Africa (80) 4.4 Botswana (81) 4.4 Egypt (82) 4.4 Cambodia (83) 4.2 Uzbekistan (84) 4.1 Micronesia, Federated States of (85) 4.1 Algeria (86) 4.1 Gabon (87) 4 Bahrain (88) 4 El Salvador (89) 4 Qatar (90) 4 Kyrgyzstan (91) 3.9 Kiribati (92) 3.8 Belize (93) 3.8 Burma (94) 3.7 Tonga (95) 3.7 Morocco (96) 3.7 India (97) 3.6 French Guiana (98) 3.6 Wallis and Futuna (99) 3.6 Lebanon (100) 3.6 Malaysia (101) 3.6 Vietnam (102) 3.5 Brunei (103) 3.5 Ecuador (104) 3.5 Philippines (105) 3.4 Turkey (106) 3.3 Venezuela (107) 3.3 Mexico (108) 3.3 French Polynesia (109) 3.3 Peru (110) 3.3 World (111) 3.2 Costa Rica (112) 3.2 Tunisia (113) 3.1 Anguilla (114) 3.1 Tuvalu (115) 3 Panama (116) 3 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (117) 3 Cook Islands (118) 3 Dominican Republic (119) 3 Brazil (120) 3 Fiji (121) 2.9 Israel (122) 2.9 Azerbaijan (123) 2.9 Kazakhstan (124) 2.9 Suriname (125) 2.8 Albania (126) 2.8 Reunion (127) 2.8 Saint Lucia (128) 2.8 Argentina (129) 2.8 Indonesia (130) 2.7 Virgin Islands (131) 2.7 New Caledonia (132) 2.7 Armenia (133) 2.7 Northern Mariana Islands (134) 2.6 Colombia (135) 2.6 Moldova (136) 2.5 Gibraltar (137) 2.5 Chile (138) 2.5 Jamaica (139) 2.5 Guam (140) 2.4 Dominica (141) 2.4 Cyprus (142) 2.4 Uruguay (143) 2.4 Seychelles (144) 2.4 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (145) 2.4 Trinidad and Tobago (146) 2.4 Korea, North (147) 2.4 Saint Kitts and Nevis (148) 2.4 Guyana (149) 2.3 Turks and Caicos Islands (150) 2.3 British Virgin Islands (151) 2.3 Estonia (152) 2.3 China (153) 2.2 Iceland (154) 2.2 Faroe Islands (155) 2.2 Montserrat (156) 2.2 The Bahamas (157) 2.2 Georgia (158) 2.2 Sri Lanka (159) 2.2 Thailand (160) 2.2 Greenland (161) 2.1 New Zealand (162) 2.1 Puerto Rico (163) 2.1 Belarus (164) 2.1 Lithuania (165) 2.1 Latvia (166) 2.1 Russia (167) 2.1 Mauritius (168) 2.1 Nauru (169) 2 Guadeloupe (170) 2 Malta (171) 2 Ireland (172) 2 Netherlands Antilles (173) 2 Poland (174) 2 Ukraine (175) 1.9 Martinique (176) 1.9 Sweden (177) 1.9 Singapore (178) 1.9 Czechoslovakia (179) 1.8 France (180) 1.8 Canada (181) 1.8 Norway (182) 1.8 Australia (183) 1.8 Aruba (184) 1.8 Cuba (185) 1.8 United Kingdom (186) 1.8 United States (187) 1.8 Man, Isle of (188) 1.8 Taiwan (189) 1.8 Bermuda (190) 1.8 Barbados (191) 1.8 Hungary (192) 1.8 Romania (193) 1.7 Finland (194) 1.7 Denmark (195) 1.7 Bulgaria (196) 1.7 Antigua and Barbuda (197) 1.6 Macau (198) 1.6 Switzerland (199) 1.6 Japan (200) 1.6 Netherlands (201) 1.6 Luxembourg (202) 1.6 Belgium (203) 1.6 Guernsey (204) 1.6 Korea, South (205) 1.5 Greece (206) 1.5 Liechtenstein (207) 1.5 Austria (208) 1.5 Cayman Islands (209) 1.4 Hong Kong (210) 1.4 Italy (211) 1.4 Spain (212) 1.4 Germany (213) 1.4 Portugal (214) 1.3 Andorra (215) 1.3 San Marino (216) 1.3 Jersey (217) 1.2 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (218) 1.2 Saint Helena (219) 1.1 Monaco (220) Life Expectancy Female marked false Life Expectancy Female (years) Life Expectancy Female (years) showNameProp LIFEXFl.pct LIFEXFh.pct 41 Chad (1) 43 Afghanistan (2) 45 Guinea (3) 45 Niger (4) 45 Western Sahara (5) 47 Mali (6) 47 Angola (7) 48 Sierra Leone (8) 48 Guinea-Bissau (9) 49 Mozambique (10) 49 Central African Republic (11) 49 Bhutan (12) 50 Mauritania (13) 50 Djibouti (14) 50 Nigeria (15) 51 The Gambia (16) 51 Cambodia (17) 51 Malawi (18) 51 Nepal (19) 52 Laos (20) 52 Yemen (21) 52 Uganda (22) 53 Equatorial Guinea (23) 53 Benin (24) 53 Ethiopia (25) 53 Burkina (26) 54 Sudan (27) 54 Bangladesh (28) 55 Tanzania (29) 55 Madagascar (30) 55 Burundi (31) 55 Rwanda (32) 55 Haiti (33) 56 Gabon (34) 56 Zaire (35) 56 Kiribati (36) 56 Congo (37) 56 Papua New Guinea (38) 57 Ghana (39) 57 Ivory Coast (40) 57 Senegal (41) 57 Pakistan (42) 57 Somalia (43) 58 Togo (44) 58 India (45) 59 Liberia (46) 59 Zambia (47) 59 Comoros (48) 59 Mayotte (49) 60 Swaziland (50) 60 Cameroon (51) 61 Burma (52) 62 Egypt (53) 63 Namibia (54) 63 Lesotho (55) 64 Indonesia (56) 64 Bolivia (57) 64 Zimbabwe (58) 64 Cape Verde (59) 64 Kenya (60) 64 Tuvalu (61) 64 Marshall Islands (62) 64 Maldives (63) 64 Iraq (64) 65 Botswana (65) 65 World (66) 66 Turkmenistan (67) 66 Nicaragua (68) 66 Guatemala (69) 66 Iran (70) 67 Fiji (71) 67 South Africa (72) 67 Vietnam (73) 67 Morocco (74) 67 Peru (75) 67 Syria (76) 68 Guyana (77) 68 Philippines (78) 68 Mongolia (79) 68 Sao Tome and Principe (80) 68 Honduras (81) 68 Saudi Arabia (82) 68 Gaza Strip (83) 68 Algeria (84) 69 Brazil (85) 69 Saint Kitts and Nevis (86) 69 Greenland (87) 69 Nauru (88) 69 Micronesia, Federated States of (89) 69 Oman (90) 69 Northern Mariana Islands (91) 70 Uzbekistan (92) 70 Tajikistan (93) 70 Tonga (94) 70 Western Samoa (95) 70 Dominican Republic (96) 71 Kyrgyzstan (97) 71 Moldova (98) 71 Malaysia (99) 71 Suriname (100) 71 Lebanon (101) 71 Libya (102) 71 Thailand (103) 71 West Bank (104) 71 Wallis and Futuna (105) 72 Kazakhstan (106) 72 Korea, North (107) 72 Vanuatu (108) 72 Solomon Islands (109) 72 Ecuador (110) 72 Turkey (111) 72 China (112) 73 Azerbaijan (113) 73 Mauritius (114) 73 Korea, South (115) 73 Belize (116) 73 French Polynesia (117) 73 Bosnia and Herzegovina (118) 73 Trinidad and Tobago (119) 73 Cook Islands (120) 73 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (121) 73 Brunei (122) 73 Jordan (123) 74 Russia (124) 74 Estonia (125) 74 Croatia (126) 74 Argentina (127) 74 Romania (128) 74 Armenia (129) 74 Sri Lanka (130) 74 Qatar (131) 74 Grenada (132) 74 Colombia (133) 74 United Arab Emirates (134) 74 Tunisia (135) 74 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (136) 74 Paraguay (137) 75 Seychelles (138) 75 Latvia (139) 75 Ukraine (140) 75 Hungary (141) 75 Georgia (142) 75 El Salvador (143) 75 Saint Lucia (144) 75 Bahrain (145) 75 Serbia and Montenegro (146) 75 American Samoa (147) 75 Antigua and Barbuda (148) 75 British Virgin Islands (149) 75 Macedonia (150) 76 Lithuania (151) 76 Belarus (152) 76 Czechoslovakia (153) 76 Poland (154) 76 Bulgaria (155) 76 The Bahamas (156) 76 Uruguay (157) 76 Mexico (158) 76 New Caledonia (159) 76 Barbados (160) 76 Kuwait (161) 76 Guam (162) 76 Jamaica (163) 76 Saint Helena (164) 77 Reunion (165) 77 Chile (166) 77 Anguilla (167) 77 Netherlands Antilles (168) 77 Bermuda (169) 77 Turks and Caicos Islands (170) 77 Panama (171) 77 Virgin Islands (172) 78 Puerto Rico (173) 78 Slovenia (174) 78 Portugal (175) 78 French Guiana (176) 78 Venezuela (177) 78 Albania (178) 78 Taiwan (179) 78 Guernsey (180) 78 Jersey (181) 78 Denmark (182) 78 Ireland (183) 78 Man, Isle of (184) 78 Singapore (185) 78 Cyprus (186) 78 Montserrat (187) 78 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (188) 79 Gibraltar (189) 79 United States (190) 79 Germany (191) 79 United Kingdom (192) 79 Malta (193) 79 San Marino (194) 79 Dominica (195) 79 Cuba (196) 79 Cayman Islands (197) 79 Costa Rica (198) 80 Finland (199) 80 Monaco (200) 80 New Zealand (201) 80 Belgium (202) 80 Austria (203) 80 Luxembourg (204) 80 Aruba (205) 80 Australia (206) 80 Guadeloupe (207) 80 Israel (208) 81 Liechtenstein (209) 81 Spain (210) 81 Norway (211) 81 Canada (212) 81 Andorra (213) 81 Italy (214) 81 Sweden (215) 81 Faroe Islands (216) 81 Netherlands (217) 81 Greece (218) 81 Martinique (219) 81 Iceland (220) 82 France (221) 82 Japan (222) 83 Switzerland (223) 83 Hong Kong (224) 84 Macau (225) 84 Macau (1) 83 Hong Kong (2) 83 Switzerland (3) 82 Japan (4) 82 France (5) 81 Iceland (6) 81 Martinique (7) 81 Greece (8) 81 Netherlands (9) 81 Faroe Islands (10) 81 Sweden (11) 81 Italy (12) 81 Andorra (13) 81 Canada (14) 81 Norway (15) 81 Spain (16) 81 Liechtenstein (17) 80 Israel (18) 80 Guadeloupe (19) 80 Australia (20) 80 Aruba (21) 80 Luxembourg (22) 80 Austria (23) 80 Belgium (24) 80 New Zealand (25) 80 Monaco (26) 80 Finland (27) 79 Costa Rica (28) 79 Cayman Islands (29) 79 Cuba (30) 79 Dominica (31) 79 San Marino (32) 79 Malta (33) 79 United Kingdom (34) 79 Germany (35) 79 United States (36) 79 Gibraltar (37) 78 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (38) 78 Montserrat (39) 78 Cyprus (40) 78 Singapore (41) 78 Man, Isle of (42) 78 Ireland (43) 78 Denmark (44) 78 Jersey (45) 78 Guernsey (46) 78 Taiwan (47) 78 Albania (48) 78 Venezuela (49) 78 French Guiana (50) 78 Portugal (51) 78 Slovenia (52) 78 Puerto Rico (53) 77 Virgin Islands (54) 77 Panama (55) 77 Turks and Caicos Islands (56) 77 Bermuda (57) 77 Netherlands Antilles (58) 77 Anguilla (59) 77 Chile (60) 77 Reunion (61) 76 Saint Helena (62) 76 Jamaica (63) 76 Guam (64) 76 Kuwait (65) 76 Barbados (66) 76 New Caledonia (67) 76 Mexico (68) 76 Uruguay (69) 76 The Bahamas (70) 76 Bulgaria (71) 76 Poland (72) 76 Czechoslovakia (73) 76 Belarus (74) 76 Lithuania (75) 75 Macedonia (76) 75 British Virgin Islands (77) 75 Antigua and Barbuda (78) 75 American Samoa (79) 75 Serbia and Montenegro (80) 75 Bahrain (81) 75 Saint Lucia (82) 75 El Salvador (83) 75 Georgia (84) 75 Hungary (85) 75 Ukraine (86) 75 Latvia (87) 75 Seychelles (88) 74 Paraguay (89) 74 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (90) 74 Tunisia (91) 74 United Arab Emirates (92) 74 Colombia (93) 74 Grenada (94) 74 Qatar (95) 74 Sri Lanka (96) 74 Armenia (97) 74 Romania (98) 74 Argentina (99) 74 Croatia (100) 74 Estonia (101) 74 Russia (102) 73 Jordan (103) 73 Brunei (104) 73 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (105) 73 Cook Islands (106) 73 Trinidad and Tobago (107) 73 Bosnia and Herzegovina (108) 73 French Polynesia (109) 73 Belize (110) 73 Korea, South (111) 73 Mauritius (112) 73 Azerbaijan (113) 72 China (114) 72 Turkey (115) 72 Ecuador (116) 72 Solomon Islands (117) 72 Vanuatu (118) 72 Korea, North (119) 72 Kazakhstan (120) 71 Wallis and Futuna (121) 71 West Bank (122) 71 Thailand (123) 71 Libya (124) 71 Lebanon (125) 71 Suriname (126) 71 Malaysia (127) 71 Moldova (128) 71 Kyrgyzstan (129) 70 Dominican Republic (130) 70 Western Samoa (131) 70 Tonga (132) 70 Tajikistan (133) 70 Uzbekistan (134) 69 Northern Mariana Islands (135) 69 Oman (136) 69 Micronesia, Federated States of (137) 69 Nauru (138) 69 Greenland (139) 69 Saint Kitts and Nevis (140) 69 Brazil (141) 68 Algeria (142) 68 Gaza Strip (143) 68 Saudi Arabia (144) 68 Honduras (145) 68 Sao Tome and Principe (146) 68 Mongolia (147) 68 Philippines (148) 68 Guyana (149) 67 Syria (150) 67 Peru (151) 67 Morocco (152) 67 Vietnam (153) 67 South Africa (154) 67 Fiji (155) 66 Iran (156) 66 Guatemala (157) 66 Nicaragua (158) 66 Turkmenistan (159) 65 World (160) 65 Botswana (161) 64 Iraq (162) 64 Maldives (163) 64 Marshall Islands (164) 64 Tuvalu (165) 64 Kenya (166) 64 Cape Verde (167) 64 Zimbabwe (168) 64 Bolivia (169) 64 Indonesia (170) 63 Lesotho (171) 63 Namibia (172) 62 Egypt (173) 61 Burma (174) 60 Cameroon (175) 60 Swaziland (176) 59 Mayotte (177) 59 Comoros (178) 59 Zambia (179) 59 Liberia (180) 58 India (181) 58 Togo (182) 57 Somalia (183) 57 Pakistan (184) 57 Senegal (185) 57 Ivory Coast (186) 57 Ghana (187) 56 Papua New Guinea (188) 56 Congo (189) 56 Kiribati (190) 56 Zaire (191) 56 Gabon (192) 55 Haiti (193) 55 Rwanda (194) 55 Burundi (195) 55 Madagascar (196) 55 Tanzania (197) 54 Bangladesh (198) 54 Sudan (199) 53 Burkina (200) 53 Ethiopia (201) 53 Benin (202) 53 Equatorial Guinea (203) 52 Uganda (204) 52 Yemen (205) 52 Laos (206) 51 Nepal (207) 51 Malawi (208) 51 Cambodia (209) 51 The Gambia (210) 50 Nigeria (211) 50 Djibouti (212) 50 Mauritania (213) 49 Bhutan (214) 49 Central African Republic (215) 49 Mozambique (216) 48 Guinea-Bissau (217) 48 Sierra Leone (218) 47 Angola (219) 47 Mali (220) 45 Western Sahara (221) 45 Niger (222) 45 Guinea (223) 43 Afghanistan (224) 41 Chad (225) Life Expectancy Male marked false Life Expectancy Male (years) Life Expectancy Male (years) showNameProp LIFEXMl.pct LIFEXMh.pct 39 Chad (1) 41 Guinea (2) 42 Niger (3) 43 Mali (4) 43 Sierra Leone (5) 43 Angola (6) 43 Western Sahara (7) 44 Mauritania (8) 45 Guinea-Bissau (9) 45 Afghanistan (10) 46 Mozambique (11) 46 Central African Republic (12) 47 Djibouti (13) 47 The Gambia (14) 48 Nigeria (15) 48 Cambodia (16) 48 Malawi (17) 49 Equatorial Guinea (18) 49 Laos (19) 49 Benin (20) 49 Yemen (21) 50 Uganda (22) 50 Tanzania (23) 50 Ethiopia (24) 50 Bhutan (25) 51 Nepal (26) 51 Madagascar (27) 51 Gabon (28) 51 Burundi (29) 51 Rwanda (30) 52 Zaire (31) 52 Swaziland (32) 52 Kiribati (33) 52 Burkina (34) 53 Sudan (35) 53 Ghana (36) 53 Ivory Coast (37) 53 Haiti (38) 53 Congo (39) 54 Senegal (40) 54 Togo (41) 54 Liberia (42) 55 Papua New Guinea (43) 55 Zambia (44) 55 Cameroon (45) 55 Comoros (46) 55 Mayotte (47) 55 Bangladesh (48) 56 Pakistan (49) 56 Somalia (50) 57 Burma (51) 57 India (52) 58 Namibia (53) 58 Egypt (54) 59 Botswana (55) 59 Indonesia (56) 59 Bolivia (57) 59 Turkmenistan (58) 60 Nicaragua (59) 60 Zimbabwe (60) 60 Cape Verde (61) 60 Kenya (62) 60 Lesotho (63) 61 Tuvalu (64) 61 Guyana (65) 61 Marshall Islands (66) 61 Guatemala (67) 61 World (68) 62 Fiji (69) 62 South Africa (70) 62 Philippines (71) 62 Kyrgyzstan (72) 62 Maldives (73) 62 Brazil (74) 62 Iraq (75) 63 Saint Kitts and Nevis (76) 63 Kazakhstan (77) 63 Greenland (78) 63 Russia (79) 63 Mongolia (80) 63 Vietnam (81) 63 Morocco (82) 63 Peru (83) 64 Moldova (84) 64 Nauru (85) 64 Sao Tome and Principe (86) 64 Iran (87) 64 Uzbekistan (88) 64 Tajikistan (89) 65 Seychelles (90) 65 Latvia (91) 65 Tonga (92) 65 Ukraine (93) 65 Estonia (94) 65 Micronesia, Federated States of (95) 65 Western Samoa (96) 65 Oman (97) 65 Azerbaijan (98) 65 Syria (99) 65 Honduras (100) 65 Saudi Arabia (101) 66 Hungary (102) 66 Lithuania (103) 66 Belarus (104) 66 Mauritius (105) 66 Malaysia (106) 66 Korea, North (107) 66 Suriname (108) 66 Northern Mariana Islands (109) 66 Gaza Strip (110) 66 Lebanon (111) 66 Dominican Republic (112) 66 Algeria (113) 66 Libya (114) 67 Croatia (115) 67 Korea, South (116) 67 Vanuatu (117) 67 Solomon Islands (118) 67 Belize (119) 67 Argentina (120) 67 Georgia (121) 67 Thailand (122) 67 Ecuador (123) 68 Czechoslovakia (124) 68 Poland (125) 68 French Polynesia (126) 68 Bosnia and Herzegovina (127) 68 Trinidad and Tobago (128) 68 Romania (129) 68 El Salvador (130) 68 Armenia (131) 68 West Bank (132) 68 Turkey (133) 69 Bulgaria (134) 69 The Bahamas (135) 69 Sri Lanka (136) 69 Uruguay (137) 69 Qatar (138) 69 Cook Islands (139) 69 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (140) 69 Brunei (141) 69 Grenada (142) 69 Mexico (143) 69 Colombia (144) 69 China (145) 70 Reunion (146) 70 Puerto Rico (147) 70 New Caledonia (148) 70 Saint Lucia (149) 70 Bahrain (150) 70 Barbados (151) 70 United Arab Emirates (152) 70 Wallis and Futuna (153) 70 Tunisia (154) 70 Jordan (155) 70 Slovenia (156) 70 Serbia and Montenegro (157) 71 Portugal (158) 71 Chile (159) 71 French Guiana (160) 71 Anguilla (161) 71 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (162) 71 American Samoa (163) 71 Antigua and Barbuda (164) 71 British Virgin Islands (165) 71 Venezuela (166) 71 Albania (167) 71 Paraguay (168) 71 Macedonia (169) 72 Gibraltar (170) 72 Taiwan (171) 72 Finland (172) 72 Guernsey (173) 72 Jersey (174) 72 Denmark (175) 72 Ireland (176) 72 Monaco (177) 72 New Zealand (178) 72 Man, Isle of (179) 72 United States (180) 72 Kuwait (181) 72 Guam (182) 72 Jamaica (183) 72 Saint Helena (184) 73 Singapore (185) 73 Germany (186) 73 United Kingdom (187) 73 Belgium (188) 73 Austria (189) 73 Luxembourg (190) 73 Aruba (191) 73 Netherlands Antilles (192) 73 Bermuda (193) 73 Turks and Caicos Islands (194) 73 Panama (195) 74 Liechtenstein (196) 74 Spain (197) 74 Malta (198) 74 France (199) 74 Norway (200) 74 Canada (201) 74 Andorra (202) 74 Italy (203) 74 San Marino (204) 74 Australia (205) 74 Cyprus (206) 74 Guadeloupe (207) 74 Dominica (208) 74 Cuba (209) 74 Montserrat (210) 74 Virgin Islands (211) 75 Sweden (212) 75 Faroe Islands (213) 75 Netherlands (214) 75 Cayman Islands (215) 75 Greece (216) 75 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (217) 75 Martinique (218) 75 Costa Rica (219) 76 Iceland (220) 76 Switzerland (221) 76 Hong Kong (222) 76 Israel (223) 77 Japan (224) 78 Macau (225) 78 Macau (1) 77 Japan (2) 76 Israel (3) 76 Hong Kong (4) 76 Switzerland (5) 76 Iceland (6) 75 Costa Rica (7) 75 Martinique (8) 75 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (9) 75 Greece (10) 75 Cayman Islands (11) 75 Netherlands (12) 75 Faroe Islands (13) 75 Sweden (14) 74 Virgin Islands (15) 74 Montserrat (16) 74 Cuba (17) 74 Dominica (18) 74 Guadeloupe (19) 74 Cyprus (20) 74 Australia (21) 74 San Marino (22) 74 Italy (23) 74 Andorra (24) 74 Canada (25) 74 Norway (26) 74 France (27) 74 Malta (28) 74 Spain (29) 74 Liechtenstein (30) 73 Panama (31) 73 Turks and Caicos Islands (32) 73 Bermuda (33) 73 Netherlands Antilles (34) 73 Aruba (35) 73 Luxembourg (36) 73 Austria (37) 73 Belgium (38) 73 United Kingdom (39) 73 Germany (40) 73 Singapore (41) 72 Saint Helena (42) 72 Jamaica (43) 72 Guam (44) 72 Kuwait (45) 72 United States (46) 72 Man, Isle of (47) 72 New Zealand (48) 72 Monaco (49) 72 Ireland (50) 72 Denmark (51) 72 Jersey (52) 72 Guernsey (53) 72 Finland (54) 72 Taiwan (55) 72 Gibraltar (56) 71 Macedonia (57) 71 Paraguay (58) 71 Albania (59) 71 Venezuela (60) 71 British Virgin Islands (61) 71 Antigua and Barbuda (62) 71 American Samoa (63) 71 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (64) 71 Anguilla (65) 71 French Guiana (66) 71 Chile (67) 71 Portugal (68) 70 Serbia and Montenegro (69) 70 Slovenia (70) 70 Jordan (71) 70 Tunisia (72) 70 Wallis and Futuna (73) 70 United Arab Emirates (74) 70 Barbados (75) 70 Bahrain (76) 70 Saint Lucia (77) 70 New Caledonia (78) 70 Puerto Rico (79) 70 Reunion (80) 69 China (81) 69 Colombia (82) 69 Mexico (83) 69 Grenada (84) 69 Brunei (85) 69 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (86) 69 Cook Islands (87) 69 Qatar (88) 69 Uruguay (89) 69 Sri Lanka (90) 69 The Bahamas (91) 69 Bulgaria (92) 68 Turkey (93) 68 West Bank (94) 68 Armenia (95) 68 El Salvador (96) 68 Romania (97) 68 Trinidad and Tobago (98) 68 Bosnia and Herzegovina (99) 68 French Polynesia (100) 68 Poland (101) 68 Czechoslovakia (102) 67 Ecuador (103) 67 Thailand (104) 67 Georgia (105) 67 Argentina (106) 67 Belize (107) 67 Solomon Islands (108) 67 Vanuatu (109) 67 Korea, South (110) 67 Croatia (111) 66 Libya (112) 66 Algeria (113) 66 Dominican Republic (114) 66 Lebanon (115) 66 Gaza Strip (116) 66 Northern Mariana Islands (117) 66 Suriname (118) 66 Korea, North (119) 66 Malaysia (120) 66 Mauritius (121) 66 Belarus (122) 66 Lithuania (123) 66 Hungary (124) 65 Saudi Arabia (125) 65 Honduras (126) 65 Syria (127) 65 Azerbaijan (128) 65 Oman (129) 65 Western Samoa (130) 65 Micronesia, Federated States of (131) 65 Estonia (132) 65 Ukraine (133) 65 Tonga (134) 65 Latvia (135) 65 Seychelles (136) 64 Tajikistan (137) 64 Uzbekistan (138) 64 Iran (139) 64 Sao Tome and Principe (140) 64 Nauru (141) 64 Moldova (142) 63 Peru (143) 63 Morocco (144) 63 Vietnam (145) 63 Mongolia (146) 63 Russia (147) 63 Greenland (148) 63 Kazakhstan (149) 63 Saint Kitts and Nevis (150) 62 Iraq (151) 62 Brazil (152) 62 Maldives (153) 62 Kyrgyzstan (154) 62 Philippines (155) 62 South Africa (156) 62 Fiji (157) 61 World (158) 61 Guatemala (159) 61 Marshall Islands (160) 61 Guyana (161) 61 Tuvalu (162) 60 Lesotho (163) 60 Kenya (164) 60 Cape Verde (165) 60 Zimbabwe (166) 60 Nicaragua (167) 59 Turkmenistan (168) 59 Bolivia (169) 59 Indonesia (170) 59 Botswana (171) 58 Egypt (172) 58 Namibia (173) 57 India (174) 57 Burma (175) 56 Somalia (176) 56 Pakistan (177) 55 Bangladesh (178) 55 Mayotte (179) 55 Comoros (180) 55 Cameroon (181) 55 Zambia (182) 55 Papua New Guinea (183) 54 Liberia (184) 54 Togo (185) 54 Senegal (186) 53 Congo (187) 53 Haiti (188) 53 Ivory Coast (189) 53 Ghana (190) 53 Sudan (191) 52 Burkina (192) 52 Kiribati (193) 52 Swaziland (194) 52 Zaire (195) 51 Rwanda (196) 51 Burundi (197) 51 Gabon (198) 51 Madagascar (199) 51 Nepal (200) 50 Bhutan (201) 50 Ethiopia (202) 50 Tanzania (203) 50 Uganda (204) 49 Yemen (205) 49 Benin (206) 49 Laos (207) 49 Equatorial Guinea (208) 48 Malawi (209) 48 Cambodia (210) 48 Nigeria (211) 47 The Gambia (212) 47 Djibouti (213) 46 Central African Republic (214) 46 Mozambique (215) 45 Afghanistan (216) 45 Guinea-Bissau (217) 44 Mauritania (218) 43 Western Sahara (219) 43 Angola (220) 43 Sierra Leone (221) 43 Mali (222) 42 Niger (223) 41 Guinea (224) 39 Chad (225) Literacy marked false Literacy % Literacy % showNameProp litercyl.pct Litercyh.pct 18 Burkina (1) 21 Sierra Leone (2) 22 Malawi (3) 23 Botswana (4) 23 Benin (5) 24 Guinea (6) 24 Somalia (7) 26 Nepal (8) 27 Central African Republic (9) 27 Sudan (10) 27 The Gambia (11) 28 Niger (12) 29 Afghanistan (13) 30 Chad (14) 32 Mali (15) 33 Mozambique (16) 34 Mauritania (17) 35 Cambodia (18) 35 Bangladesh (19) 35 Pakistan (20) 36 Guinea-Bissau (21) 38 Senegal (22) 38 Namibia (23) 38 Yemen (24) 40 Liberia (25) 42 Angola (26) 43 Togo (27) 46 Tanzania (28) 48 India (29) 48 Egypt (30) 48 Djibouti (31) 48 Comoros (32) 48 Uganda (33) 50 Wallis and Futuna (34) 50 Morocco (35) 50 Algeria (36) 50 Equatorial Guinea (37) 50 Burundi (38) 50 Rwanda (39) 51 Nigeria (40) 52 Papua New Guinea (41) 53 Vanuatu (42) 53 Haiti (43) 54 Cameroon (44) 54 Iran (45) 54 Ivory Coast (46) 55 Guatemala (47) 55 Swaziland (48) 57 Nicaragua (49) 57 Sao Tome and Principe (50) 57 Congo (51) 59 Lesotho (52) 60 Ghana (53) 60 Iraq (54) 61 Gabon (55) 62 Saudi Arabia (56) 62 Ethiopia (57) 64 Libya (58) 64 Syria (59) 65 Tunisia (60) 66 Cape Verde (61) 67 Saint Lucia (62) 67 Zimbabwe (63) 68 United Arab Emirates (64) 69 Reunion (65) 69 Kenya (66) 72 Albania (67) 72 Zaire (68) 73 China (69) 73 El Salvador (70) 73 Honduras (71) 73 Zambia (72) 74 World (73) 74 Kuwait (74) 76 Qatar (75) 76 South Africa (76) 77 Hong Kong (77) 77 Indonesia (78) 77 Brunei (79) 77 Bahrain (80) 78 Malaysia (81) 78 Bolivia (82) 80 Lebanon (83) 80 Madagascar (84) 80 Jordan (85) 81 Brazil (86) 81 Turkey (87) 81 Burma (88) 82 French Guiana (89) 83 Mauritius (90) 83 Dominican Republic (91) 84 Malta (92) 84 Laos (93) 85 Portugal (94) 85 Seychelles (95) 85 Peru (96) 86 Sri Lanka (97) 86 Fiji (98) 86 Ecuador (99) 86 Bosnia and Herzegovina (100) 87 Colombia (101) 87 Mexico (102) 88 Singapore (103) 88 Panama (104) 88 Venezuela (105) 88 Vietnam (106) 89 Antigua and Barbuda (107) 89 Puerto Rico (108) 89 Serbia and Montenegro (109) 89 Macedonia (110) 90 Macau (111) 90 Guadeloupe (112) 90 The Bahamas (113) 90 Cyprus (114) 90 Philippines (115) 90 Micronesia, Federated States of (116) 90 Paraguay (117) 90 Mongolia (118) 91 Taiwan (119) 91 New Caledonia (120) 91 Belize (121) 92 Israel (122) 92 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (123) 92 Maldives (124) 93 Greece (125) 93 Bulgaria (126) 93 Martinique (127) 93 Thailand (128) 93 Chile (129) 93 Costa Rica (130) 93 Marshall Islands (131) 94 Cuba (132) 94 Netherlands Antilles (133) 94 Dominica (134) 95 Spain (135) 95 Guyana (136) 95 Trinidad and Tobago (137) 95 Argentina (138) 95 Suriname (139) 95 Anguilla (140) 96 San Marino (141) 96 Korea, South (142) 96 Romania (143) 96 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (144) 96 Uruguay (145) 96 Guam (146) 96 Northern Mariana Islands (147) 97 Italy (148) 97 Montserrat (149) 97 Western Samoa (150) 97 American Samoa (151) 97 Croatia (152) 98 Saint Helena (153) 98 Cayman Islands (154) 98 Bermuda (155) 98 United States (156) 98 Poland (157) 98 Ireland (158) 98 British Virgin Islands (159) 98 Turks and Caicos Islands (160) 98 Saint Kitts and Nevis (161) 98 Jamaica (162) 98 French Polynesia (163) 98 Grenada (164) 99 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (165) 99 Germany (166) 99 Austria (167) 99 Belgium (168) 99 Netherlands (169) 99 Japan (170) 99 Switzerland (171) 99 Denmark (172) 99 Hungary (173) 99 Barbados (174) 99 United Kingdom (175) 99 Norway (176) 99 Canada (177) 99 France (178) 99 Czechoslovakia (179) 99 Sweden (180) 99 New Zealand (181) 99 Korea, North (182) 99 Slovenia (183) 100 Liechtenstein (184) 100 Luxembourg (185) 100 Finland (186) 100 Australia (187) 100 Iceland (188) 100 Tonga (189) 100 Holy See (Vatican City) (190) 100 Holy See (Vatican City) (1) 100 Tonga (2) 100 Iceland (3) 100 Australia (4) 100 Finland (5) 100 Luxembourg (6) 100 Liechtenstein (7) 99 Slovenia (8) 99 Korea, North (9) 99 New Zealand (10) 99 Sweden (11) 99 Czechoslovakia (12) 99 France (13) 99 Canada (14) 99 Norway (15) 99 United Kingdom (16) 99 Barbados (17) 99 Hungary (18) 99 Denmark (19) 99 Switzerland (20) 99 Japan (21) 99 Netherlands (22) 99 Belgium (23) 99 Austria (24) 99 Germany (25) 99 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (26) 98 Grenada (27) 98 French Polynesia (28) 98 Jamaica (29) 98 Saint Kitts and Nevis (30) 98 Turks and Caicos Islands (31) 98 British Virgin Islands (32) 98 Ireland (33) 98 Poland (34) 98 United States (35) 98 Bermuda (36) 98 Cayman Islands (37) 98 Saint Helena (38) 97 Croatia (39) 97 American Samoa (40) 97 Western Samoa (41) 97 Montserrat (42) 97 Italy (43) 96 Northern Mariana Islands (44) 96 Guam (45) 96 Uruguay (46) 96 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (47) 96 Romania (48) 96 Korea, South (49) 96 San Marino (50) 95 Anguilla (51) 95 Suriname (52) 95 Argentina (53) 95 Trinidad and Tobago (54) 95 Guyana (55) 95 Spain (56) 94 Dominica (57) 94 Netherlands Antilles (58) 94 Cuba (59) 93 Marshall Islands (60) 93 Costa Rica (61) 93 Chile (62) 93 Thailand (63) 93 Martinique (64) 93 Bulgaria (65) 93 Greece (66) 92 Maldives (67) 92 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (68) 92 Israel (69) 91 Belize (70) 91 New Caledonia (71) 91 Taiwan (72) 90 Mongolia (73) 90 Paraguay (74) 90 Micronesia, Federated States of (75) 90 Philippines (76) 90 Cyprus (77) 90 The Bahamas (78) 90 Guadeloupe (79) 90 Macau (80) 89 Macedonia (81) 89 Serbia and Montenegro (82) 89 Puerto Rico (83) 89 Antigua and Barbuda (84) 88 Vietnam (85) 88 Venezuela (86) 88 Panama (87) 88 Singapore (88) 87 Mexico (89) 87 Colombia (90) 86 Bosnia and Herzegovina (91) 86 Ecuador (92) 86 Fiji (93) 86 Sri Lanka (94) 85 Peru (95) 85 Seychelles (96) 85 Portugal (97) 84 Laos (98) 84 Malta (99) 83 Dominican Republic (100) 83 Mauritius (101) 82 French Guiana (102) 81 Burma (103) 81 Turkey (104) 81 Brazil (105) 80 Jordan (106) 80 Madagascar (107) 80 Lebanon (108) 78 Bolivia (109) 78 Malaysia (110) 77 Bahrain (111) 77 Brunei (112) 77 Indonesia (113) 77 Hong Kong (114) 76 South Africa (115) 76 Qatar (116) 74 Kuwait (117) 74 World (118) 73 Zambia (119) 73 Honduras (120) 73 El Salvador (121) 73 China (122) 72 Zaire (123) 72 Albania (124) 69 Kenya (125) 69 Reunion (126) 68 United Arab Emirates (127) 67 Zimbabwe (128) 67 Saint Lucia (129) 66 Cape Verde (130) 65 Tunisia (131) 64 Syria (132) 64 Libya (133) 62 Ethiopia (134) 62 Saudi Arabia (135) 61 Gabon (136) 60 Iraq (137) 60 Ghana (138) 59 Lesotho (139) 57 Congo (140) 57 Sao Tome and Principe (141) 57 Nicaragua (142) 55 Swaziland (143) 55 Guatemala (144) 54 Ivory Coast (145) 54 Iran (146) 54 Cameroon (147) 53 Haiti (148) 53 Vanuatu (149) 52 Papua New Guinea (150) 51 Nigeria (151) 50 Rwanda (152) 50 Burundi (153) 50 Equatorial Guinea (154) 50 Algeria (155) 50 Morocco (156) 50 Wallis and Futuna (157) 48 Uganda (158) 48 Comoros (159) 48 Djibouti (160) 48 Egypt (161) 48 India (162) 46 Tanzania (163) 43 Togo (164) 42 Angola (165) 40 Liberia (166) 38 Yemen (167) 38 Namibia (168) 38 Senegal (169) 36 Guinea-Bissau (170) 35 Pakistan (171) 35 Bangladesh (172) 35 Cambodia (173) 34 Mauritania (174) 33 Mozambique (175) 32 Mali (176) 30 Chad (177) 29 Afghanistan (178) 28 Niger (179) 27 The Gambia (180) 27 Sudan (181) 27 Central African Republic (182) 26 Nepal (183) 24 Somalia (184) 24 Guinea (185) 23 Benin (186) 23 Botswana (187) 22 Malawi (188) 21 Sierra Leone (189) 18 Burkina (190) GDP (Gross Domestic Product) marked false GDP_GNPl.pct GDP_GNPh.pct! 1.4 Tokelau (1) 2.1 Niue (2) 4.6 Tuvalu (3) 23 Anguilla (4) 25 Wallis and Futuna (5) 31.6 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (6) 36.8 Kiribati (7) 40 Cook Islands (8) 44.9 Turks and Caicos Islands (9) 46 Sao Tome and Principe (10) 54.2 Montserrat (11) 60 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (12) 60 Western Sahara (13) 63 Marshall Islands (14) 90 Nauru (15) 92 Tonga (16) 115 Western Samoa (17) 128 American Samoa (18) 130 British Virgin Islands (19) 142 Vanuatu (20) 146 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (21) 146.6 Saint Kitts and Nevis (22) 150 Micronesia, Federated States of (23) 156 Equatorial Guinea (24) 162 Guinea-Bissau (25) 165 Northern Mariana Islands (26) 170 Dominica (27) 174 Maldives (28) 182 Gibraltar (29) 186 French Guiana (30) 200 Solomon Islands (31) 207 The Gambia (32) 238 Grenada (33) 250 Guyana (34) 260 Comoros (35) 295 Saint Lucia (36) 310 Cape Verde (37) 320 Bhutan (38) 340 Djibouti (39) 350 Seychelles (40) 373 Belize (41) 380 Gaza Strip (42) 384 Cayman Islands (43) 400 San Marino (44) 418 Antigua and Barbuda (45) 420 Lesotho (46) 475 Monaco (47) 490 Man, Isle of (48) 500 Greenland (49) 563 Swaziland (50) 630 Liechtenstein (51) 662 Faroe Islands (52) 727 Andorra (53) 800 Laos (54) 854 Aruba (55) 930 Cambodia (56) 988 Liberia (57) 1000 Chad (58) 1000 New Caledonia (59) 1100 Mauritania (60) 1100 Guadeloupe (61) 1130 Burundi (62) 1200 French Polynesia (63) 1200 Virgin Islands (64) 1300 Central African Republic (65) 1300 Fiji (66) 1300 Bermuda (67) 1300 West Bank (68) 1400 Sierra Leone (69) 1400 Netherlands Antilles (70) 1400 Suriname (71) 1500 Togo (72) 1600 Nicaragua (73) 1700 Somalia (74) 1700 Mozambique (75) 1700 Barbados (76) 1900 Malawi (77) 2000 Benin (78) 2000 Namibia (79) 2000 Martinique (80) 2000 Guam (81) 2100 Rwanda (82) 2100 Mongolia (83) 2200 Mali (84) 2400 Niger (85) 2400 Congo (86) 2400 Madagascar (87) 2500 Mauritius (88) 2500 Malta (89) 2500 The Bahamas (90) 2700 Haiti (91) 2700 Albania (92) 2900 Burkina (93) 3000 Guinea (94) 3000 Afghanistan (95) 3100 Papua New Guinea (96) 3100 Macau (97) 3200 Nepal (98) 3300 Gabon (99) 3370 Reunion (100) 3500 Brunei (101) 3600 Botswana (102) 3600 Jordan (103) 3600 Jamaica (104) 4000 Bahrain (105) 4200 Iceland (106) 4600 Bolivia (107) 4700 Zambia (108) 4800 Lebanon (109) 4900 Trinidad and Tobago (110) 5000 Senegal (111) 5000 Panama (112) 5200 Honduras (113) 5300 Yemen (114) 5500 El Salvador (115) 5500 Cyprus (116) 5600 Uganda (117) 5900 Costa Rica (118) 6200 Ghana (119) 6600 Ethiopia (120) 6900 Tanzania (121) 7000 Dominican Republic (122) 7000 Paraguay (123) 7100 Zimbabwe (124) 7100 Macedonia (125) 7200 Sri Lanka (126) 7400 Qatar (127) 7830 Luxembourg (128) 8300 Angola (129) 8750 Kuwait (130) 9100 Uruguay (131) 9700 Kenya (132) 9800 Zaire (133) 10000 Ivory Coast (134) 10600 Oman (135) 10900 Tunisia (136) 11500 Cameroon (137) 11500 Ecuador (138) 11700 Guatemala (139) 12100 Sudan (140) 14000 Bosnia and Herzegovina (141) 15000 Vietnam (142) 17000 Cuba (143) 20600 Peru (144) 21000 Slovenia (145) 21600 Puerto Rico (146) 22200 Burma (147) 23100 Bangladesh (148) 23300 Korea, North (149) 27300 Morocco (150) 28900 Libya (151) 30000 Nigeria (152) 30000 Syria (153) 30500 Chile (154) 33700 United Arab Emirates (155) 35000 Iraq (156) 36400 Bulgaria (157) 38300 Singapore (158) 39200 Egypt (159) 39200 Ireland (160) 44000 Serbia and Montenegro (161) 45000 Colombia (162) 45400 Pakistan (163) 46200 New Zealand (164) 47000 Philippines (165) 48000 Malaysia (166) 52300 Venezuela (167) 54000 Algeria (168) 54600 Israel (169) 60100 Hungary (170) 71900 Romania (171) 72900 Norway (172) 77600 Greece (173) 80600 Finland (174) 80900 Hong Kong (175) 87300 Portugal (176) 90000 Iran (177) 91100 Denmark (178) 92600 Thailand (179) 101200 Argentina (180) 104000 Saudi Arabia (181) 104000 South Africa (182) 108900 Czechoslovakia (183) 122000 Indonesia (184) 147400 Switzerland (185) 147600 Sweden (186) 150800 Taiwan (187) 162700 Poland (188) 164100 Austria (189) 171800 Belgium (190) 198000 Turkey (191) 249600 Netherlands (192) 273000 Korea, South (193) 280800 Australia (194) 289000 Mexico (195) 328000 India (196) 358000 Brazil (197) 487500 Spain (198) 521500 Canada (199) 915500 United Kingdom (200) 965000 Italy (201) 1033699.94 France (202) 1331400 Germany (203) 2360700 Japan (204) 5673000 United States (205) 5673000 United States (1) 2360700 Japan (2) 1331400 Germany (3) 1033699.94 France (4) 965000 Italy (5) 915500 United Kingdom (6) 521500 Canada (7) 487500 Spain (8) 358000 Brazil (9) 328000 India (10) 289000 Mexico (11) 280800 Australia (12) 273000 Korea, South (13) 249600 Netherlands (14) 198000 Turkey (15) 171800 Belgium (16) 164100 Austria (17) 162700 Poland (18) 150800 Taiwan (19) 147600 Sweden (20) 147400 Switzerland (21) 122000 Indonesia (22) 108900 Czechoslovakia (23) 104000 South Africa (24) 104000 Saudi Arabia (25) 101200 Argentina (26) 92600 Thailand (27) 91100 Denmark (28) 90000 Iran (29) 87300 Portugal (30) 80900 Hong Kong (31) 80600 Finland (32) 77600 Greece (33) 72900 Norway (34) 71900 Romania (35) 60100 Hungary (36) 54600 Israel (37) 54000 Algeria (38) 52300 Venezuela (39) 48000 Malaysia (40) 47000 Philippines (41) 46200 New Zealand (42) 45400 Pakistan (43) 45000 Colombia (44) 44000 Serbia and Montenegro (45) 39200 Ireland (46) 39200 Egypt (47) 38300 Singapore (48) 36400 Bulgaria (49) 35000 Iraq (50) 33700 United Arab Emirates (51) 30500 Chile (52) 30000 Syria (53) 30000 Nigeria (54) 28900 Libya (55) 27300 Morocco (56) 23300 Korea, North (57) 23100 Bangladesh (58) 22200 Burma (59) 21600 Puerto Rico (60) 21000 Slovenia (61) 20600 Peru (62) 17000 Cuba (63) 15000 Vietnam (64) 14000 Bosnia and Herzegovina (65) 12100 Sudan (66) 11700 Guatemala (67) 11500 Ecuador (68) 11500 Cameroon (69) 10900 Tunisia (70) 10600 Oman (71) 10000 Ivory Coast (72) 9800 Zaire (73) 9700 Kenya (74) 9100 Uruguay (75) 8750 Kuwait (76) 8300 Angola (77) 7830 Luxembourg (78) 7400 Qatar (79) 7200 Sri Lanka (80) 7100 Macedonia (81) 7100 Zimbabwe (82) 7000 Paraguay (83) 7000 Dominican Republic (84) 6900 Tanzania (85) 6600 Ethiopia (86) 6200 Ghana (87) 5900 Costa Rica (88) 5600 Uganda (89) 5500 Cyprus (90) 5500 El Salvador (91) 5300 Yemen (92) 5200 Honduras (93) 5000 Panama (94) 5000 Senegal (95) 4900 Trinidad and Tobago (96) 4800 Lebanon (97) 4700 Zambia (98) 4600 Bolivia (99) 4200 Iceland (100) 4000 Bahrain (101) 3600 Jamaica (102) 3600 Jordan (103) 3600 Botswana (104) 3500 Brunei (105) 3370 Reunion (106) 3300 Gabon (107) 3200 Nepal (108) 3100 Macau (109) 3100 Papua New Guinea (110) 3000 Afghanistan (111) 3000 Guinea (112) 2900 Burkina (113) 2700 Albania (114) 2700 Haiti (115) 2500 The Bahamas (116) 2500 Malta (117) 2500 Mauritius (118) 2400 Madagascar (119) 2400 Congo (120) 2400 Niger (121) 2200 Mali (122) 2100 Mongolia (123) 2100 Rwanda (124) 2000 Guam (125) 2000 Martinique (126) 2000 Namibia (127) 2000 Benin (128) 1900 Malawi (129) 1700 Barbados (130) 1700 Mozambique (131) 1700 Somalia (132) 1600 Nicaragua (133) 1500 Togo (134) 1400 Suriname (135) 1400 Netherlands Antilles (136) 1400 Sierra Leone (137) 1300 West Bank (138) 1300 Bermuda (139) 1300 Fiji (140) 1300 Central African Republic (141) 1200 Virgin Islands (142) 1200 French Polynesia (143) 1130 Burundi (144) 1100 Guadeloupe (145) 1100 Mauritania (146) 1000 New Caledonia (147) 1000 Chad (148) 988 Liberia (149) 930 Cambodia (150) 854 Aruba (151) 800 Laos (152) 727 Andorra (153) 662 Faroe Islands (154) 630 Liechtenstein (155) 563 Swaziland (156) 500 Greenland (157) 490 Man, Isle of (158) 475 Monaco (159) 420 Lesotho (160) 418 Antigua and Barbuda (161) 400 San Marino (162) 384 Cayman Islands (163) 380 Gaza Strip (164) 373 Belize (165) 350 Seychelles (166) 340 Djibouti (167) 320 Bhutan (168) 310 Cape Verde (169) 295 Saint Lucia (170) 260 Comoros (171) 250 Guyana (172) 238 Grenada (173) 207 The Gambia (174) 200 Solomon Islands (175) 186 French Guiana (176) 182 Gibraltar (177) 174 Maldives (178) 170 Dominica (179) 165 Northern Mariana Islands (180) 162 Guinea-Bissau (181) 156 Equatorial Guinea (182) 150 Micronesia, Federated States of (183) 146.6 Saint Kitts and Nevis (184) 146 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (185) 142 Vanuatu (186) 130 British Virgin Islands (187) 128 American Samoa (188) 115 Western Samoa (189) 92 Tonga (190) 90 Nauru (191) 63 Marshall Islands (192) 60 Western Sahara (193) 60 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (194) 54.2 Montserrat (195) 46 Sao Tome and Principe (196) 44.9 Turks and Caicos Islands (197) 40 Cook Islands (198) 36.8 Kiribati (199) 31.6 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (200) 25 Wallis and Futuna (201) 23 Anguilla (202) 4.6 Tuvalu (203) 2.1 Niue (204) 1.4 Tokelau (205) GDP (Gross Domestic Product) $ 3showNameProp GDP (Gross Domestic Product) $ Millions GDP Growth Rate marked false GDP Growth Rate % GDP Growth Rate % showNameProp GDPGROWl.pct GDPGROWh.pct -35 Albania (1) -23 Georgia (2) -22 Bulgaria (3) -12 Romania (4) -10 Armenia (5) -9 Russia (6) -8 Macedonia (7) -8 Latvia (8) -7 Hungary (9) -7 Kazakhstan (10) -6.2 Finland (11) -5 Croatia (12) -5 Czechoslovakia (13) -3.1 Barbados (14) -3 Central African Republic (15) -3 Lithuania (16) -2 Belarus (17) -2 Moldova (18) -1 Estonia (19) -0.9 Ivory Coast (20) -0.9 United Kingdom (21) -0.9 Uzbekistan (22) -0.8 Madagascar (23) -0.8 Rwanda (24) -0.7 United States (25) -0.7 Azerbaijan (26) -0.6 Australia (27) -0.6 Turkmenistan (28) -0.5 Western Samoa (29) -0.5 South Africa (30) -0.5 Seychelles (31) -0.4 Somalia (32) -0.4 Niger (33) -0.4 New Zealand (34) -0.3 Honduras (35) -0.2 Switzerland (36) -0.1 Sweden (37) -0.1 Canada (38) 0 Afghanistan (39) 0 Zaire (40) 0 Nicaragua (41) 0 Haiti (42) 0 Sudan (43) 0 Gaza Strip (44) 0 Zambia (45) 0 Mongolia (46) 0 Dominican Republic (47) 0 Djibouti (48) 0 Korea, North (49) 0 West Bank (50) 0 Cuba (51) 0 Suriname (52) 0 Poland (53) 0 Kuwait (54) 0 Slovenia (55) 0 Aruba (56) 0 Ukraine (57) 0 Kyrgyzstan (58) 0 Tajikistan (59) 0.1 Philippines (60) 0.3 Iceland (61) 0.5 Congo (62) 0.5 Oman (63) 0.7 Cameroon (64) 0.7 Trinidad and Tobago (65) 0.7 Germany (66) 0.9 Chad (67) 1 Mozambique (68) 1 Kiribati (69) 1 Jamaica (70) 1 Greece (71) 1 Brunei (72) 1 The Bahamas (73) 1 Italy (74) 1.2 Brazil (75) 1.3 Burkina (76) 1.3 Ireland (77) 1.4 Belgium (78) 1.4 France (79) 1.5 Sao Tome and Principe (80) 1.5 Liberia (81) 1.5 Turkey (82) 1.5 Saudi Arabia (83) 1.5 Netherlands Antilles (84) 1.6 Equatorial Guinea (85) 1.7 Angola (86) 2 Togo (87) 2 Egypt (88) 2 Denmark (89) 2 Bermuda (90) 2.1 Saint Kitts and Nevis (91) 2.2 Mali (92) 2.2 Puerto Rico (93) 2.2 Netherlands (94) 2.3 Kenya (95) 2.3 Uruguay (96) 2.4 Peru (97) 2.4 New Caledonia (98) 2.5 Vietnam (99) 2.5 India (100) 2.5 Tonga (101) 2.5 Ecuador (102) 2.5 Costa Rica (103) 2.5 Algeria (104) 2.5 Spain (105) 2.5 Luxembourg (106) 2.7 Comoros (107) 2.7 Portugal (108) 3 The Gambia (109) 3 Sierra Leone (110) 3 Benin (111) 3 Mauritania (112) 3 El Salvador (113) 3 Jordan (114) 3 Guatemala (115) 3 Paraguay (116) 3 Faroe Islands (117) 3 Austria (118) 3.1 Bhutan (119) 3.2 Bangladesh (120) 3.4 Burundi (121) 3.5 Nepal (122) 3.5 Zimbabwe (123) 3.5 Tunisia (124) 3.5 Fiji (125) 3.6 Senegal (126) 3.7 Colombia (127) 3.8 Hong Kong (128) 4 Laos (129) 4 Lesotho (130) 4 Bolivia (131) 4 Cape Verde (132) 4 Saint Lucia (133) 4 Mexico (134) 4.1 Norway (135) 4.2 Malawi (136) 4.2 Morocco (137) 4.2 Antigua and Barbuda (138) 4.3 Guinea (139) 4.5 Tanzania (140) 4.5 Uganda (141) 4.5 Japan (142) 4.8 Pakistan (143) 5 Guinea-Bissau (144) 5 Ghana (145) 5 Sri Lanka (146) 5 Swaziland (147) 5 Gibraltar (148) 5 Greenland (149) 5 Israel (150) 5.1 Namibia (151) 5.2 Nigeria (152) 5.2 Grenada (153) 5.2 Taiwan (154) 5.3 Cook Islands (155) 5.5 Chile (156) 5.5 Argentina (157) 5.5 Malta (158) 5.6 Burma (159) 5.9 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (160) 6 Guyana (161) 6 Solomon Islands (162) 6 Indonesia (163) 6 Vanuatu (164) 6 Macau (165) 6 Cyprus (166) 6 China (167) 6.1 Mauritius (168) 6.3 Botswana (169) 6.3 British Virgin Islands (170) 6.5 Singapore (171) 6.7 Bahrain (172) 7 Dominica (173) 8 Thailand (174) 8 Cayman Islands (175) 8 Jersey (176) 8.2 Anguilla (177) 8.6 Malaysia (178) 8.7 Korea, South (179) 9 Papua New Guinea (180) 9 Reunion (181) 9 Libya (182) 9 Guernsey (183) 9.2 Venezuela (184) 9.3 Panama (185) 10 Iran (186) 10 Belize (187) 10 Iraq (188) 10 Montserrat (189) 10.1 Maldives (190) 11 Syria (191) 11 United Arab Emirates (192) 13 Gabon (193) 13 Gabon (1) 11 United Arab Emirates (2) 11 Syria (3) 10.1 Maldives (4) 10 Montserrat (5) 10 Iraq (6) 10 Belize (7) 10 Iran (8) 9.3 Panama (9) 9.2 Venezuela (10) 9 Guernsey (11) 9 Libya (12) 9 Reunion (13) 9 Papua New Guinea (14) 8.7 Korea, South (15) 8.6 Malaysia (16) 8.2 Anguilla (17) 8 Jersey (18) 8 Cayman Islands (19) 8 Thailand (20) 7 Dominica (21) 6.7 Bahrain (22) 6.5 Singapore (23) 6.3 British Virgin Islands (24) 6.3 Botswana (25) 6.1 Mauritius (26) 6 China (27) 6 Cyprus (28) 6 Macau (29) 6 Vanuatu (30) 6 Indonesia (31) 6 Solomon Islands (32) 6 Guyana (33) 5.9 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (34) 5.6 Burma (35) 5.5 Malta (36) 5.5 Argentina (37) 5.5 Chile (38) 5.3 Cook Islands (39) 5.2 Taiwan (40) 5.2 Grenada (41) 5.2 Nigeria (42) 5.1 Namibia (43) 5 Israel (44) 5 Greenland (45) 5 Gibraltar (46) 5 Swaziland (47) 5 Sri Lanka (48) 5 Ghana (49) 5 Guinea-Bissau (50) 4.8 Pakistan (51) 4.5 Japan (52) 4.5 Uganda (53) 4.5 Tanzania (54) 4.3 Guinea (55) 4.2 Antigua and Barbuda (56) 4.2 Morocco (57) 4.2 Malawi (58) 4.1 Norway (59) 4 Mexico (60) 4 Saint Lucia (61) 4 Cape Verde (62) 4 Bolivia (63) 4 Lesotho (64) 4 Laos (65) 3.8 Hong Kong (66) 3.7 Colombia (67) 3.6 Senegal (68) 3.5 Fiji (69) 3.5 Tunisia (70) 3.5 Zimbabwe (71) 3.5 Nepal (72) 3.4 Burundi (73) 3.2 Bangladesh (74) 3.1 Bhutan (75) 3 Austria (76) 3 Faroe Islands (77) 3 Paraguay (78) 3 Guatemala (79) 3 Jordan (80) 3 El Salvador (81) 3 Mauritania (82) 3 Benin (83) 3 Sierra Leone (84) 3 The Gambia (85) 2.7 Portugal (86) 2.7 Comoros (87) 2.5 Luxembourg (88) 2.5 Spain (89) 2.5 Algeria (90) 2.5 Costa Rica (91) 2.5 Ecuador (92) 2.5 Tonga (93) 2.5 India (94) 2.5 Vietnam (95) 2.4 New Caledonia (96) 2.4 Peru (97) 2.3 Uruguay (98) 2.3 Kenya (99) 2.2 Netherlands (100) 2.2 Puerto Rico (101) 2.2 Mali (102) 2.1 Saint Kitts and Nevis (103) 2 Bermuda (104) 2 Denmark (105) 2 Egypt (106) 2 Togo (107) 1.7 Angola (108) 1.6 Equatorial Guinea (109) 1.5 Netherlands Antilles (110) 1.5 Saudi Arabia (111) 1.5 Turkey (112) 1.5 Liberia (113) 1.5 Sao Tome and Principe (114) 1.4 France (115) 1.4 Belgium (116) 1.3 Ireland (117) 1.3 Burkina (118) 1.2 Brazil (119) 1 Italy (120) 1 The Bahamas (121) 1 Brunei (122) 1 Greece (123) 1 Jamaica (124) 1 Kiribati (125) 1 Mozambique (126) 0.9 Chad (127) 0.7 Germany (128) 0.7 Trinidad and Tobago (129) 0.7 Cameroon (130) 0.5 Oman (131) 0.5 Congo (132) 0.3 Iceland (133) 0.1 Philippines (134) 0 Tajikistan (135) 0 Kyrgyzstan (136) 0 Ukraine (137) 0 Aruba (138) 0 Slovenia (139) 0 Kuwait (140) 0 Poland (141) 0 Suriname (142) 0 Cuba (143) 0 West Bank (144) 0 Korea, North (145) 0 Djibouti (146) 0 Dominican Republic (147) 0 Mongolia (148) 0 Zambia (149) 0 Gaza Strip (150) 0 Sudan (151) 0 Haiti (152) 0 Nicaragua (153) 0 Zaire (154) 0 Afghanistan (155) -0.1 Canada (156) -0.1 Sweden (157) -0.2 Switzerland (158) -0.3 Honduras (159) -0.4 New Zealand (160) -0.4 Niger (161) -0.4 Somalia (162) -0.5 Seychelles (163) -0.5 South Africa (164) -0.5 Western Samoa (165) -0.6 Turkmenistan (166) -0.6 Australia (167) -0.7 Azerbaijan (168) -0.7 United States (169) -0.8 Rwanda (170) -0.8 Madagascar (171) -0.9 Uzbekistan (172) -0.9 United Kingdom (173) -0.9 Ivory Coast (174) -1 Estonia (175) -2 Moldova (176) -2 Belarus (177) -3 Lithuania (178) -3 Central African Republic (179) -3.1 Barbados (180) -5 Czechoslovakia (181) -5 Croatia (182) -6.2 Finland (183) -7 Kazakhstan (184) -7 Hungary (185) -8 Latvia (186) -8 Macedonia (187) -9 Russia (188) -10 Armenia (189) -12 Romania (190) -22 Bulgaria (191) -23 Georgia (192) -35 Albania (193) Per Capita GDP marked false Per Capita GDP $ Per Capita GDP $ showNameProp PCAPGDPl.pct PCAPGDPh.pct 37 Bosnia and Herzegovina (1) 120 Mozambique (2) 130 Cambodia (3) 130 Ethiopia (4) 160 Guinea-Bissau (5) 165 Nepal (6) 200 Bhutan (7) 200 Laos (8) 200 Burundi (9) 200 Malawi (10) 200 Madagascar (11) 200 Afghanistan (12) 200 Bangladesh (13) 205 Chad (14) 210 Somalia (15) 220 Vietnam (16) 235 The Gambia (17) 240 Lesotho (18) 250 Nigeria (19) 260 Tanzania (20) 260 Zaire (21) 265 Mali (22) 300 Western Sahara (23) 300 Guyana (24) 300 Rwanda (25) 300 Niger (26) 300 Uganda (27) 320 Burkina (28) 330 Sierra Leone (29) 380 Pakistan (30) 380 India (31) 385 Kenya (32) 400 Sao Tome and Principe (33) 400 Equatorial Guinea (34) 400 Liberia (35) 400 Togo (36) 400 Ghana (37) 410 Benin (38) 410 Guinea (39) 410 Sri Lanka (40) 425 Nicaragua (41) 440 Central African Republic (42) 440 Haiti (43) 450 Sudan (44) 525 Kiribati (45) 530 Tuvalu (46) 530 Burma (47) 535 Mauritania (48) 540 Comoros (49) 545 Yemen (50) 590 Gaza Strip (51) 600 Solomon Islands (52) 600 Zambia (53) 615 Senegal (54) 630 Bolivia (55) 630 Indonesia (56) 660 Zimbabwe (57) 690 Western Samoa (58) 720 Egypt (59) 720 Philippines (60) 725 Swaziland (61) 770 Maldives (62) 800 Tokelau (63) 800 Cape Verde (64) 800 Papua New Guinea (65) 800 Ivory Coast (66) 820 Albania (67) 900 Tonga (68) 900 Vanuatu (69) 900 Mongolia (70) 920 Peru (71) 950 Dominican Republic (72) 950 Angola (73) 1000 Niue (74) 1000 Djibouti (75) 1010 El Salvador (76) 1040 Cameroon (77) 1050 Honduras (78) 1060 Morocco (79) 1070 Congo (80) 1070 Ecuador (81) 1100 Jordan (82) 1100 Korea, North (83) 1200 West Bank (84) 1260 Guatemala (85) 1300 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (86) 1300 Colombia (87) 1320 Tunisia (88) 1400 Namibia (89) 1400 Jamaica (90) 1400 Lebanon (91) 1460 Paraguay (92) 1500 Wallis and Futuna (93) 1500 Marshall Islands (94) 1500 Micronesia, Federated States of (95) 1500 Iran (96) 1580 Cuba (97) 1630 Thailand (98) 1635 Belize (99) 1700 Fiji (100) 1900 Costa Rica (101) 1930 Saint Lucia (102) 1940 Iraq (103) 2000 Dominica (104) 2040 Panama (105) 2130 Algeria (106) 2200 Cook Islands (107) 2240 French Guiana (108) 2260 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (109) 2300 Mauritius (110) 2300 Syria (111) 2300 Chile (112) 2300 Brazil (113) 2500 American Samoa (114) 2590 Venezuela (115) 2600 South Africa (116) 2670 Malaysia (117) 2800 Grenada (118) 2800 Botswana (119) 2935 Uruguay (120) 3090 Gabon (121) 3100 Romania (122) 3100 Argentina (123) 3110 Macedonia (124) 3200 Mexico (125) 3300 Anguilla (126) 3300 Guadeloupe (127) 3400 Suriname (128) 3400 Turkey (129) 3498 Northern Mariana Islands (130) 3600 Trinidad and Tobago (131) 3650 Saint Kitts and Nevis (132) 4100 Bulgaria (133) 4200 Serbia and Montenegro (134) 4300 Poland (135) 4500 Montserrat (136) 4600 Gibraltar (137) 5000 Turks and Caicos Islands (138) 5200 Seychelles (139) 5600 Croatia (140) 5700 Hungary (141) 5800 Saudi Arabia (142) 6000 New Caledonia (143) 6000 French Polynesia (144) 6000 Martinique (145) 6000 Reunion (146) 6200 Kuwait (147) 6300 Korea, South (148) 6500 Antigua and Barbuda (149) 6500 Barbados (150) 6600 Puerto Rico (151) 6800 Libya (152) 6900 Macau (153) 6900 Czechoslovakia (154) 6925 Oman (155) 7000 Malta (156) 7380 Taiwan (157) 7500 Bahrain (158) 7573 Man, Isle of (159) 7600 Netherlands Antilles (160) 7730 Greece (161) 8400 Portugal (162) 8800 Brunei (163) 9000 Greenland (164) 9500 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (165) 9600 Cyprus (166) 9900 The Bahamas (167) 10000 Nauru (168) 10600 British Virgin Islands (169) 10700 Slovenia (170) 11000 Virgin Islands (171) 11200 Ireland (172) 12000 Israel (173) 12400 Spain (174) 13600 Aruba (175) 13800 Hong Kong (176) 13900 Singapore (177) 14000 Faroe Islands (178) 14000 Andorra (179) 14000 Guam (180) 14000 New Zealand (181) 14100 United Arab Emirates (182) 14500 Cayman Islands (183) 15000 Qatar (184) 15900 United Kingdom (185) 16000 Monaco (186) 16200 Iceland (187) 16200 Finland (188) 16200 Australia (189) 16600 Netherlands (190) 16700 Italy (191) 16700 Germany (192) 17000 San Marino (193) 17100 Norway (194) 17200 Sweden (195) 17300 Belgium (196) 17700 Denmark (197) 18300 France (198) 19000 Japan (199) 19400 Canada (200) 20200 Luxembourg (201) 20985 Austria (202) 21700 Switzerland (203) 22300 Liechtenstein (204) 22400 Bermuda (205) 22470 United States (206) 22470 United States (1) 22400 Bermuda (2) 22300 Liechtenstein (3) 21700 Switzerland (4) 20985 Austria (5) 20200 Luxembourg (6) 19400 Canada (7) 19000 Japan (8) 18300 France (9) 17700 Denmark (10) 17300 Belgium (11) 17200 Sweden (12) 17100 Norway (13) 17000 San Marino (14) 16700 Germany (15) 16700 Italy (16) 16600 Netherlands (17) 16200 Australia (18) 16200 Finland (19) 16200 Iceland (20) 16000 Monaco (21) 15900 United Kingdom (22) 15000 Qatar (23) 14500 Cayman Islands (24) 14100 United Arab Emirates (25) 14000 New Zealand (26) 14000 Guam (27) 14000 Andorra (28) 14000 Faroe Islands (29) 13900 Singapore (30) 13800 Hong Kong (31) 13600 Aruba (32) 12400 Spain (33) 12000 Israel (34) 11200 Ireland (35) 11000 Virgin Islands (36) 10700 Slovenia (37) 10600 British Virgin Islands (38) 10000 Nauru (39) 9900 The Bahamas (40) 9600 Cyprus (41) 9500 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (42) 9000 Greenland (43) 8800 Brunei (44) 8400 Portugal (45) 7730 Greece (46) 7600 Netherlands Antilles (47) 7573 Man, Isle of (48) 7500 Bahrain (49) 7380 Taiwan (50) 7000 Malta (51) 6925 Oman (52) 6900 Czechoslovakia (53) 6900 Macau (54) 6800 Libya (55) 6600 Puerto Rico (56) 6500 Barbados (57) 6500 Antigua and Barbuda (58) 6300 Korea, South (59) 6200 Kuwait (60) 6000 Reunion (61) 6000 Martinique (62) 6000 French Polynesia (63) 6000 New Caledonia (64) 5800 Saudi Arabia (65) 5700 Hungary (66) 5600 Croatia (67) 5200 Seychelles (68) 5000 Turks and Caicos Islands (69) 4600 Gibraltar (70) 4500 Montserrat (71) 4300 Poland (72) 4200 Serbia and Montenegro (73) 4100 Bulgaria (74) 3650 Saint Kitts and Nevis (75) 3600 Trinidad and Tobago (76) 3498 Northern Mariana Islands (77) 3400 Turkey (78) 3400 Suriname (79) 3300 Guadeloupe (80) 3300 Anguilla (81) 3200 Mexico (82) 3110 Macedonia (83) 3100 Argentina (84) 3100 Romania (85) 3090 Gabon (86) 2935 Uruguay (87) 2800 Botswana (88) 2800 Grenada (89) 2670 Malaysia (90) 2600 South Africa (91) 2590 Venezuela (92) 2500 American Samoa (93) 2300 Brazil (94) 2300 Chile (95) 2300 Syria (96) 2300 Mauritius (97) 2260 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (98) 2240 French Guiana (99) 2200 Cook Islands (100) 2130 Algeria (101) 2040 Panama (102) 2000 Dominica (103) 1940 Iraq (104) 1930 Saint Lucia (105) 1900 Costa Rica (106) 1700 Fiji (107) 1635 Belize (108) 1630 Thailand (109) 1580 Cuba (110) 1500 Iran (111) 1500 Micronesia, Federated States of (112) 1500 Marshall Islands (113) 1500 Wallis and Futuna (114) 1460 Paraguay (115) 1400 Lebanon (116) 1400 Jamaica (117) 1400 Namibia (118) 1320 Tunisia (119) 1300 Colombia (120) 1300 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (121) 1260 Guatemala (122) 1200 West Bank (123) 1100 Korea, North (124) 1100 Jordan (125) 1070 Ecuador (126) 1070 Congo (127) 1060 Morocco (128) 1050 Honduras (129) 1040 Cameroon (130) 1010 El Salvador (131) 1000 Djibouti (132) 1000 Niue (133) 950 Angola (134) 950 Dominican Republic (135) 920 Peru (136) 900 Mongolia (137) 900 Vanuatu (138) 900 Tonga (139) 820 Albania (140) 800 Ivory Coast (141) 800 Papua New Guinea (142) 800 Cape Verde (143) 800 Tokelau (144) 770 Maldives (145) 725 Swaziland (146) 720 Philippines (147) 720 Egypt (148) 690 Western Samoa (149) 660 Zimbabwe (150) 630 Indonesia (151) 630 Bolivia (152) 615 Senegal (153) 600 Zambia (154) 600 Solomon Islands (155) 590 Gaza Strip (156) 545 Yemen (157) 540 Comoros (158) 535 Mauritania (159) 530 Burma (160) 530 Tuvalu (161) 525 Kiribati (162) 450 Sudan (163) 440 Haiti (164) 440 Central African Republic (165) 425 Nicaragua (166) 410 Sri Lanka (167) 410 Guinea (168) 410 Benin (169) 400 Ghana (170) 400 Togo (171) 400 Liberia (172) 400 Equatorial Guinea (173) 400 Sao Tome and Principe (174) 385 Kenya (175) 380 India (176) 380 Pakistan (177) 330 Sierra Leone (178) 320 Burkina (179) 300 Uganda (180) 300 Niger (181) 300 Rwanda (182) 300 Guyana (183) 300 Western Sahara (184) 265 Mali (185) 260 Zaire (186) 260 Tanzania (187) 250 Nigeria (188) 240 Lesotho (189) 235 The Gambia (190) 220 Vietnam (191) 210 Somalia (192) 205 Chad (193) 200 Bangladesh (194) 200 Afghanistan (195) 200 Madagascar (196) 200 Malawi (197) 200 Burundi (198) 200 Laos (199) 200 Bhutan (200) 165 Nepal (201) 160 Guinea-Bissau (202) 130 Ethiopia (203) 130 Cambodia (204) 120 Mozambique (205) 37 Bosnia and Herzegovina (206) Inflation marked false Inflation % Inflation % showNameProp INFLATNl.pct INFLATNh.pct -4.9 Chad (1) -3 Central African Republic (2) -0.8 Ivory Coast (3) -0.6 Mali (4) -0.5 Burkina (5) -0.1 Saint Helena (6) 1 New Zealand (7) 1 Togo (8) 1.3 Oman (9) 1.3 Brunei (10) 1.3 Puerto Rico (11) 1.3 Reunion (12) 1.5 Bahrain (13) 1.8 Seychelles (14) 2 Faroe Islands (15) 2 Senegal (16) 2 Panama (17) 2.1 China (18) 2.3 Guadeloupe (19) 2.4 Denmark (20) 2.5 British Virgin Islands (21) 2.9 Finland (22) 2.9 French Polynesia (23) 2.9 Martinique (24) 3 Saudi Arabia (25) 3 Benin (26) 3 Malta (27) 3 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (28) 3 Gabon (29) 3.2 Belgium (30) 3.3 Australia (31) 3.3 France (32) 3.3 Austria (33) 3.3 Japan (34) 3.4 Barbados (35) 3.4 Singapore (36) 3.5 Germany (37) 3.5 Norway (38) 3.5 Belize (39) 3.6 Equatorial Guinea (40) 3.6 Netherlands (41) 3.6 Gibraltar (42) 3.7 Djibouti (43) 3.7 Luxembourg (44) 3.8 Ireland (45) 3.9 Tuvalu (46) 4 Kiribati (47) 4 Comoros (48) 4.1 New Caledonia (49) 4.1 Taiwan (50) 4.1 French Guiana (51) 4.2 Rwanda (52) 4.2 United States (53) 4.2 Canada (54) 4.2 Saint Kitts and Nevis (55) 4.2 Saint Lucia (56) 4.3 American Samoa (57) 4.5 Cyprus (58) 4.5 Anguilla (59) 4.5 Malaysia (60) 4.6 Congo (61) 4.7 Dominica (62) 4.9 Qatar (63) 5 Netherlands Antilles (64) 5 Vanuatu (65) 5 World (66) 5.2 Ethiopia (67) 5.4 Liechtenstein (68) 5.5 United Arab Emirates (69) 5.6 Thailand (70) 5.8 United Kingdom (71) 5.8 Bermuda (72) 5.9 Switzerland (73) 5.9 Spain (74) 6 The Gambia (75) 6 Greenland (76) 6 San Marino (77) 6.1 Angola (78) 6.5 Italy (79) 6.5 Mauritania (80) 6.8 Papua New Guinea (81) 6.8 Montserrat (82) 7 Fiji (83) 7 Antigua and Barbuda (84) 7 Grenada (85) 7 Libya (86) 7 Guernsey (87) 7.1 Burundi (88) 7.3 The Bahamas (89) 7.4 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (90) 7.5 Iceland (91) 8 Sweden (92) 8 Aruba (93) 8 Cook Islands (94) 8 Cayman Islands (95) 8 Jersey (96) 8.1 Morocco (97) 8.2 Tunisia (98) 8.6 Cameroon (99) 8.8 Macau (100) 8.9 Tonga (101) 8.9 Bangladesh (102) 9 Gaza Strip (103) 9 Dominican Republic (104) 9 Jordan (105) 9 Malawi (106) 9.6 Niue (107) 9.7 Korea, South (108) 10 Madagascar (109) 10 Cape Verde (110) 10 Ghana (111) 10 Sri Lanka (112) 10 Indonesia (113) 10.2 Solomon Islands (114) 10.4 Laos (115) 10.7 Maldives (116) 11 West Bank (117) 11.1 Trinidad and Tobago (118) 12 Liberia (119) 12 India (120) 12 Portugal (121) 12 Bhutan (122) 12 Hong Kong (123) 12.3 Pakistan (124) 12.6 Botswana (125) 12.6 Guam (126) 13 Swaziland (127) 13.2 Mauritius (128) 14.3 Croatia (129) 14.3 Kenya (130) 15 Western Samoa (131) 15 Slovenia (132) 15 Paraguay (133) 15 Nepal (134) 15 Lesotho (135) 15 Bolivia (136) 15.7 South Africa (137) 16.5 Tanzania (138) 16.9 Yemen (139) 17 Egypt (140) 17 Namibia (141) 17.6 Philippines (142) 17.8 Greece (143) 18 Israel (144) 18 Iran (145) 18.7 Chile (146) 18.8 Mexico (147) 19 El Salvador (148) 19.6 Guinea (149) 20 Haiti (150) 25 Zimbabwe (151) 25 Guinea-Bissau (152) 25 Syria (153) 26 Honduras (154) 26.8 Colombia (155) 27 Costa Rica (156) 30 Algeria (157) 30 Lebanon (158) 30.7 Venezuela (159) 34 Hungary (160) 35 Uganda (161) 36 Sao Tome and Principe (162) 40 Guatemala (163) 40 Nigeria (164) 40 Burma (165) 40.5 Mozambique (166) 45 Iraq (167) 49 Ecuador (168) 50 Suriname (169) 52 Czechoslovakia (170) 53 Cambodia (171) 60 Poland (172) 60 Uruguay (173) 60 Serbia and Montenegro (174) 71.1 Turkey (175) 75 Guyana (176) 80 Jamaica (177) 80 Vietnam (178) 81 Belarus (179) 83 Kazakhstan (180) 83 Uzbekistan (181) 83 Ukraine (182) 83.8 Argentina (183) 84 Tajikistan (184) 85 Turkmenistan (185) 87 Azerbaijan (186) 88 Kyrgyzstan (187) 89 Russia (188) 90 Georgia (189) 90 Afghanistan (190) 91 Armenia (191) 95 Sudan (192) 97 Moldova (193) 100 Albania (194) 100 Zambia (195) 100 Mongolia (196) 110 Sierra Leone (197) 139 Peru (198) 200 Latvia (199) 200 Lithuania (200) 200 Estonia (201) 210 Somalia (202) 215 Romania (203) 420 Bulgaria (204) 478.5 Brazil (205) 766 Nicaragua (206) 1150 Bosnia and Herzegovina (207) 8000 Zaire (208) 8000 Zaire (1) 1150 Bosnia and Herzegovina (2) 766 Nicaragua (3) 478.5 Brazil (4) 420 Bulgaria (5) 215 Romania (6) 210 Somalia (7) 200 Estonia (8) 200 Lithuania (9) 200 Latvia (10) 139 Peru (11) 110 Sierra Leone (12) 100 Mongolia (13) 100 Zambia (14) 100 Albania (15) 97 Moldova (16) 95 Sudan (17) 91 Armenia (18) 90 Afghanistan (19) 90 Georgia (20) 89 Russia (21) 88 Kyrgyzstan (22) 87 Azerbaijan (23) 85 Turkmenistan (24) 84 Tajikistan (25) 83.8 Argentina (26) 83 Ukraine (27) 83 Uzbekistan (28) 83 Kazakhstan (29) 81 Belarus (30) 80 Vietnam (31) 80 Jamaica (32) 75 Guyana (33) 71.1 Turkey (34) 60 Serbia and Montenegro (35) 60 Uruguay (36) 60 Poland (37) 53 Cambodia (38) 52 Czechoslovakia (39) 50 Suriname (40) 49 Ecuador (41) 45 Iraq (42) 40.5 Mozambique (43) 40 Burma (44) 40 Nigeria (45) 40 Guatemala (46) 36 Sao Tome and Principe (47) 35 Uganda (48) 34 Hungary (49) 30.7 Venezuela (50) 30 Lebanon (51) 30 Algeria (52) 27 Costa Rica (53) 26.8 Colombia (54) 26 Honduras (55) 25 Syria (56) 25 Guinea-Bissau (57) 25 Zimbabwe (58) 20 Haiti (59) 19.6 Guinea (60) 19 El Salvador (61) 18.8 Mexico (62) 18.7 Chile (63) 18 Iran (64) 18 Israel (65) 17.8 Greece (66) 17.6 Philippines (67) 17 Namibia (68) 17 Egypt (69) 16.9 Yemen (70) 16.5 Tanzania (71) 15.7 South Africa (72) 15 Bolivia (73) 15 Lesotho (74) 15 Nepal (75) 15 Paraguay (76) 15 Slovenia (77) 15 Western Samoa (78) 14.3 Kenya (79) 14.3 Croatia (80) 13.2 Mauritius (81) 13 Swaziland (82) 12.6 Guam (83) 12.6 Botswana (84) 12.3 Pakistan (85) 12 Hong Kong (86) 12 Bhutan (87) 12 Portugal (88) 12 India (89) 12 Liberia (90) 11.1 Trinidad and Tobago (91) 11 West Bank (92) 10.7 Maldives (93) 10.4 Laos (94) 10.2 Solomon Islands (95) 10 Indonesia (96) 10 Sri Lanka (97) 10 Ghana (98) 10 Cape Verde (99) 10 Madagascar (100) 9.7 Korea, South (101) 9.6 Niue (102) 9 Malawi (103) 9 Jordan (104) 9 Dominican Republic (105) 9 Gaza Strip (106) 8.9 Bangladesh (107) 8.9 Tonga (108) 8.8 Macau (109) 8.6 Cameroon (110) 8.2 Tunisia (111) 8.1 Morocco (112) 8 Jersey (113) 8 Cayman Islands (114) 8 Cook Islands (115) 8 Aruba (116) 8 Sweden (117) 7.5 Iceland (118) 7.4 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (119) 7.3 The Bahamas (120) 7.1 Burundi (121) 7 Guernsey (122) 7 Libya (123) 7 Grenada (124) 7 Antigua and Barbuda (125) 7 Fiji (126) 6.8 Montserrat (127) 6.8 Papua New Guinea (128) 6.5 Mauritania (129) 6.5 Italy (130) 6.1 Angola (131) 6 San Marino (132) 6 Greenland (133) 6 The Gambia (134) 5.9 Spain (135) 5.9 Switzerland (136) 5.8 Bermuda (137) 5.8 United Kingdom (138) 5.6 Thailand (139) 5.5 United Arab Emirates (140) 5.4 Liechtenstein (141) 5.2 Ethiopia (142) 5 World (143) 5 Vanuatu (144) 5 Netherlands Antilles (145) 4.9 Qatar (146) 4.7 Dominica (147) 4.6 Congo (148) 4.5 Malaysia (149) 4.5 Anguilla (150) 4.5 Cyprus (151) 4.3 American Samoa (152) 4.2 Saint Lucia (153) 4.2 Saint Kitts and Nevis (154) 4.2 Canada (155) 4.2 United States (156) 4.2 Rwanda (157) 4.1 French Guiana (158) 4.1 Taiwan (159) 4.1 New Caledonia (160) 4 Comoros (161) 4 Kiribati (162) 3.9 Tuvalu (163) 3.8 Ireland (164) 3.7 Luxembourg (165) 3.7 Djibouti (166) 3.6 Gibraltar (167) 3.6 Netherlands (168) 3.6 Equatorial Guinea (169) 3.5 Belize (170) 3.5 Norway (171) 3.5 Germany (172) 3.4 Singapore (173) 3.4 Barbados (174) 3.3 Japan (175) 3.3 Austria (176) 3.3 France (177) 3.3 Australia (178) 3.2 Belgium (179) 3 Gabon (180) 3 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (181) 3 Malta (182) 3 Benin (183) 3 Saudi Arabia (184) 2.9 Martinique (185) 2.9 French Polynesia (186) 2.9 Finland (187) 2.5 British Virgin Islands (188) 2.4 Denmark (189) 2.3 Guadeloupe (190) 2.1 China (191) 2 Panama (192) 2 Senegal (193) 2 Faroe Islands (194) 1.8 Seychelles (195) 1.5 Bahrain (196) 1.3 Reunion (197) 1.3 Puerto Rico (198) 1.3 Brunei (199) 1.3 Oman (200) 1 Togo (201) 1 New Zealand (202) -0.1 Saint Helena (203) -0.5 Burkina (204) -0.6 Mali (205) -0.8 Ivory Coast (206) -3 Central African Republic (207) -4.9 Chad (208) Unemployment Rate marked false Unemployment Rate % Unemployment Rate % showNameProp unempl.pct Unemph.pct 0 British Virgin Islands (1) 0 Saudi Arabia (2) 0 United Arab Emirates (3) 0 Maldives (4) 0 Korea, North (5) 0 Nauru (6) 0 Andorra (7) 0 Monaco (8) 1.3 Luxembourg (9) 1.3 Switzerland (10) 1.5 Singapore (11) 1.5 Liechtenstein (12) 1.5 Man, Isle of (13) 1.7 Taiwan (14) 1.8 Cyprus (15) 1.8 Iceland (16) 2 Togo (17) 2 Kiribati (18) 2 Bermuda (19) 2 Libya (20) 2 Macau (21) 2 Hong Kong (22) 2 Virgin Islands (23) 2.1 Japan (24) 2.4 Korea, South (25) 2.4 Mauritius (26) 2.7 Sweden (27) 3 Montserrat (28) 3 Aruba (29) 3 Indonesia (30) 3.5 Senegal (31) 3.7 Brunei (32) 3.8 Malta (33) 4 China (34) 4 Portugal (35) 4 Romania (36) 4.1 Thailand (37) 4.1 Guam (38) 4.3 Brazil (39) 4.6 Costa Rica (40) 5 Faroe Islands (41) 5 Anguilla (42) 5 Papua New Guinea (43) 5 Antigua and Barbuda (44) 5 Nepal (45) 5 Iraq (46) 5.4 Norway (47) 5.8 Austria (48) 5.8 Malaysia (49) 5.9 Fiji (50) 6.2 Netherlands (51) 6.3 Germany (52) 6.4 Argentina (53) 6.5 San Marino (54) 6.5 Chile (55) 6.6 United States (56) 6.7 Guatemala (57) 6.7 Czechoslovakia (58) 7 Bolivia (59) 7.6 Finland (60) 8 Bahrain (61) 8 Hungary (62) 8 Ecuador (63) 8.1 United Kingdom (64) 8.5 Uruguay (65) 8.6 Greece (66) 9 Seychelles (67) 9 Greenland (68) 9.3 Venezuela (69) 9.4 Belgium (70) 9.6 Burma (71) 9.6 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (72) 9.8 France (73) 10 Dominica (74) 10 Ghana (75) 10 Pakistan (76) 10 Slovenia (77) 10 Philippines (78) 10 El Salvador (79) 10 Bulgaria (80) 10.3 Canada (81) 10.5 Australia (82) 10.5 Colombia (83) 10.6 Denmark (84) 10.7 New Zealand (85) 11 Italy (86) 11 Israel (87) 11.1 Turkey (88) 11.4 Poland (89) 12 Belize (90) 12 American Samoa (91) 12 Guyana (92) 12 Turks and Caicos Islands (93) 13 Yemen (94) 13 Nicaragua (95) 14 Ivory Coast (96) 14 Sri Lanka (97) 14 Paraguay (98) 14 Mexico (99) 14.9 French Polynesia (100) 15 French Guiana (101) 15 Saint Kitts and Nevis (102) 15 Tunisia (103) 15 West Bank (104) 15 Egypt (105) 15 Honduras (106) 15 Sudan (107) 15 Mongolia (108) 15 Peru (109) 15.1 Jamaica (110) 15.5 Puerto Rico (111) 16 Comoros (112) 16 New Caledonia (113) 16 Saint Lucia (114) 16 Spain (115) 16 The Bahamas (116) 16 Morocco (117) 17 Panama (118) 18 Barbados (119) 20 Mauritania (120) 20 Gaza Strip (121) 20 India (122) 20 Croatia (123) 20 Turkmenistan (124) 20 Macedonia (125) 20 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (126) 20.4 Ireland (127) 21 Netherlands Antilles (128) 21 Laos (129) 21 Trinidad and Tobago (130) 25 Grenada (131) 25 Cameroon (132) 25 Cape Verde (133) 25 Botswana (134) 25 Namibia (135) 25 Haiti (136) 25 Serbia and Montenegro (137) 25 Tajikistan (138) 28 Bosnia and Herzegovina (139) 30 Central African Republic (140) 30 Martinique (141) 30 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (142) 30 Djibouti (143) 30 Bangladesh (144) 30 Dominican Republic (145) 30 Iran (146) 30 Zimbabwe (147) 30 Algeria (148) 30 Vietnam (149) 33 Suriname (150) 35 Reunion (151) 35 Lebanon (152) 38 Guadeloupe (153) 40 Jordan (154) 40 South Africa (155) 40 Albania (156) 43 Liberia (157) 50 Mozambique (158) 55 Lesotho (159) 55 Lesotho (1) 50 Mozambique (2) 43 Liberia (3) 40 Albania (4) 40 South Africa (5) 40 Jordan (6) 38 Guadeloupe (7) 35 Lebanon (8) 35 Reunion (9) 33 Suriname (10) 30 Vietnam (11) 30 Algeria (12) 30 Zimbabwe (13) 30 Iran (14) 30 Dominican Republic (15) 30 Bangladesh (16) 30 Djibouti (17) 30 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (18) 30 Martinique (19) 30 Central African Republic (20) 28 Bosnia and Herzegovina (21) 25 Tajikistan (22) 25 Serbia and Montenegro (23) 25 Haiti (24) 25 Namibia (25) 25 Botswana (26) 25 Cape Verde (27) 25 Cameroon (28) 25 Grenada (29) 21 Trinidad and Tobago (30) 21 Laos (31) 21 Netherlands Antilles (32) 20.4 Ireland (33) 20 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (34) 20 Macedonia (35) 20 Turkmenistan (36) 20 Croatia (37) 20 India (38) 20 Gaza Strip (39) 20 Mauritania (40) 18 Barbados (41) 17 Panama (42) 16 Morocco (43) 16 The Bahamas (44) 16 Spain (45) 16 Saint Lucia (46) 16 New Caledonia (47) 16 Comoros (48) 15.5 Puerto Rico (49) 15.1 Jamaica (50) 15 Peru (51) 15 Mongolia (52) 15 Sudan (53) 15 Honduras (54) 15 Egypt (55) 15 West Bank (56) 15 Tunisia (57) 15 Saint Kitts and Nevis (58) 15 French Guiana (59) 14.9 French Polynesia (60) 14 Mexico (61) 14 Paraguay (62) 14 Sri Lanka (63) 14 Ivory Coast (64) 13 Nicaragua (65) 13 Yemen (66) 12 Turks and Caicos Islands (67) 12 Guyana (68) 12 American Samoa (69) 12 Belize (70) 11.4 Poland (71) 11.1 Turkey (72) 11 Israel (73) 11 Italy (74) 10.7 New Zealand (75) 10.6 Denmark (76) 10.5 Colombia (77) 10.5 Australia (78) 10.3 Canada (79) 10 Bulgaria (80) 10 El Salvador (81) 10 Philippines (82) 10 Slovenia (83) 10 Pakistan (84) 10 Ghana (85) 10 Dominica (86) 9.8 France (87) 9.6 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (88) 9.6 Burma (89) 9.4 Belgium (90) 9.3 Venezuela (91) 9 Greenland (92) 9 Seychelles (93) 8.6 Greece (94) 8.5 Uruguay (95) 8.1 United Kingdom (96) 8 Ecuador (97) 8 Hungary (98) 8 Bahrain (99) 7.6 Finland (100) 7 Bolivia (101) 6.7 Czechoslovakia (102) 6.7 Guatemala (103) 6.6 United States (104) 6.5 Chile (105) 6.5 San Marino (106) 6.4 Argentina (107) 6.3 Germany (108) 6.2 Netherlands (109) 5.9 Fiji (110) 5.8 Malaysia (111) 5.8 Austria (112) 5.4 Norway (113) 5 Iraq (114) 5 Nepal (115) 5 Antigua and Barbuda (116) 5 Papua New Guinea (117) 5 Anguilla (118) 5 Faroe Islands (119) 4.6 Costa Rica (120) 4.3 Brazil (121) 4.1 Guam (122) 4.1 Thailand (123) 4 Romania (124) 4 Portugal (125) 4 China (126) 3.8 Malta (127) 3.7 Brunei (128) 3.5 Senegal (129) 3 Indonesia (130) 3 Aruba (131) 3 Montserrat (132) 2.7 Sweden (133) 2.4 Mauritius (134) 2.4 Korea, South (135) 2.1 Japan (136) 2 Virgin Islands (137) 2 Hong Kong (138) 2 Macau (139) 2 Libya (140) 2 Bermuda (141) 2 Kiribati (142) 2 Togo (143) 1.8 Iceland (144) 1.8 Cyprus (145) 1.7 Taiwan (146) 1.5 Man, Isle of (147) 1.5 Liechtenstein (148) 1.5 Singapore (149) 1.3 Switzerland (150) 1.3 Luxembourg (151) 0 Monaco (152) 0 Andorra (153) 0 Nauru (154) 0 Korea, North (155) 0 Maldives (156) 0 United Arab Emirates (157) 0 Saudi Arabia (158) 0 British Virgin Islands (159) Imports marked false importsl.pct importsh.pct! 0.3234 Tokelau (1) 1.5 Kyrgyzstan (2) 2.4 Saint Helena (3) 2.8 Tuvalu (4) 3.49 World (5) 3.8 Niue (6) 11.5 British Virgin Islands (7) 12 Yemen (8) 13.3 Wallis and Futuna (9) 13.9 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (10) 15.6 Norfolk Island (11) 21.3 Sao Tome and Principe (12) 21.8 Mayotte (13) 26.3 Turks and Caicos Islands (14) 26.7 Kiribati (15) 27.2 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (16) 29.2 Marshall Islands (17) 30 Montserrat (18) 30 Western Sahara (19) 38.7 Cook Islands (20) 41 Comoros (21) 59.9 Tonga (22) 60.4 Vanuatu (23) 67.7 Micronesia, Federated States of (24) 68.3 Equatorial Guinea (25) 68.9 Guinea-Bissau (26) 73 Nauru (27) 75 Western Samoa (28) 86 Solomon Islands (29) 87.2 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (30) 103.2 Saint Kitts and Nevis (31) 103.9 Dominica (32) 105 Grenada (33) 106.4 Bhutan (34) 107.8 Cape Verde (35) 128.9 Maldives (36) 130 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (37) 136 Cayman Islands (38) 146 Sierra Leone (39) 147 Cambodia (40) 147 Albania (41) 147 The Gambia (42) 186 Seychelles (43) 194 Belize (44) 209 Uganda (45) 214.5 Central African Republic (46) 234.6 Burundi (47) 238 Laos (48) 246 Guyana (49) 249 Somalia (50) 255 Gaza Strip (51) 258 Gibraltar (52) 264 Chad (53) 270 Saint Lucia (54) 279.2 Rwanda (55) 311 Djibouti (56) 313.7 Northern Mariana Islands (57) 322 Faroe Islands (58) 325.9 Antigua and Barbuda (59) 331 Suriname (60) 348 Haiti (61) 360 Mongolia (62) 377.9 American Samoa (63) 389 Mauritania (64) 394 French Guiana (65) 394 Liberia (66) 410 West Bank (67) 420 Bermuda (68) 420 Greenland (69) 428 Benin (70) 436 Madagascar (71) 439 Niger (72) 488 Aruba (73) 493 Guam (74) 502 Togo (75) 513 Mali (76) 531 Andorra (77) 545 Nepal (78) 560 Malawi (79) 564 Congo (80) 604 Lesotho (81) 619 Burkina (82) 632 Swaziland (83) 692 Guinea (84) 704 Barbados (85) 738 Nicaragua (86) 760 Bolivia (87) 764 New Caledonia (88) 765 French Polynesia (89) 780 Gabon (90) 840 Fiji (91) 870 Mozambique (92) 874 Afghanistan (93) 894 Namibia (94) 970 Turkmenistan (95) 1050 Senegal (96) 1100 Ethiopia (97) 1112 Macedonia (98) 1140 The Bahamas (99) 1160 Burma (100) 1180 Papua New Guinea (101) 1200 Guadeloupe (102) 1200 Estonia (103) 1200 El Salvador (104) 1200 Ghana (105) 1200 Trinidad and Tobago (106) 1300 Martinique (107) 1300 Tajikistan (108) 1300 Honduras (109) 1300 Zambia (110) 1300 Uruguay (111) 1400 Sudan (112) 1400 Netherlands Antilles (113) 1400 Ivory Coast (114) 1500 Georgia (115) 1500 Armenia (116) 1500 Panama (117) 1500 Tanzania (118) 1500 Qatar (119) 1500 Angola (120) 1600 Mauritius (121) 1600 Botswana (122) 1600 Zimbabwe (123) 1660 Guatemala (124) 1700 Reunion (125) 1700 Iceland (126) 1700 Brunei (127) 1800 Lebanon (128) 1800 Dominican Republic (129) 1800 Jamaica (130) 1800 Macau (131) 1800 Costa Rica (132) 1850 Paraguay (133) 1891 Bosnia and Herzegovina (134) 1900 Moldova (135) 1900 Kenya (136) 1900 Vietnam (137) 1950 Ecuador (138) 2000 Malta (139) 2100 Cameroon (140) 2100 Zaire (141) 2200 Lithuania (142) 2200 Azerbaijan (143) 2300 Cyprus (144) 2300 Jordan (145) 2500 Oman (146) 2620 Korea, North (147) 2700 Syria (148) 3000 Sri Lanka (149) 3500 Uzbekistan (150) 3500 Bangladesh (151) 3500 Peru (152) 3700 Virgin Islands (153) 3700 Cuba (154) 3700 Bahrain (155) 4400 Croatia (156) 4679 Slovenia (157) 4900 Tunisia (158) 5400 Romania (159) 5600 Belarus (160) 6000 Morocco (161) 6100 Colombia (162) 6400 Serbia and Montenegro (163) 6600 Iraq (164) 6600 Kuwait (165) 6900 Nigeria (166) 7400 Chile (167) 7500 Luxembourg (168) 7600 Libya (169) 7900 Pakistan (170) 8000 Argentina (171) 8400 New Zealand (172) 9000 Latvia (173) 9000 Algeria (174) 9600 Bulgaria (175) 10200 Venezuela (176) 11000 United Arab Emirates (177) 11700 Egypt (178) 11700 Hungary (179) 12300 Philippines (180) 12900 Poland (181) 13300 Czechoslovakia (182) 15900 Iran (183) 16700 Ukraine (184) 18100 Israel (185) 18700 Greece (186) 18800 South Africa (187) 21000 Brazil (188) 21500 Saudi Arabia (189) 21600 Finland (190) 21800 Indonesia (191) 22300 Turkey (192) 24500 Ireland (193) 25100 Portugal (194) 25100 Norway (195) 25200 India (196) 31600 Denmark (197) 36700 Mexico (198) 37800 Australia (199) 38700 Malaysia (200) 39000 Thailand (201) 43500 Russia (202) 50200 Austria (203) 50200 Sweden (204) 54700 Taiwan (205) 63800 China (206) 65800 Singapore (207) 68500 Switzerland (208) 81600 Korea, South (209) 82400 Hong Kong (210) 93100 Spain (211) 118000 Canada (212) 120000 Belgium (213) 125900 Netherlands (214) 211900 United Kingdom (215) 222000 Italy (216) 232500 France (217) 236600 Japan (218) 346500 Germany (219) 499400 United States (220) 499400 United States (1) 346500 Germany (2) 236600 Japan (3) 232500 France (4) 222000 Italy (5) 211900 United Kingdom (6) 125900 Netherlands (7) 120000 Belgium (8) 118000 Canada (9) 93100 Spain (10) 82400 Hong Kong (11) 81600 Korea, South (12) 68500 Switzerland (13) 65800 Singapore (14) 63800 China (15) 54700 Taiwan (16) 50200 Sweden (17) 50200 Austria (18) 43500 Russia (19) 39000 Thailand (20) 38700 Malaysia (21) 37800 Australia (22) 36700 Mexico (23) 31600 Denmark (24) 25200 India (25) 25100 Norway (26) 25100 Portugal (27) 24500 Ireland (28) 22300 Turkey (29) 21800 Indonesia (30) 21600 Finland (31) 21500 Saudi Arabia (32) 21000 Brazil (33) 18800 South Africa (34) 18700 Greece (35) 18100 Israel (36) 16700 Ukraine (37) 15900 Iran (38) 13300 Czechoslovakia (39) 12900 Poland (40) 12300 Philippines (41) 11700 Hungary (42) 11700 Egypt (43) 11000 United Arab Emirates (44) 10200 Venezuela (45) 9600 Bulgaria (46) 9000 Algeria (47) 9000 Latvia (48) 8400 New Zealand (49) 8000 Argentina (50) 7900 Pakistan (51) 7600 Libya (52) 7500 Luxembourg (53) 7400 Chile (54) 6900 Nigeria (55) 6600 Kuwait (56) 6600 Iraq (57) 6400 Serbia and Montenegro (58) 6100 Colombia (59) 6000 Morocco (60) 5600 Belarus (61) 5400 Romania (62) 4900 Tunisia (63) 4679 Slovenia (64) 4400 Croatia (65) 3700 Bahrain (66) 3700 Cuba (67) 3700 Virgin Islands (68) 3500 Peru (69) 3500 Bangladesh (70) 3500 Uzbekistan (71) 3000 Sri Lanka (72) 2700 Syria (73) 2620 Korea, North (74) 2500 Oman (75) 2300 Jordan (76) 2300 Cyprus (77) 2200 Azerbaijan (78) 2200 Lithuania (79) 2100 Zaire (80) 2100 Cameroon (81) 2000 Malta (82) 1950 Ecuador (83) 1900 Vietnam (84) 1900 Kenya (85) 1900 Moldova (86) 1891 Bosnia and Herzegovina (87) 1850 Paraguay (88) 1800 Costa Rica (89) 1800 Macau (90) 1800 Jamaica (91) 1800 Dominican Republic (92) 1800 Lebanon (93) 1700 Brunei (94) 1700 Iceland (95) 1700 Reunion (96) 1660 Guatemala (97) 1600 Zimbabwe (98) 1600 Botswana (99) 1600 Mauritius (100) 1500 Angola (101) 1500 Qatar (102) 1500 Tanzania (103) 1500 Panama (104) 1500 Armenia (105) 1500 Georgia (106) 1400 Ivory Coast (107) 1400 Netherlands Antilles (108) 1400 Sudan (109) 1300 Uruguay (110) 1300 Zambia (111) 1300 Honduras (112) 1300 Tajikistan (113) 1300 Martinique (114) 1200 Trinidad and Tobago (115) 1200 Ghana (116) 1200 El Salvador (117) 1200 Estonia (118) 1200 Guadeloupe (119) 1180 Papua New Guinea (120) 1160 Burma (121) 1140 The Bahamas (122) 1112 Macedonia (123) 1100 Ethiopia (124) 1050 Senegal (125) 970 Turkmenistan (126) 894 Namibia (127) 874 Afghanistan (128) 870 Mozambique (129) 840 Fiji (130) 780 Gabon (131) 765 French Polynesia (132) 764 New Caledonia (133) 760 Bolivia (134) 738 Nicaragua (135) 704 Barbados (136) 692 Guinea (137) 632 Swaziland (138) 619 Burkina (139) 604 Lesotho (140) 564 Congo (141) 560 Malawi (142) 545 Nepal (143) 531 Andorra (144) 513 Mali (145) 502 Togo (146) 493 Guam (147) 488 Aruba (148) 439 Niger (149) 436 Madagascar (150) 428 Benin (151) 420 Greenland (152) 420 Bermuda (153) 410 West Bank (154) 394 Liberia (155) 394 French Guiana (156) 389 Mauritania (157) 377.9 American Samoa (158) 360 Mongolia (159) 348 Haiti (160) 331 Suriname (161) 325.9 Antigua and Barbuda (162) 322 Faroe Islands (163) 313.7 Northern Mariana Islands (164) 311 Djibouti (165) 279.2 Rwanda (166) 270 Saint Lucia (167) 264 Chad (168) 258 Gibraltar (169) 255 Gaza Strip (170) 249 Somalia (171) 246 Guyana (172) 238 Laos (173) 234.6 Burundi (174) 214.5 Central African Republic (175) 209 Uganda (176) 194 Belize (177) 186 Seychelles (178) 147 The Gambia (179) 147 Albania (180) 147 Cambodia (181) 146 Sierra Leone (182) 136 Cayman Islands (183) 130 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (184) 128.9 Maldives (185) 107.8 Cape Verde (186) 106.4 Bhutan (187) 105 Grenada (188) 103.9 Dominica (189) 103.2 Saint Kitts and Nevis (190) 87.2 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (191) 86 Solomon Islands (192) 75 Western Samoa (193) 73 Nauru (194) 68.9 Guinea-Bissau (195) 68.3 Equatorial Guinea (196) 67.7 Micronesia, Federated States of (197) 60.4 Vanuatu (198) 59.9 Tonga (199) 41 Comoros (200) 38.7 Cook Islands (201) 30 Western Sahara (202) 30 Montserrat (203) 29.2 Marshall Islands (204) 27.2 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (205) 26.7 Kiribati (206) 26.3 Turks and Caicos Islands (207) 21.8 Mayotte (208) 21.3 Sao Tome and Principe (209) 15.6 Norfolk Island (210) 13.9 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (211) 13.3 Wallis and Futuna (212) 12 Yemen (213) 11.5 British Virgin Islands (214) 3.8 Niue (215) 3.49 World (216) 2.8 Tuvalu (217) 2.4 Saint Helena (218) 1.5 Kyrgyzstan (219) 0.3234 Tokelau (220) Imports $ /showNameProp Imports $ Millions Exports marked false exportsl.pct exportsh.pct! 0.017 Andorra (1) 0.098 Tokelau (2) 0.5 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (3) 1 Tuvalu (4) 1.5 Cayman Islands (5) 1.7 Norfolk Island (6) 2.3 Montserrat (7) 2.3 Micronesia, Federated States of (8) 2.5 Marshall Islands (9) 2.7 British Virgin Islands (10) 2.9 Turks and Caicos Islands (11) 3.34 World (12) 4 Cook Islands (13) 4 Mayotte (14) 4.4 Sao Tome and Principe (15) 5.8 Kiribati (16) 8 Western Sahara (17) 9 Western Samoa (18) 9.6 Tonga (19) 10.9 Cape Verde (20) 14.2 Guinea-Bissau (21) 14.7 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (22) 15.6 Vanuatu (23) 16 Comoros (24) 23.9 Saint Helena (25) 24.6 Saint Kitts and Nevis (26) 25.5 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (27) 26 Grenada (28) 30 Bermuda (29) 30 Gaza Strip (30) 32 Cambodia (31) 33.2 Antigua and Barbuda (32) 34 Guam (33) 37 Equatorial Guinea (34) 40 Seychelles (35) 52 Maldives (36) 53.3 Germany (37) 54 French Guiana (38) 58 Somalia (39) 59 Lesotho (40) 59.9 Dominica (41) 67.3 Solomon Islands (42) 72 Laos (43) 74 Bhutan (44) 74.7 Burundi (45) 75 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (46) 80 Albania (47) 82 Gibraltar (48) 88.9 French Polynesia (49) 93 Nauru (50) 111.7 Rwanda (51) 115 Kyrgyzstan (52) 116 The Gambia (53) 117 Mozambique (54) 127 Saint Lucia (55) 134 Belize (56) 134.4 Aruba (57) 138 Sierra Leone (58) 150 West Bank (59) 151.3 Central African Republic (60) 153 Guadeloupe (61) 153.9 Northern Mariana Islands (62) 166 Reunion (63) 169 Haiti (64) 174 Chad (65) 176 Georgia (66) 176 Armenia (67) 180 Nepal (68) 186 Estonia (69) 189 Guyana (70) 190 Djibouti (71) 196 Martinique (72) 208 Uganda (73) 210.6 Barbados (74) 236 Afghanistan (75) 239 Turkmenistan (76) 239 Latvia (77) 262 Burkina (78) 263.3 Benin (79) 279 Mongolia (80) 285 Mali (81) 290 Madagascar (82) 306 The Bahamas (83) 307 American Samoa (84) 320 Niger (85) 325 Sudan (86) 342 Nicaragua (87) 380 Panama (88) 386 Faroe Islands (89) 390 Malawi (90) 396 Togo (91) 400 Moldova (92) 429 Ethiopia (93) 435 Greenland (94) 436 Mauritania (95) 478 Tanzania (96) 505 Liberia (97) 549 Suriname (98) 557 Swaziland (99) 568 Burma (100) 578 Macedonia (101) 580 El Salvador (102) 606 Yemen (103) 642 Paraguay (104) 646 Fiji (105) 671 New Caledonia (106) 700 Lebanon (107) 700 Lithuania (108) 706 Tajikistan (109) 751 Congo (110) 775 Dominican Republic (111) 780 Azerbaijan (112) 788 Guinea (113) 814 Senegal (114) 843 Ghana (115) 847 Cyprus (116) 970 Bolivia (117) 1000 Malta (118) 1000 Honduras (119) 1000 Jordan (120) 1000 Kenya (121) 1021 Namibia (122) 1100 Netherlands Antilles (123) 1100 Zambia (124) 1140 Papua New Guinea (125) 1160 Guatemala (126) 1160 Gabon (127) 1200 Mauritius (128) 1200 Jamaica (129) 1500 Macau (130) 1500 Costa Rica (131) 1500 Uzbekistan (132) 1600 Liechtenstein (133) 1600 Iceland (134) 1600 Uruguay (135) 1700 Bangladesh (136) 1800 Botswana (137) 1800 Zimbabwe (138) 1800 Vietnam (139) 2000 Trinidad and Tobago (140) 2020 Korea, North (141) 2054 Bosnia and Herzegovina (142) 2100 Cameroon (143) 2200 Virgin Islands (144) 2200 Brunei (145) 2200 Zaire (146) 2300 Sri Lanka (147) 2500 Ivory Coast (148) 2900 Ecuador (149) 2900 Croatia (150) 3200 Qatar (151) 3300 Peru (152) 3600 Syria (153) 3600 Cuba (154) 3700 Bahrain (155) 3700 Tunisia (156) 3900 Angola (157) 4000 Romania (158) 4100 Morocco (159) 4120 Slovenia (160) 4200 Kazakhstan (161) 4300 Belarus (162) 4400 Serbia and Montenegro (163) 4500 Egypt (164) 5500 Oman (165) 6000 Pakistan (166) 6300 Luxembourg (167) 6400 Greece (168) 7500 Colombia (169) 8400 Bulgaria (170) 8700 Philippines (171) 8900 Chile (172) 9400 New Zealand (173) 10200 Hungary (174) 10400 Iraq (175) 11000 Libya (176) 11400 Kuwait (177) 11700 Algeria (178) 12000 Argentina (179) 12000 Czechoslovakia (180) 12100 Israel (181) 12800 Poland (182) 13000 Turkey (183) 13500 Ukraine (184) 13600 Nigeria (185) 15100 Venezuela (186) 16400 Portugal (187) 17800 Iran (188) 20200 India (189) 21300 United Arab Emirates (190) 22900 Finland (191) 24000 South Africa (192) 25700 Indonesia (193) 27400 Mexico (194) 27500 Thailand (195) 27800 Ireland (196) 31600 Brazil (197) 34200 Norway (198) 35400 Malaysia (199) 37800 Denmark (200) 40000 Austria (201) 41700 Australia (202) 44300 Saudi Arabia (203) 54500 Sweden (204) 57800 Singapore (205) 58700 Russia (206) 60100 Spain (207) 62200 Switzerland (208) 67200 Taiwan (209) 71900 Korea, South (210) 71900 China (211) 82000 Hong Kong (212) 118000 Belgium (213) 124000 Canada (214) 131500 Netherlands (215) 175274 Niue (216) 186400 United Kingdom (217) 209000 Italy (218) 209500 France (219) 314300 Japan (220) 428100 United States (221) 428100 United States (1) 314300 Japan (2) 209500 France (3) 209000 Italy (4) 186400 United Kingdom (5) 175274 Niue (6) 131500 Netherlands (7) 124000 Canada (8) 118000 Belgium (9) 82000 Hong Kong (10) 71900 China (11) 71900 Korea, South (12) 67200 Taiwan (13) 62200 Switzerland (14) 60100 Spain (15) 58700 Russia (16) 57800 Singapore (17) 54500 Sweden (18) 44300 Saudi Arabia (19) 41700 Australia (20) 40000 Austria (21) 37800 Denmark (22) 35400 Malaysia (23) 34200 Norway (24) 31600 Brazil (25) 27800 Ireland (26) 27500 Thailand (27) 27400 Mexico (28) 25700 Indonesia (29) 24000 South Africa (30) 22900 Finland (31) 21300 United Arab Emirates (32) 20200 India (33) 17800 Iran (34) 16400 Portugal (35) 15100 Venezuela (36) 13600 Nigeria (37) 13500 Ukraine (38) 13000 Turkey (39) 12800 Poland (40) 12100 Israel (41) 12000 Czechoslovakia (42) 12000 Argentina (43) 11700 Algeria (44) 11400 Kuwait (45) 11000 Libya (46) 10400 Iraq (47) 10200 Hungary (48) 9400 New Zealand (49) 8900 Chile (50) 8700 Philippines (51) 8400 Bulgaria (52) 7500 Colombia (53) 6400 Greece (54) 6300 Luxembourg (55) 6000 Pakistan (56) 5500 Oman (57) 4500 Egypt (58) 4400 Serbia and Montenegro (59) 4300 Belarus (60) 4200 Kazakhstan (61) 4120 Slovenia (62) 4100 Morocco (63) 4000 Romania (64) 3900 Angola (65) 3700 Tunisia (66) 3700 Bahrain (67) 3600 Cuba (68) 3600 Syria (69) 3300 Peru (70) 3200 Qatar (71) 2900 Croatia (72) 2900 Ecuador (73) 2500 Ivory Coast (74) 2300 Sri Lanka (75) 2200 Zaire (76) 2200 Brunei (77) 2200 Virgin Islands (78) 2100 Cameroon (79) 2054 Bosnia and Herzegovina (80) 2020 Korea, North (81) 2000 Trinidad and Tobago (82) 1800 Vietnam (83) 1800 Zimbabwe (84) 1800 Botswana (85) 1700 Bangladesh (86) 1600 Uruguay (87) 1600 Iceland (88) 1600 Liechtenstein (89) 1500 Uzbekistan (90) 1500 Costa Rica (91) 1500 Macau (92) 1200 Jamaica (93) 1200 Mauritius (94) 1160 Gabon (95) 1160 Guatemala (96) 1140 Papua New Guinea (97) 1100 Zambia (98) 1100 Netherlands Antilles (99) 1021 Namibia (100) 1000 Kenya (101) 1000 Jordan (102) 1000 Honduras (103) 1000 Malta (104) 970 Bolivia (105) 847 Cyprus (106) 843 Ghana (107) 814 Senegal (108) 788 Guinea (109) 780 Azerbaijan (110) 775 Dominican Republic (111) 751 Congo (112) 706 Tajikistan (113) 700 Lithuania (114) 700 Lebanon (115) 671 New Caledonia (116) 646 Fiji (117) 642 Paraguay (118) 606 Yemen (119) 580 El Salvador (120) 578 Macedonia (121) 568 Burma (122) 557 Swaziland (123) 549 Suriname (124) 505 Liberia (125) 478 Tanzania (126) 436 Mauritania (127) 435 Greenland (128) 429 Ethiopia (129) 400 Moldova (130) 396 Togo (131) 390 Malawi (132) 386 Faroe Islands (133) 380 Panama (134) 342 Nicaragua (135) 325 Sudan (136) 320 Niger (137) 307 American Samoa (138) 306 The Bahamas (139) 290 Madagascar (140) 285 Mali (141) 279 Mongolia (142) 263.3 Benin (143) 262 Burkina (144) 239 Latvia (145) 239 Turkmenistan (146) 236 Afghanistan (147) 210.6 Barbados (148) 208 Uganda (149) 196 Martinique (150) 190 Djibouti (151) 189 Guyana (152) 186 Estonia (153) 180 Nepal (154) 176 Armenia (155) 176 Georgia (156) 174 Chad (157) 169 Haiti (158) 166 Reunion (159) 153.9 Northern Mariana Islands (160) 153 Guadeloupe (161) 151.3 Central African Republic (162) 150 West Bank (163) 138 Sierra Leone (164) 134.4 Aruba (165) 134 Belize (166) 127 Saint Lucia (167) 117 Mozambique (168) 116 The Gambia (169) 115 Kyrgyzstan (170) 111.7 Rwanda (171) 93 Nauru (172) 88.9 French Polynesia (173) 82 Gibraltar (174) 80 Albania (175) 75 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (176) 74.7 Burundi (177) 74 Bhutan (178) 72 Laos (179) 67.3 Solomon Islands (180) 59.9 Dominica (181) 59 Lesotho (182) 58 Somalia (183) 54 French Guiana (184) 53.3 Germany (185) 52 Maldives (186) 40 Seychelles (187) 37 Equatorial Guinea (188) 34 Guam (189) 33.2 Antigua and Barbuda (190) 32 Cambodia (191) 30 Gaza Strip (192) 30 Bermuda (193) 26 Grenada (194) 25.5 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (195) 24.6 Saint Kitts and Nevis (196) 23.9 Saint Helena (197) 16 Comoros (198) 15.6 Vanuatu (199) 14.7 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (200) 14.2 Guinea-Bissau (201) 10.9 Cape Verde (202) 9.6 Tonga (203) 9 Western Samoa (204) 8 Western Sahara (205) 5.8 Kiribati (206) 4.4 Sao Tome and Principe (207) 4 Mayotte (208) 4 Cook Islands (209) 3.34 World (210) 2.9 Turks and Caicos Islands (211) 2.7 British Virgin Islands (212) 2.5 Marshall Islands (213) 2.3 Micronesia, Federated States of (214) 2.3 Montserrat (215) 1.7 Norfolk Island (216) 1.5 Cayman Islands (217) 1 Tuvalu (218) 0.5 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (219) 0.098 Tokelau (220) 0.017 Andorra (221) Exports $ /showNameProp Exports $ Millions Debt (external) marked false extdebtl.pct extdebth.pct! 0 Tokelau (1) 0 Northern Mariana Islands (2) 0 Brunei (3) 0 Netherlands (4) 1 World (5) 2 Kiribati (6) 2.05 Montserrat (7) 4.5 British Virgin Islands (8) 15 Cayman Islands (9) 26.4 Saint Kitts and Nevis (10) 30 Vanuatu (11) 33.3 Nauru (12) 42 Tonga (13) 50.9 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (14) 54.5 Saint Lucia (15) 70 Maldives (16) 73 Dominica (17) 80 Bhutan (18) 81 Aruba (19) 83 Western Samoa (20) 90 Grenada (21) 90 Malta (22) 91 Macau (23) 100 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (24) 128 Solomon Islands (25) 131.6 Luxembourg (26) 138 Suriname (27) 142 Belize (28) 147 Sao Tome and Principe (29) 150 Cape Verde (30) 189 Seychelles (31) 196 Comoros (32) 213 Equatorial Guinea (33) 250 Antigua and Barbuda (34) 250 Namibia (35) 290 Swaziland (36) 318 Gibraltar (37) 336 The Gambia (38) 355 Djibouti (39) 370 Lesotho (40) 428 Fiji (41) 462 Guinea-Bissau (42) 480 Greenland (43) 500 Albania (44) 500 Germany (45) 530 Chad (46) 539.9 Barbados (47) 572 Sierra Leone (48) 600 Cambodia (49) 650 Kyrgyzstan (50) 650 Turkmenistan (51) 650 Estonia (52) 650 Tajikistan (53) 650 Georgia (54) 650 Armenia (55) 650 Moldova (56) 650 Lithuania (57) 650 Latvia (58) 700 Central African Republic (59) 701.2 Netherlands Antilles (60) 780 Botswana (61) 838 Haiti (62) 869 Mauritius (63) 900 Lebanon (64) 911 Rwanda (65) 962 Burkina (66) 1000 Burundi (67) 1000 Benin (68) 1100 Laos (69) 1100 Qatar (70) 1100 Bahrain (71) 1100 Taiwan (72) 1200 French Guiana (73) 1200 The Bahamas (74) 1300 Faroe Islands (75) 1300 Togo (76) 1300 Azerbaijan (77) 1600 Liberia (78) 1700 Paraguay (79) 1800 Niger (80) 1800 Malawi (81) 1900 Uganda (82) 1900 Somalia (83) 1900 Mauritania (84) 2000 Guyana (85) 2000 El Salvador (86) 2000 Uzbekistan (87) 2000 Romania (88) 2200 Mali (89) 2200 Papua New Guinea (90) 2300 Afghanistan (91) 2500 Nepal (92) 2500 Trinidad and Tobago (93) 2500 Slovenia (94) 2600 Guinea (95) 2600 Ethiopia (96) 2600 Guatemala (97) 2600 Croatia (98) 2600 Belarus (99) 2600 Kazakhstan (100) 2800 Honduras (101) 2800 Cyprus (102) 2900 Senegal (103) 2960 Zimbabwe (104) 3000 Iceland (105) 3100 Ghana (106) 3100 Oman (107) 3300 Bolivia (108) 3400 Gabon (109) 3500 Libya (110) 3800 Jamaica (111) 3800 Singapore (112) 4200 Burma (113) 4200 Uruguay (114) 4200 Serbia and Montenegro (115) 4400 Madagascar (116) 4500 Congo (117) 4500 Costa Rica (118) 4700 Dominican Republic (119) 4900 Mozambique (120) 4900 Cameroon (121) 5200 Tanzania (122) 5200 Syria (123) 5300 Finland (124) 5400 Panama (125) 5750 Yemen (126) 5800 Sri Lanka (127) 6000 Kenya (128) 6800 Cuba (129) 7000 Angola (130) 7000 Korea, North (131) 7200 Kuwait (132) 7900 Zaire (133) 8000 Zambia (134) 8600 Tunisia (135) 9000 Jordan (136) 9100 Czechoslovakia (137) 9500 Hong Kong (138) 10000 Nicaragua (139) 10000 Iran (140) 10200 Norway (141) 10400 Ukraine (142) 10500 United Kingdom (143) 10700 Sweden (144) 11000 United Arab Emirates (145) 11100 Bangladesh (146) 11200 Bulgaria (147) 11800 Austria (148) 12400 Ecuador (149) 14600 Sudan (150) 14800 Ireland (151) 15000 Ivory Coast (152) 15000 Portugal (153) 16200.001 Chile (154) 16800 Mongolia (155) 16800 Vietnam (156) 17000 Colombia (157) 17400 New Zealand (158) 18900 Saudi Arabia (159) 19000 South Africa (160) 19400 Peru (161) 20000 Morocco (162) 20100 Pakistan (163) 21300 Malaysia (164) 22700 Hungary (165) 24000 Israel (166) 25100 Thailand (167) 25500 Greece (168) 26400 Algeria (169) 28800 Belgium (170) 28900 Philippines (171) 30900 Venezuela (172) 32000 Nigeria (173) 38000 Egypt (174) 38200 Korea, South (175) 40000 Russia (176) 45000 Iraq (177) 45000 Denmark (178) 45000 Spain (179) 48500 Poland (180) 49000 Turkey (181) 51000 China (182) 58500 Indonesia (183) 59300 France (184) 61000 Argentina (185) 72000 India (186) 98400 Mexico (187) 118000 Brazil (188) 130399.992 Australia (189) 247000 Canada (190) 247000 Canada (1) 130399.992 Australia (2) 118000 Brazil (3) 98400 Mexico (4) 72000 India (5) 61000 Argentina (6) 59300 France (7) 58500 Indonesia (8) 51000 China (9) 49000 Turkey (10) 48500 Poland (11) 45000 Spain (12) 45000 Denmark (13) 45000 Iraq (14) 40000 Russia (15) 38200 Korea, South (16) 38000 Egypt (17) 32000 Nigeria (18) 30900 Venezuela (19) 28900 Philippines (20) 28800 Belgium (21) 26400 Algeria (22) 25500 Greece (23) 25100 Thailand (24) 24000 Israel (25) 22700 Hungary (26) 21300 Malaysia (27) 20100 Pakistan (28) 20000 Morocco (29) 19400 Peru (30) 19000 South Africa (31) 18900 Saudi Arabia (32) 17400 New Zealand (33) 17000 Colombia (34) 16800 Vietnam (35) 16800 Mongolia (36) 16200.001 Chile (37) 15000 Portugal (38) 15000 Ivory Coast (39) 14800 Ireland (40) 14600 Sudan (41) 12400 Ecuador (42) 11800 Austria (43) 11200 Bulgaria (44) 11100 Bangladesh (45) 11000 United Arab Emirates (46) 10700 Sweden (47) 10500 United Kingdom (48) 10400 Ukraine (49) 10200 Norway (50) 10000 Iran (51) 10000 Nicaragua (52) 9500 Hong Kong (53) 9100 Czechoslovakia (54) 9000 Jordan (55) 8600 Tunisia (56) 8000 Zambia (57) 7900 Zaire (58) 7200 Kuwait (59) 7000 Korea, North (60) 7000 Angola (61) 6800 Cuba (62) 6000 Kenya (63) 5800 Sri Lanka (64) 5750 Yemen (65) 5400 Panama (66) 5300 Finland (67) 5200 Syria (68) 5200 Tanzania (69) 4900 Cameroon (70) 4900 Mozambique (71) 4700 Dominican Republic (72) 4500 Costa Rica (73) 4500 Congo (74) 4400 Madagascar (75) 4200 Serbia and Montenegro (76) 4200 Uruguay (77) 4200 Burma (78) 3800 Singapore (79) 3800 Jamaica (80) 3500 Libya (81) 3400 Gabon (82) 3300 Bolivia (83) 3100 Oman (84) 3100 Ghana (85) 3000 Iceland (86) 2960 Zimbabwe (87) 2900 Senegal (88) 2800 Cyprus (89) 2800 Honduras (90) 2600 Kazakhstan (91) 2600 Belarus (92) 2600 Croatia (93) 2600 Guatemala (94) 2600 Ethiopia (95) 2600 Guinea (96) 2500 Slovenia (97) 2500 Trinidad and Tobago (98) 2500 Nepal (99) 2300 Afghanistan (100) 2200 Papua New Guinea (101) 2200 Mali (102) 2000 Romania (103) 2000 Uzbekistan (104) 2000 El Salvador (105) 2000 Guyana (106) 1900 Mauritania (107) 1900 Somalia (108) 1900 Uganda (109) 1800 Malawi (110) 1800 Niger (111) 1700 Paraguay (112) 1600 Liberia (113) 1300 Azerbaijan (114) 1300 Togo (115) 1300 Faroe Islands (116) 1200 The Bahamas (117) 1200 French Guiana (118) 1100 Taiwan (119) 1100 Bahrain (120) 1100 Qatar (121) 1100 Laos (122) 1000 Benin (123) 1000 Burundi (124) 962 Burkina (125) 911 Rwanda (126) 900 Lebanon (127) 869 Mauritius (128) 838 Haiti (129) 780 Botswana (130) 701.2 Netherlands Antilles (131) 700 Central African Republic (132) 650 Latvia (133) 650 Lithuania (134) 650 Moldova (135) 650 Armenia (136) 650 Georgia (137) 650 Tajikistan (138) 650 Estonia (139) 650 Turkmenistan (140) 650 Kyrgyzstan (141) 600 Cambodia (142) 572 Sierra Leone (143) 539.9 Barbados (144) 530 Chad (145) 500 Germany (146) 500 Albania (147) 480 Greenland (148) 462 Guinea-Bissau (149) 428 Fiji (150) 370 Lesotho (151) 355 Djibouti (152) 336 The Gambia (153) 318 Gibraltar (154) 290 Swaziland (155) 250 Namibia (156) 250 Antigua and Barbuda (157) 213 Equatorial Guinea (158) 196 Comoros (159) 189 Seychelles (160) 150 Cape Verde (161) 147 Sao Tome and Principe (162) 142 Belize (163) 138 Suriname (164) 131.6 Luxembourg (165) 128 Solomon Islands (166) 100 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (167) 91 Macau (168) 90 Malta (169) 90 Grenada (170) 83 Western Samoa (171) 81 Aruba (172) 80 Bhutan (173) 73 Dominica (174) 70 Maldives (175) 54.5 Saint Lucia (176) 50.9 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (177) 42 Tonga (178) 33.3 Nauru (179) 30 Vanuatu (180) 26.4 Saint Kitts and Nevis (181) 15 Cayman Islands (182) 4.5 British Virgin Islands (183) 2.05 Montserrat (184) 2 Kiribati (185) 1 World (186) 0 Netherlands (187) 0 Brunei (188) 0 Northern Mariana Islands (189) 0 Tokelau (190) Debt (external) $ `.showNameProp Debt (external) $ Millions Industrial Growth Rate marked false Industrial Growth Rate % Industrial Growth Rate % showNameProp INDGROWl.pct INDGROWh.pct -55 Albania (1) -20 Hungary (2) -19 Georgia (3) -14.7 Bulgaria (4) -12 Guyana (5) -9.6 Armenia (6) -8.6 Finland (7) -8 Macedonia (8) -7 Romania (9) -7 Israel (10) -6.8 Equatorial Guinea (11) -6.4 Cameroon (12) -6 Namibia (13) -6 Ivory Coast (14) -5.4 Germany (15) -5 Philippines (16) -4 British Virgin Islands (17) -4 Libya (18) -4 Poland (19) -3 Algeria (20) -2.7 Barbados (21) -2.4 Greece (22) -2 Jamaica (23) -2 Czechoslovakia (24) -2 Mongolia (25) -2 Italy (26) -1.5 Belarus (27) -1 Guinea-Bissau (28) -0.9 Australia (29) -0.9 United States (30) -0.8 Ecuador (31) -0.8 Canada (32) -0.7 Benin (33) -0.6 Vietnam (34) -0.5 Luxembourg (35) -0.5 Ukraine (36) -0.5 Brazil (37) -0.4 Uruguay (38) -0.3 Lithuania (39) -0.3 Zaire (40) -0.3 Sweden (41) -0.1 Saudi Arabia (42) 0 Kiribati (43) 0 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (44) 0 Maldives (45) 0 Western Samoa (46) 0 Solomon Islands (47) 0 Estonia (48) 0 Tajikistan (49) 0 Moldova (50) 0 Latvia (51) 0 Niger (52) 0 Somalia (53) 0 Gabon (54) 0 Serbia and Montenegro (55) 0 Cuba (56) 0 Zambia (57) 0 United Kingdom (58) 0 Russia (59) 0 Denmark (60) 0.1 Djibouti (61) 0.1 Kyrgyzstan (62) 0.3 Haiti (63) 0.4 Switzerland (64) 0.6 Qatar (65) 0.7 Kazakhstan (66) 0.8 Central African Republic (67) 1 Slovenia (68) 1 Jordan (69) 1 Bangladesh (70) 1 Colombia (71) 1 Peru (72) 1 West Bank (73) 1.2 Rwanda (74) 1.2 Congo (75) 1.2 Belgium (76) 1.2 France (77) 1.5 Liberia (78) 1.7 Netherlands (79) 1.75 Iceland (80) 1.8 Uzbekistan (81) 1.9 New Zealand (82) 2 Yemen (83) 2 Austria (84) 2 Spain (85) 2.1 Japan (86) 2.3 Afghanistan (87) 2.3 Trinidad and Tobago (88) 2.3 Ethiopia (89) 2.3 Costa Rica (90) 2.4 El Salvador (91) 2.4 Papua New Guinea (92) 2.6 Burma (93) 2.9 Honduras (94) 3 World (95) 3 Antigua and Barbuda (96) 3 The Bahamas (97) 3 Kuwait (98) 3 Ireland (99) 3.4 Comoros (100) 3.5 Saint Lucia (101) 3.8 Bahrain (102) 3.8 Azerbaijan (103) 3.8 Puerto Rico (104) 4 Malawi (105) 4 Hong Kong (106) 4 Morocco (107) 4.1 Turkmenistan (108) 4.2 Tanzania (109) 4.4 Mauritania (110) 4.5 Dominica (111) 4.7 Senegal (112) 4.7 Norway (113) 4.9 Togo (114) 5 Zimbabwe (115) 5 Mozambique (116) 5 Tunisia (117) 5.1 Burundi (118) 5.2 Madagascar (119) 5.4 Kenya (120) 5.4 Venezuela (121) 5.5 Mexico (122) 5.6 Cyprus (123) 5.7 Burkina (124) 5.7 Pakistan (125) 5.8 Grenada (126) 5.9 Paraguay (127) 5.9 Chile (128) 6 Nepal (129) 6 Bolivia (130) 6 Syria (131) 6.5 Taiwan (132) 6.7 The Gambia (133) 7 Seychelles (134) 7 Uganda (135) 7.1 Sao Tome and Principe (136) 7.2 Panama (137) 7.2 Nigeria (138) 7.3 Egypt (139) 7.4 Ghana (140) 7.5 Korea, South (141) 7.8 Lesotho (142) 8 Sri Lanka (143) 8.1 Montserrat (144) 8.4 Fiji (145) 8.4 India (146) 9 Singapore (147) 9.1 Portugal (148) 9.7 Belize (149) 10 Oman (150) 10 Turkey (151) 10 Gaza Strip (152) 11 Croatia (153) 11.6 Indonesia (154) 11.8 Saint Kitts and Nevis (155) 12 Laos (156) 12 Virgin Islands (157) 12.9 Brunei (158) 12.9 Chad (159) 12.9 Mauritius (160) 14 Thailand (161) 14 China (162) 15 Tonga (163) 16.8 Botswana (164) 18 Cape Verde (165) 18 Malaysia (166) 19 Malta (167) 19.9 Mali (168) 20 Argentina (169) 20 Argentina (1) 19.9 Mali (2) 19 Malta (3) 18 Malaysia (4) 18 Cape Verde (5) 16.8 Botswana (6) 15 Tonga (7) 14 China (8) 14 Thailand (9) 12.9 Mauritius (10) 12.9 Chad (11) 12.9 Brunei (12) 12 Virgin Islands (13) 12 Laos (14) 11.8 Saint Kitts and Nevis (15) 11.6 Indonesia (16) 11 Croatia (17) 10 Gaza Strip (18) 10 Turkey (19) 10 Oman (20) 9.7 Belize (21) 9.1 Portugal (22) 9 Singapore (23) 8.4 India (24) 8.4 Fiji (25) 8.1 Montserrat (26) 8 Sri Lanka (27) 7.8 Lesotho (28) 7.5 Korea, South (29) 7.4 Ghana (30) 7.3 Egypt (31) 7.2 Nigeria (32) 7.2 Panama (33) 7.1 Sao Tome and Principe (34) 7 Uganda (35) 7 Seychelles (36) 6.7 The Gambia (37) 6.5 Taiwan (38) 6 Syria (39) 6 Bolivia (40) 6 Nepal (41) 5.9 Chile (42) 5.9 Paraguay (43) 5.8 Grenada (44) 5.7 Pakistan (45) 5.7 Burkina (46) 5.6 Cyprus (47) 5.5 Mexico (48) 5.4 Venezuela (49) 5.4 Kenya (50) 5.2 Madagascar (51) 5.1 Burundi (52) 5 Tunisia (53) 5 Mozambique (54) 5 Zimbabwe (55) 4.9 Togo (56) 4.7 Norway (57) 4.7 Senegal (58) 4.5 Dominica (59) 4.4 Mauritania (60) 4.2 Tanzania (61) 4.1 Turkmenistan (62) 4 Morocco (63) 4 Hong Kong (64) 4 Malawi (65) 3.8 Puerto Rico (66) 3.8 Azerbaijan (67) 3.8 Bahrain (68) 3.5 Saint Lucia (69) 3.4 Comoros (70) 3 Ireland (71) 3 Kuwait (72) 3 The Bahamas (73) 3 Antigua and Barbuda (74) 3 World (75) 2.9 Honduras (76) 2.6 Burma (77) 2.4 Papua New Guinea (78) 2.4 El Salvador (79) 2.3 Costa Rica (80) 2.3 Ethiopia (81) 2.3 Trinidad and Tobago (82) 2.3 Afghanistan (83) 2.1 Japan (84) 2 Spain (85) 2 Austria (86) 2 Yemen (87) 1.9 New Zealand (88) 1.8 Uzbekistan (89) 1.75 Iceland (90) 1.7 Netherlands (91) 1.5 Liberia (92) 1.2 France (93) 1.2 Belgium (94) 1.2 Congo (95) 1.2 Rwanda (96) 1 West Bank (97) 1 Peru (98) 1 Colombia (99) 1 Bangladesh (100) 1 Jordan (101) 1 Slovenia (102) 0.8 Central African Republic (103) 0.7 Kazakhstan (104) 0.6 Qatar (105) 0.4 Switzerland (106) 0.3 Haiti (107) 0.1 Kyrgyzstan (108) 0.1 Djibouti (109) 0 Denmark (110) 0 Russia (111) 0 United Kingdom (112) 0 Zambia (113) 0 Cuba (114) 0 Serbia and Montenegro (115) 0 Gabon (116) 0 Somalia (117) 0 Niger (118) 0 Latvia (119) 0 Moldova (120) 0 Tajikistan (121) 0 Estonia (122) 0 Solomon Islands (123) 0 Western Samoa (124) 0 Maldives (125) 0 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (126) 0 Kiribati (127) -0.1 Saudi Arabia (128) -0.3 Sweden (129) -0.3 Zaire (130) -0.3 Lithuania (131) -0.4 Uruguay (132) -0.5 Brazil (133) -0.5 Ukraine (134) -0.5 Luxembourg (135) -0.6 Vietnam (136) -0.7 Benin (137) -0.8 Canada (138) -0.8 Ecuador (139) -0.9 United States (140) -0.9 Australia (141) -1 Guinea-Bissau (142) -1.5 Belarus (143) -2 Italy (144) -2 Mongolia (145) -2 Czechoslovakia (146) -2 Jamaica (147) -2.4 Greece (148) -2.7 Barbados (149) -3 Algeria (150) -4 Poland (151) -4 Libya (152) -4 British Virgin Islands (153) -5 Philippines (154) -5.4 Germany (155) -6 Ivory Coast (156) -6 Namibia (157) -6.4 Cameroon (158) -6.8 Equatorial Guinea (159) -7 Israel (160) -7 Romania (161) -8 Macedonia (162) -8.6 Finland (163) -9.6 Armenia (164) -12 Guyana (165) -14.7 Bulgaria (166) -19 Georgia (167) -20 Hungary (168) -55 Albania (169) Airports marked false Airports Airports showNameProp Airprtsl.pct Airprtsh.pct 0 Pitcairn Islands (1) 0 Macau (2) 0 Liechtenstein (3) 0 Tokelau (4) 0 Howland Island (5) 1 Monaco (6) 1 Tuvalu (7) 1 Nauru (8) 1 Mayotte (9) 1 Gibraltar (10) 1 Norfolk Island (11) 1 Saint Helena (12) 1 Niue (13) 1 Faroe Islands (14) 1 Bermuda (15) 1 Montserrat (16) 1 Man, Isle of (17) 1 Malta (18) 1 Barbados (19) 1 The Gambia (20) 1 Gaza Strip (21) 1 Jersey (22) 1 Wake Island (23) 1 Cocos Islands (24) 1 Christmas Island (25) 1 Johnston Atoll (26) 1 British Indian Ocean Territory (27) 1 Tromelin Island (28) 1 Baker Island (29) 1 Palmyra Atoll (30) 1 Europa Island (31) 1 Juan de Nova Island (32) 1 Glorioso Islands (33) 1 Jan Mayen (34) 1 Paracel Islands (35) 2 Maldives (36) 2 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (37) 2 Wallis and Futuna (38) 2 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (39) 2 Saint Kitts and Nevis (40) 2 Sao Tome and Principe (41) 2 Dominica (42) 2 Saint Lucia (43) 2 Virgin Islands (44) 2 Brunei (45) 2 Bhutan (46) 2 Hong Kong (47) 2 Martinique (48) 2 Reunion (49) 2 Luxembourg (50) 2 Macedonia (51) 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina (52) 2 West Bank (53) 2 Spratly Islands (54) 3 Midway Islands (55) 3 Anguilla (56) 3 British Virgin Islands (57) 3 Cayman Islands (58) 3 Bahrain (59) 3 Antigua and Barbuda (60) 3 Grenada (61) 3 Western Samoa (62) 3 Equatorial Guinea (63) 3 Slovenia (64) 4 American Samoa (65) 4 Comoros (66) 4 Qatar (67) 4 Svalbard (68) 5 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (69) 5 Guam (70) 5 Mauritius (71) 5 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (72) 6 Micronesia, Federated States of (73) 6 Cook Islands (74) 6 Tonga (75) 6 Northern Mariana Islands (76) 6 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (77) 6 Benin (78) 6 Burundi (79) 6 Trinidad and Tobago (80) 6 Cape Verde (81) 7 Turks and Caicos Islands (82) 7 Netherlands Antilles (83) 7 Kuwait (84) 8 Rwanda (85) 8 Croatia (86) 9 Guadeloupe (87) 9 Togo (88) 9 Lebanon (89) 10 French Guiana (90) 10 Singapore (91) 10 Ghana (92) 11 Greenland (93) 12 Sierra Leone (94) 12 Albania (95) 13 Djibouti (96) 13 Haiti (97) 13 Western Sahara (98) 14 Seychelles (99) 14 Cyprus (100) 14 Sri Lanka (101) 15 Guinea (102) 16 Bangladesh (103) 16 Cambodia (104) 17 Marshall Islands (105) 19 Jordan (106) 21 Kiribati (107) 23 Swaziland (108) 25 Fiji (109) 25 Senegal (110) 28 Lesotho (111) 28 Mauritania (112) 28 Netherlands (113) 29 New Caledonia (114) 29 Tunisia (115) 29 Niger (116) 30 Puerto Rico (117) 33 Vanuatu (118) 33 Solomon Islands (119) 34 Guinea-Bissau (120) 35 Mali (121) 35 Uganda (122) 36 Dominican Republic (123) 36 Jamaica (124) 36 Ireland (125) 37 United Arab Emirates (126) 37 Nepal (127) 40 Taiwan (128) 41 Afghanistan (129) 41 Antarctica (130) 42 Belgium (131) 43 French Polynesia (132) 44 Belize (133) 45 Ivory Coast (134) 46 Suriname (135) 46 Congo (136) 46 Yemen (137) 48 Malawi (138) 48 Burkina (139) 51 Israel (140) 53 Somalia (141) 54 Guyana (142) 55 Korea, North (143) 55 Austria (144) 56 Cameroon (145) 57 Laos (146) 59 The Bahamas (147) 65 Portugal (148) 66 Liberia (149) 66 Central African Republic (150) 66 Switzerland (151) 70 Gabon (152) 71 Chad (153) 72 Sudan (154) 75 Morocco (155) 76 Nigeria (156) 77 Greece (157) 81 Mongolia (158) 85 Burma (159) 90 Uruguay (160) 90 Hungary (161) 92 Egypt (162) 94 Iceland (163) 100 Botswana (164) 100 Vietnam (165) 103 Norway (166) 104 Syria (167) 104 Tanzania (168) 105 Korea, South (169) 105 Spain (170) 107 El Salvador (171) 109 Turkey (172) 112 Panama (173) 112 Pakistan (174) 113 Iraq (175) 115 Malaysia (176) 115 Thailand (177) 117 Zambia (178) 118 New Zealand (179) 121 Denmark (180) 123 Ethiopia (181) 133 Libya (182) 134 Oman (183) 137 Namibia (184) 137 Italy (185) 141 Algeria (186) 143 Ecuador (187) 148 Madagascar (188) 158 Czechoslovakia (189) 159 Finland (190) 160 Poland (191) 163 Japan (192) 164 Costa Rica (193) 165 Romania (194) 171 Honduras (195) 189 Cuba (196) 195 Mozambique (197) 211 Saudi Arabia (198) 214 Iran (199) 221 Peru (200) 228 Nicaragua (201) 249 Kenya (202) 254 Sweden (203) 278 Philippines (204) 284 Zaire (205) 308 Venezuela (206) 309 Angola (207) 330 China (208) 341 India (209) 380 Bulgaria (210) 390 Chile (211) 437 Indonesia (212) 448 Guatemala (213) 462 Germany (214) 472 France (215) 481 Australia (216) 491 Zimbabwe (217) 498 United Kingdom (218) 503 Papua New Guinea (219) 845 Paraguay (220) 901 South Africa (221) 1105 Bolivia (222) 1167 Colombia (223) 1416 Canada (224) 1702 Argentina (225) 1815 Mexico (226) 3563 Brazil (227) 14177 United States (228) 14177 United States (1) 3563 Brazil (2) 1815 Mexico (3) 1702 Argentina (4) 1416 Canada (5) 1167 Colombia (6) 1105 Bolivia (7) 901 South Africa (8) 845 Paraguay (9) 503 Papua New Guinea (10) 498 United Kingdom (11) 491 Zimbabwe (12) 481 Australia (13) 472 France (14) 462 Germany (15) 448 Guatemala (16) 437 Indonesia (17) 390 Chile (18) 380 Bulgaria (19) 341 India (20) 330 China (21) 309 Angola (22) 308 Venezuela (23) 284 Zaire (24) 278 Philippines (25) 254 Sweden (26) 249 Kenya (27) 228 Nicaragua (28) 221 Peru (29) 214 Iran (30) 211 Saudi Arabia (31) 195 Mozambique (32) 189 Cuba (33) 171 Honduras (34) 165 Romania (35) 164 Costa Rica (36) 163 Japan (37) 160 Poland (38) 159 Finland (39) 158 Czechoslovakia (40) 148 Madagascar (41) 143 Ecuador (42) 141 Algeria (43) 137 Italy (44) 137 Namibia (45) 134 Oman (46) 133 Libya (47) 123 Ethiopia (48) 121 Denmark (49) 118 New Zealand (50) 117 Zambia (51) 115 Thailand (52) 115 Malaysia (53) 113 Iraq (54) 112 Pakistan (55) 112 Panama (56) 109 Turkey (57) 107 El Salvador (58) 105 Spain (59) 105 Korea, South (60) 104 Tanzania (61) 104 Syria (62) 103 Norway (63) 100 Vietnam (64) 100 Botswana (65) 94 Iceland (66) 92 Egypt (67) 90 Hungary (68) 90 Uruguay (69) 85 Burma (70) 81 Mongolia (71) 77 Greece (72) 76 Nigeria (73) 75 Morocco (74) 72 Sudan (75) 71 Chad (76) 70 Gabon (77) 66 Switzerland (78) 66 Central African Republic (79) 66 Liberia (80) 65 Portugal (81) 59 The Bahamas (82) 57 Laos (83) 56 Cameroon (84) 55 Austria (85) 55 Korea, North (86) 54 Guyana (87) 53 Somalia (88) 51 Israel (89) 48 Burkina (90) 48 Malawi (91) 46 Yemen (92) 46 Congo (93) 46 Suriname (94) 45 Ivory Coast (95) 44 Belize (96) 43 French Polynesia (97) 42 Belgium (98) 41 Antarctica (99) 41 Afghanistan (100) 40 Taiwan (101) 37 Nepal (102) 37 United Arab Emirates (103) 36 Ireland (104) 36 Jamaica (105) 36 Dominican Republic (106) 35 Uganda (107) 35 Mali (108) 34 Guinea-Bissau (109) 33 Solomon Islands (110) 33 Vanuatu (111) 30 Puerto Rico (112) 29 Niger (113) 29 Tunisia (114) 29 New Caledonia (115) 28 Netherlands (116) 28 Mauritania (117) 28 Lesotho (118) 25 Senegal (119) 25 Fiji (120) 23 Swaziland (121) 21 Kiribati (122) 19 Jordan (123) 17 Marshall Islands (124) 16 Cambodia (125) 16 Bangladesh (126) 15 Guinea (127) 14 Sri Lanka (128) 14 Cyprus (129) 14 Seychelles (130) 13 Western Sahara (131) 13 Haiti (132) 13 Djibouti (133) 12 Albania (134) 12 Sierra Leone (135) 11 Greenland (136) 10 Ghana (137) 10 Singapore (138) 10 French Guiana (139) 9 Lebanon (140) 9 Togo (141) 9 Guadeloupe (142) 8 Croatia (143) 8 Rwanda (144) 7 Kuwait (145) 7 Netherlands Antilles (146) 7 Turks and Caicos Islands (147) 6 Cape Verde (148) 6 Trinidad and Tobago (149) 6 Burundi (150) 6 Benin (151) 6 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (152) 6 Northern Mariana Islands (153) 6 Tonga (154) 6 Cook Islands (155) 6 Micronesia, Federated States of (156) 5 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (157) 5 Mauritius (158) 5 Guam (159) 5 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (160) 4 Svalbard (161) 4 Qatar (162) 4 Comoros (163) 4 American Samoa (164) 3 Slovenia (165) 3 Equatorial Guinea (166) 3 Western Samoa (167) 3 Grenada (168) 3 Antigua and Barbuda (169) 3 Bahrain (170) 3 Cayman Islands (171) 3 British Virgin Islands (172) 3 Anguilla (173) 3 Midway Islands (174) 2 Spratly Islands (175) 2 West Bank (176) 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina (177) 2 Macedonia (178) 2 Luxembourg (179) 2 Reunion (180) 2 Martinique (181) 2 Hong Kong (182) 2 Bhutan (183) 2 Brunei (184) 2 Virgin Islands (185) 2 Saint Lucia (186) 2 Dominica (187) 2 Sao Tome and Principe (188) 2 Saint Kitts and Nevis (189) 2 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (190) 2 Wallis and Futuna (191) 2 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (192) 2 Maldives (193) 1 Paracel Islands (194) 1 Jan Mayen (195) 1 Glorioso Islands (196) 1 Juan de Nova Island (197) 1 Europa Island (198) 1 Palmyra Atoll (199) 1 Baker Island (200) 1 Tromelin Island (201) 1 British Indian Ocean Territory (202) 1 Johnston Atoll (203) 1 Christmas Island (204) 1 Cocos Islands (205) 1 Wake Island (206) 1 Jersey (207) 1 Gaza Strip (208) 1 The Gambia (209) 1 Barbados (210) 1 Malta (211) 1 Man, Isle of (212) 1 Montserrat (213) 1 Bermuda (214) 1 Faroe Islands (215) 1 Niue (216) 1 Saint Helena (217) 1 Norfolk Island (218) 1 Gibraltar (219) 1 Mayotte (220) 1 Nauru (221) 1 Tuvalu (222) 1 Monaco (223) 0 Howland Island (224) 0 Tokelau (225) 0 Liechtenstein (226) 0 Macau (227) 0 Pitcairn Islands (228) State Department Literature marked false State Department Literature State Department Literature showNameProp (Special Topics) STATE DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS 09/04/90 ST00003 THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATIONS ARE FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C., 20420. PUBLICATIONS NO. 3-17 ARE $1.00 EACH. 1. KEY OFFICERS OF FOREIGN SERVICE POSTS: GUIDE FOR BUSINESS REPRESENTATIVES PUBLICATION 7877 2. BACKGROUND NOTES (APPROXIMATELY 60 COUNTRIES ARE PUBLISHED EACH YEAR AND ARE AVAILABLE BY SUBSCRIPTION) PUBLICATION BGN 3. EUROPE 1992: A BUSINESS GUIDE TO U.S. GOVERNMENT RESOURCES STOCK NUMBER 044-000-02276-1 4. A SAFE TRIP ABROAD PUBLICATION 9493 5. TIPS FOR AMERICANS RESIDING ABROAD PUBLICATION 9745 19921124$$$ 6. YOUR TRIP ABROAD PUBLICATION 8969 7. TRAVEL TIPS FOR OLDER AMERICANS PUBLICATION 8. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE CARIBBEAN PUBLICATION 9261 9. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO CUBA PUBLICATION 9232 10. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO EASTERN EUROPE AND YUGOSLAVIA PUBLICATION 9329 11. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO MEXICO PUBLICATION 12. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA PUBLICATION 9629 13. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA - PUBLICATION 9199 19921124$$$ 14. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SOUTH ASIA PUBLICATION 9601 15. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA PUBLICATION 9628 16. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO THE USSR PUBLICATION 9744 17. TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA PUBLICATION 9682 THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE BUREAU OF CONSULAR AFFAIRS (CA/PA), ROOM 5807 NS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D.C., 20520. EACH IS FREE, BUT PROVIDE A STAMPED, SELF-ADDRESSED ENVELOPE. 18. PASSPORTS: APPLYING FOR THEM THE EASY WAY -- AT A COURTHOUSE OR POST OFFICE PUBLICATION 9781 19921124$$$ 19. TRAVEL WARNING ON DRUGS ABROAD PUBLICATION 9558 20. CRISIS ABROAD - WHAT THE STATE DEPARTMENT DOES PUBLICATION 9732 21. CITIZENS EMERGENCY CENTER PUBLICATION 9746 THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FREE FROM THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20520: 22. GUIDE TO PUBLIC SERVICES PUBLICATION DATE: DECEMBER 1988 23. U.S.-CANADA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT PUBLICATION DATE: JULY 1989 24. FOCUS ON CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE-REGULAR NEWSLETTER ON TRADE AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EAST EUROPE-COVERS US AID UNDER THE SEED ACT. 19921124$$$ 25. UPDATE FROM STATE (BIMONTHLY NEWSLETTER ON THE PEOPLE AND POLICIES OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT) 26. CURRENT POLICY SERIES (TEXT OF SPEECHES ON U.S. FOREIGN POLICY DELIVERED BY THE PRESIDENT, SECRETARY OF STATE AND SENIOR DEPARTMENT OFFICIALS) 27. GIST SERIES (TWO PAGE SUMMARIES ABOUT SPECIFIC ISSUES AFFECTING U.S. FOREIGN POLICY) 28. REGIONAL BRIEFS SERIES (EXPLANATION OF TRADE, POLITICAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR A GEOGRAPHIC REGION) THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION IS AVAILABLE FOR 50 CENTS FROM THE CONSUMER INFORMATION CENTER, PUEBLO, CO 81009: 29. FOREIGN ENTRY REQUIREMENTS (REV. 3/91) PUBLICATION 9835 THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION CAN BE OBTAINED FREE BY WRITING 19921124$$$ "AMERICANS ABROAD", CONSUMER INFORMATION CENTER, PUEBLO, CO 81009: 30. "AMERICANS ABROAD...WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE YOU GO" NOTE: COPIES OF "AMERICANS ABROAD...WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFORE YOU GO" CAN BE PURCHASED FOR $15 FOR A PACKAGE OF 25 (POSTPAID) FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, DC 20402. THE GPO STOCK NUMBER IS 044-000-02291-5. THE TELEPHONE NUMBER OF THE GPO ORDERS AND INQUIRIES OFFICE IS (202) 783-3238. 31. THE OVERSEAS SECURITY ADVISORY COUNCIL (OSAC) HAS PRODUCED THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS: "EMERGENCY PLANNING GUIDELINES FOR AMERICAN BUSINESSES ABROAD" (JUNE 1990) "SECURITY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICAN ENTERPRISES ABROAD" (NOVEMBER 1988) "SECURITY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICAN FAMILIES LIVING ABROAD" (DECEMBER 1987, REVISED JUNE 1988) 19921124*** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sub-Saharan travel marked false tut(Consular Affairs Topics) TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA General Information Your trip to Africa will be an adventure off the beaten path. The estimated 90,000 U.S citizens who travel to sub-Saharan Africa each year are only a fraction of the more than 40 million Americans who go overseas annually. The Department of State seeks to encourage international travel. Conditions and customs in sub-Saharan Africa, however, can contrast sharply with what you are used to. These pages contain advice to help you avoid inconvenience and difficulties as you go. Take our advice seriously but do not let it keep you at home. Africans are happy to share not just their scenery, but their culture and traditions as well. Before you go, learn as much as you can about your destination. Your travel agent, local bookstore, public library and the embassies of the countries you plan to visit are all useful sources of information. Another source is the Department of State's Background Notes series which includes a pamphlet for each country in Africa. You may order the pamphlets for $2 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. This brochure covers all of Africa except the five nations bordering the Mediterranean. Sub-Saharan Africa includes 46 nations and 1 territory, Namibia. Forty of these nations and Namibia are on the mainland. In addition, four island nations in the southwest Indian Ocean (Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles) and two island nations in the Atlantic Ocean (Cape Verde and Sao Tome and Principe) are considered part of Africa. For convenience, we will often use the word "Africa" to refer to the sub-Saharan region. For travel tips for the five northern African nations, see "Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa." TRAVEL ADVISORIES The Department of State issues travel advisories concerning serious health or security conditions which may affect U.S. citizens. If you are traveling to areas of Africa where security conditions are a concern, you may wish to inquire whether an advisory is in effect for the country you plan to visit. Current advisories are available at the 13 regional passport agencies in the United States, at U.S. embassies or consulates abroad, and from the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 (202/647-5225). As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan a long stay in one place or if you are in an area where communications are poor or that is experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Remember to leave a detailed itinerary with a friend or relative in the United States in case of an emergency. HEALTH Health problems affect more visitors to Africa than any other difficulty. Information on health precautions can be obtained from local health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, private doctors, or travel clinics. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $4.75 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Depending on your destination, immunization may be recommended against cholera, diptheria, tetanus, hepatitis, meningitis, polio, typhoid, and yellow fever. Malaria is found in at least part of every country of sub-Saharan Africa except Cape Verde and Lesotho. Falciparum, the malignant form of malaria, is present in most sub-Saharan malaria areas. Malaria prophylaxis and mosquito avoidance measures are recommended. If possible, avoid contact with mosquitoes from dusk to dawn by wearing long clothing, using insect repellent on exposed skin, and using a flying insect spray in living and sleeping quarters. Prophylaxis should begin two weeks before going to an area where malaria is endemic and should continue for at least 4 weeks after leaving the area. Chloroquine is the malaria prophylaxis most easily tolerated by humans. However, in much of Africa, mosquitoes are becoming resistant to chloroquine. If you are going to an area where mosquitoes may be chloroquine-resistant, consult a medical expert for an alternate prophylactic regimen. Even if you take appropriate prophylaxis, malaria sometimes breaks through any drug or drug combination. Should you develop chills, fever, and headaches while taking antimalarial drugs, promptly seek medical attention. Sleeping sickness, borne by the tsetse fly, is generally not a high risk for international travelers. However, you may be at risk in certain game parks and savannah regions. These insects bite in the day and are attracted by movement and bright colors. Insect repellent and long clothing that blends with the background environment are recommended. Insect repellent also provides protection against ticks. If you are going into wooded areas where ticks might be present, use repellent, wear close fitting clothes, and search your body for ticks afterwards. Schistosomiasis (or bilharzia) is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa except in Cape Verde, Lesotho, and the Seychelles. These parasites can penetrate unbroken skin and are best avoided by not swimming or wading in fresh water. Safe and effective oral drugs are available to treat schistosomiasis. Some countries have shortages of medicines; bring an adequate supply of any prescription and over-the-counter medicines that you are accustomed to taking. Keep all prescriptions in their original, labeled containers. Medical facilities may be limited, particularly in rural areas. Should you become seriously ill or injured abroad, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. A U.S. consular officer can furnish you with a list of recommended local hospitals and English-speaking doctors. Consular officers can also inform your family or friends in the United States of your condition. Because medical coverage overseas can be quite expensive, prospective travelers should review their health insurance policies. If your policy does not provide medical coverage overseas, consider buying supplemental insurance. It is also advisable to obtain insurance to cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of a medical emergency. Except in first-class hotels, drink only boiled water or bottled beverages. Avoid ice cubes. Unless you are certain they are pasteurized, avoid dairy products. Vegetables and fruits should be peeled or washed in a purifying solution. A good rule of thumb is, if you can't peel it or cook it, don't eat it. Diarrhea caused by eating contaminated food or drinking impure water is potentially very serious. If it persists, seek medical attention. An increasing number of countries have established regulations regarding AIDS testing, particularly for long-term residents and students. Check with the embassy or consulate of the country you plan to visit for up-to-date information. WEATHER Sub-Saharan Africa is tropical, except for the high inland plateaus and the southern part of South Africa. Within 10 degrees of the Equator, the climate seldom varies and is generally hot and rainy. Further from the Equator, the seasons become more apparent, and if possible, you should plan your trip in the cooler months. If traveling to rural areas, avoid the rainy months which generally run from May through October, since roads may be washed out. VISA AND OTHER ENTRY REQUIREMENTS A U.S. passport is required for travel to all countries in Africa. In addition, most countries in sub-Saharan Africa require U.S. citizens to have a visa. If visas are required, obtain them before you leave home. If you decide to visit additional countries en route, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain visas. In most African countries, you will not be admitted into the country and will have to depart on the next plane,if you arrive without a visa. This can be inconvenient if the next plane does not arrive in several days, the airport hotel is full, and the airport has no other sleeping accommodations. The best authority on a country's visa and other entry requirements is its embassy or consulate. The Department of State publication, "Foreign Visa Requirements," gives basic information on entry requirements and tells where and how to apply for visas. You can order a copy for $.50 from the Consumer Information Center, Dept. 438T, Pueblo, Colorado 81009. Allow plenty of time to apply for visas. An average of two weeks for each visa is recommended. Before you apply, check the following: o visa price, length of validity, and number of entries; o financial data required - proof of sufficient funds, proof of onward/return ticket; o immunizations required; o currency regulations; o import/export restrictions; and o departure tax. If required, be sure to keep sufficient hard currency so that you may leave the country on schedule. o AIDS clearance certification. Some countries require travelers to submit certification or be tested upon arrival for AIDS. Some African countries will refuse to admit you if you have South African visas or entry and exit stamps in your passports. If you have such notations in your passport or plan to visit South Africa in conjunction with a trip to other countries, contact a U.S. passport agency for guidance. RESTRICTED AREAS A visa is good only for those parts of a country that are open to foreigners. Several countries in Africa have areas of civil unrest or war zones that are off-limits to visitors without special permits. Others have similar areas that are open but surrounded by security checkpoints where travelers must show their passport, complete with valid visa. When traveling in such a country, keep your passport with you at all times. No matter where you travel in Africa, do not overstay the validity of your visa; renew it if necessary. If stopped at a roadblock, be courteous and responsive to questions asked by persons in authority. At night, turn on the interior light of the car. In areas of instability, however, try to avoid travel at night. For information on restricted areas and security risk areas, consult Department of State travel advisories (see p. 1) or, if you are already in Africa, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. In some areas, when U.S. citizens are arrested or detained, police or prison officials have failed to inform the U.S. embassy or consulate. If you are ever detained for any reason, ask to talk with a U.S. consular officer. U.S. CITIZENS MARRIED TO FOREIGN NATIONALS Women who travel to Africa should be aware that in some countries, either by law or by custom, a woman and her children need the permission of the husband to leave the country. If you or your children travel, be aware of the laws and customs of the places you visit. Do not visit or allow your children to visit unless you are confident that you will be permitted to leave. Once overseas, you are subject to the laws of the country you are in; U.S. law cannot protect CURRENCY REGULATIONS The amount of money, including traveler's checks, which may be taken into or out of African countries varies. In general, visitors must declare all currency and travelers checks upon arrival. Do not exchange money on the black market. Use only banks and other authorized foreign exchange offices and retain receipts. You may need to present the receipts as well as your original currency declaration when you depart. Currency not accounted for may be confiscated, and you may be fined or detained. Many countries require that hotel bills be paid in hard currency. Some require that a minimum amount of hard currency be changed into the local currency upon arrival. Some countries prohibit the import or export of local currency. U.S. WILDLIFE REGULATIONS The United States prohibits the import of products from endangered species, including the furs of any spotted cats. Most African countries have enacted laws protecting wildlife, but poaching and illegal trafficking in wildlife are still commonplace. By importing products made from endangered species, you risk seizure of the product and a possible fine. African ivory can be imported legally, but much of what is offered for sale is illegal. If you do decide to buy ivory products, your chances of making legal purchases are increased if you obtain a government export permit with each purchase. The import of some types of parrots and other wild birds from Africa is generally legal but is subject to licensing and other controls. There are also restrictions which require the birds to be placed in quarantine upon arrival to ensure they are free from disease. For further information on the import of wildlife and related products, consult TRAFFIC (U.S.A.), World Wildlife Fund--U.S., 1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. AIR TRAVEL If you are flying to places in Africa other than the major tourist destinations, you may have difficulty securing and retaining reservations and experience long waits at airports for customs and immigration processing. If stranded, you may need proof of a confirmed reservation in order to obtain food and lodging vouchers from some airlines. Flights are often overbooked, delayed, or cancelled and when competing for space on a plane, you may be dealing with a surging crowd rather than a line. Traveling with a packaged tour may insulate you from some of these difficulties. All problems cannot be avoided, but you can: -- Learn the reputation of the airline and the airports you will use to forestall problems and avoid any unpleasant surprises. -- When possible, reserve your return passage before you go; reconfirm immediately upon arrival. -- Ask for confirmation in writing, complete with file number or locator code, when you make or confirm a reservation. -- Arrive at the airport earlier than required in order to put youself at the front of the line -- or the crowd, as the case may be. -- Travel with funds sufficient for an extra week's subsistence in case you are stranded. PHOTOGRAPHY Africa is filled with photogenic scenery, and photography is generally encouraged. However, most governments prohibit photography of military installations or locations having military significance, including airports, bridges, tunnels, port facilities, and public buildings. Visitors can seek guidance on restrictions from local tourist offices or from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Taking photographs without prior permission can result in your arrest or the confiscation of your film. SHORTAGES, HIGH PRICES, AND OTHER PROBLEMS Consumer goods, gas, and food are in short supply in some African countries and prices for these commodities may be high by U.S. standards. Shortages of hotel accommodations also exist so confirm reservations well in advance. Some countries experience disruptions in electricity and water supply or in services such as mail and telecommunications. LOCAL TRANSPORTATION Rental cars, where available, may be expensive. Hiring a taxi is often the easiest way to go sightseeing. Taxi fares should be negotiated in advance. Travel on rural roads can be slow and difficult in the dry season, or disrupted by floods in the rainy season. SPECIFIC COUNTRY INFORMATION Angola. Individuals arriving in Angola without a visa may be arrested. Foreigners are restricted to certain areas and should scrupulously follow Angolan laws and regulations. Shortages of medical services, food, and consumer goods as well as disruptions in utilities are commonplace. The United States does not maintain diplomatic relation with Angola. There is no U.S. embassy in Luanda, and the United States Government is not in a position to accord normal consular protective services to U.S. citizens who travel to Angola. Travel to Angola is considered dangerous. Although travel in the capital city of Luanda is relatively safe, travel by road, rail, or air within Angola is unsafe due to the possibility of guerilla attack. UNITA has publicly warned that it cannot be responsible for the safety of foreigners who live or travel in contested areas, or for the timely release of foreigners captured by UNITA. Benin. (formerly Dahomey) Photography of the Presidential Palace and military and economic facilities is strictly prohibited. During the rainy season many roads are impassable. Credit cards are accepted at only one major hotel in Cotonou. Big game hunting must be licensed and game trophies cannot be exported without a permit. Big game hunting is sometimes suspended. Check with the Benin authorities before traveling or with the U.S. Embassy when you arrive for further details. Botswana. No visa is needed for a visit of up to 90 days. Tap water is potable in major towns. Travelers may be stopped at roadside checkpoints. Consumables, medicines, and gas are all imported from South Africa and are not in short supply. Burkina Faso. (formerly Upper Volta) Travelers must stop at occasional police roadblocks or other checkpoints. A government permit is required for photography, particularly in cities. Burundi. Travelers are urged to obtain a visa in advance to avoid delays upon arrival. Because tourist accommodations are limited outside Bujumbura, make reservations well in advance. Medical facilities are also limited and some consumer goods may be in short supply. Cameroon. Airport security is stringent and visitors may be subject to baggage searches. Cameroon has a good domestic transportation system. Roadside security checkpoints are maintained on all major roads. Be sure to carry your passport and a valid visa with you at all times in case you are stopped. Cape Verde. These rugged volcanic islands have a dry, temperate climate. Tourist facilities are limited. Central African Republic. Emergency medical care is inadequate. The tap water is not potable, but bottled water is available. Confirm your onward flights before you arrive because confirmation is difficult once in the country. Do not display or use photographic equipment without permission from the Ministry of Information. Roads often flood in the rainy season, from May through October. Chad. Government permits are required for photography and for travel outside N'Djamena. Several former combat zones in the country are still heavily mined. Travel in most parts of southern Chad is safe, although the roads are poor and facilities are limited. Upon arrival, consult the U.S. Embassy for a situation report on current conditions. Comoros. Visas are issued at the airport upon arrival, and an exit permit is required for departure. Visitors must have an onward/return ticket. Congo. Visa applicants must show that they have a hotel reservation, an invitation from a relative or friend in the Congo, or, if visiting on business, documentation of their business status. To cross the Congo River by ferry from Brazzaville to Kinshasa, you need a visa for Zaire and a special permit issued by the Embassy of Zaire in Brazzaville. Photography of public buildings or installations is restricted. Cote D'Ivoire. Visitors arriving without a visa are not allowed to enter the country. A good network of paved roads links all major towns. Unpaved roads are dusty in the dry season and slippery in the rainy season. Metered taxis and rental cars are available. Djibouti. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Outside the capital, there is only one surfaced road. For travel inside the country, take an experienced guide and use a vehicle equipped for rough terrain. Equatorial Guinea. Two photos must be submitted to airport authorities upon arrival. Visitors should carry passport-size photographs with them since it may be difficult to find a photographer after arrival. Visas must be obtained in advance. Medical facilities are limited, and there are no dentists or opticians in the country. Water is not potable and many visitors bring their own bottled water. Consumer goods are in short supply. Snorkeling, boating and fishing are available, but bring your own equipment. Tourist facilities are limited. Ethiopia. Airlines and hotels do not usually accept credit cards. All bills must be paid in cash or travelers checks. For travel outside Shoa province, you must have a permit from the National Tourist Organization (NTO). Permits are not always granted. Many areas of the country are off-limits to foreigners. The NTO generally requires tourists traveling outside of Addis Ababa to take along, and pay the expenses of, an NTO guide. Travel within Ethiopia may involve serious inconvenience and/or danger. The civil war between the Ethiopian regime and rebels continues in the Northern provinces and the famine in those areas and others poses problems for travelers. A midnight to 5 a.m. curfew is in effect in Addis Ababa and most other urban areas. Certain buildings and public places may not be photographed. Consult your NTO guide or another authority before using either a camera or binoculars in Ethiopia. To import a video camera, you must have a permit in advance and be prepared for a delay and questioning at customs, both on arrival and departure. A permit is also required to export antiques and animal skins. It is not unusual for foreigners and their Ethiopian acquaintances to be stopped by government officials and questioned. Gabon. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Travelers arriving without a visa may be detained by airport officials or confined in an airport jail. Taxis are plentiful along major routes in Libreville. There are roadblock checkpoints in Libreville and between towns. Train service is available between Libreville and Franceville and there is an extensive domestic airline network. Gambia. Tourist facilities are good, but unpaved roads in the city and surrounding areas make travel difficult, especially during the rainy season from May through September. Tap water is potable, but boiled or bottled water is recommended outside of Banjul. Ghana. Ghana has strict laws on currency exchange, and on the import and export of gold, diamonds, and other natural resources. Attempts to evade these regulations are punishable by a 3 to 7-year prison term. Before conducting any business transactions, visitors should contact the commercial and consular sections at the U.S. Embassy in Accra for specific advice. Smuggling is a serious crime in Ghana and airport officials have the authority to conduct body searches. If detained for any reason, request that the American Embassy be notified. There are roadblock checkpoints where automobiles and sometimes passengers may be searched. Use cameras cautiously. Possession of a camera in some areas is considered suspicious. Individuals have been arrested for taking pictures near sensitive installations. Prices are high and there are shortages of medicines, consumer goods, and gasoline as well as disruptions in utilitiies. Hotel accommmodations are limited, so reserve well in advance. All hotel bills must be paid in hard currency. Guinea. All travelers must surrender their passports to Guinean immigration authorities at the airport in Conakry. Visitors may reclaim their passports at the Central Immigration Office in downtown Conakry 24 hours after arrival. Most hotels accept payment only in hard currency or by credit card. Local currency may not be imported or exported. Road travel is difficult, particularly in the rainy season from May to October. Exercise caution if taking photographs, since Guinean officials and private citizens may object even if you have a permit. Guinea-Bissau. Visas must be obtained in advance. Local currency may not be exported or imported. Hotel bills must be paid in local currency and credit cards are not accepted. It is advisable to carry U.S. currency in small denominations of twenty dollars or less as the banks and hotels will not change large bills into local currency. Road conditions make overland travel to Senegal difficult and to Guinea almost impossible. Water is not potable and bottled water is generally unavailable. All fruits and vegetables must be chemically treated before consumption. Kenya. Obtain visas before arrival to avoid delays at the airport. U.S. citizens should not have trouble entering Kenya from South Africa, provided their visit there was less than 3 months. Adequate medical services and potable water are available in Nairobi. Outside of Nairobi, medical facilities are limited and drinking water must be boiled. Kenya has no shortages of food and consumer goods. Most major towns are linked by scheduled air service, good passenger train service, and intercity bus service. Taxis are plentiful in Nairobi. Severe penalties are incurred for the unauthorized exchange of currency. No local currency may be imported or exported. The airport departure tax must be paid in hard currency. A permit is required to export animal skins or game trophies. Lesotho. A visa is not required for a tourist stay of up to 3 months. Visas may be extended after arrival. Because most routes to Lesotho pass through South Africa, visitors should have a multiple-entry visa to South Africa. Tap water in Maseru is considered potable, but many foreigners boil or chemically treat their water, particularly during the rainy season. Rental cars are available. Visitors should be especially cautious driving on mountainous roads and at night. The border crossings to South Africa are closed from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. Liberia. Use extreme caution taking photographs because restricted areas are not easily identifiable. Tourists have had their camera and film confiscated and have been detained for simply possessing a camera in areas which are off-limits for photography. Tourist facilities are adequate in and around Monrovia, but limited elsewhere. The international airport is 36 miles from Monrovia. Unpaved roads make travel difficult, particularly in the rainy season. Travelers should carry proof of identity documents at all times. Visas must be obtained in advance and exit permits are issued upon arrival. Madagascar. International air service is limited but domestic air connections are good. Some sections of the country may be visited by train, bus, or rural taxi. Four-wheel drive vehicles are recommended for travel on rural roads. Malawi. Visas are not required for visits up to 1 year. Travelers' luggage may be searched upon arrival and books and video tapes may be held for clearance by the censorship board. Visitors are subject to the government dress code which prohibits women from wearing shorts, trousers, or skirts that expose the knee in public. Such attire is allowed, however, at beaches, game parks, and for athletic activities. Men are prohibited from wearing hair long enough to touch their collars. Journalists and writers will be refused entry unless prior government clearance has been obtained. Mali. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Taxis are available in Bamako. The road from Bamako to Mopti and a few other roads branching to the south are paved; travel on other roads is difficult, particularly in the rainy season. Mauritania. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Mauritania is a Muslim country and conservative dress is recommended; this means garments with sleeves, dress length to cover the knee, and no shorts. Taxis are plentiful in Nouakchatt. Local currency may not be imported or exported. Mauritius. Visas not required for a stay of up to 3 months, provided visitor has an onward/return ticket. Tap water is potable; avoid uncooked vegetables. Rental cars and taxis are plentiful and bus service between towns is good. Mozambique. Due to insurgent activities of the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO), road and rail travel outside major cities can be hazardous. On certain highways, visitors should be careful of occasional roadblocks and searches. Keep your valid entry permit and passport with you at all times. Entry permits must be obtained before arrival in Mozambique. Obtain current security information at the U.S. Embassy, particularly if planning travel outside of Maputo. Food is scarce, consumer goods are in short supply, and there are disruptions in utilities. Bills must usually be paid in dollars or travelers checks. Bring sufficient cash for your stay as U.S. dollars are not available through local banks. Currency should be exchanged only at authorized locations. Namibia. Several areas in Namibia have experienced bombings, mine explosions, shootings, and other acts of terrorism. Most of northern Namibia should be avoided. South Africa administers Namibia, therefore your visa for South Africa is good for Namibia. Check security conditions with U.S. Consulate in Capetown before traveling to Namibia. Photography is not permitted at military installations, at diamond mining areas, or anywhere in the north. Niger. Visas must be obtained in advance as they are not available at the airport. Taxis are the only form of public transport easy to obtain. Roadside checkpoints should be respected. A permit is required to take pictures. Photographing the airport or government facilities is prohibited. Continued.... Sub-Saharan travel ushowNameProp Sub-Saharan travel Sub-Saharan travel (more) marked false Sub-Saharan travel (more) Sub-Saharan travel (more) showNameProp R(Consular Affairs Topics) TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Specific Countries Continued... Nigeria. Although it is not required for a visa, yellow fever vaccinations are recommended, especially for travel outside of urban areas. All currency must be declared in writing upon arrival and a minimum of $100 must be exchanged into local currency. Currency control regulations should be strictly observed because violations are punishable by arrest, prosecution by military tribunal, and prolonged detention. Air travel is adequate for both international and domestic flights but is often overcrowded, overbooked, and subject to unscheduled cancellations and delays. In Lagos and other cities, beware of high crime areas and avoid traveling at night. Export of antiquities and ceremonial objects must be approved by the Nigerian Department of Antiquities. Rwanda. Although there are some shortages, food supplies are adequate. A permit is needed to export game trophies. Visits to the gorillas in Parc de Volcans must be booked at least a month in advance. Sao Tome and Principe. Tourist visas are available upon arrival. There is no U.S. Embassy in this country, but the American Ambassador to Gabon is also accredited to Sao Tome and Principe. Consular services for U.S. citizens are handled through the U.S. Embassy in Libreville, Gabon. Senegal. To avoid delays upon arrival, obtain visas in advance. Although Dakar is a major port of entry into western Africa, international air service is often overcrowded, overbooked, and subject to unscheduled cancellations and delays. Seychelles. Visas are issued upon arrival and may be extended for up to one year, provided visitors have an onward/return ticket and sufficient funds for their stay. Firearms and spearfishing equipment may not be imported. Sierra Leone. Visitors must declare all foreign currency on an official exchange control form. This form is certified, stamped, and used to record all currency exchanges while in the country. You must exchange $100 of hard currency upon arrival. Allow extra time for the river ferry on the route between the airport and Freetown. Somalia. All foreign currency must be declared upon entering the country. Banks are the only legal place to exchange money. Private currency transactions and trading on the black market are illegal, and offenders are prosecuted. Prices can be high and consumer goods are often scarce. Outside of Mogadishu, tourist accommodations are rustic. Unnecessary travel to the northern and central provinces of Somalia should be avoided because of occasional dissident activity. Check security conditions with the U.S. Embassy upon arrival. South Africa. Obtain visas in advance. Strict government security measures are in effect and travel in regular tourist areas is generally safe. However, the security situation should be considered. The greatest unrest has been in urban black townships, although city centers and some shopping areas have experienced random terrorist bombings and sporadic unrest. Daylight muggings and robberies are also common in some areas. Avoid travel to the so-called "independent homelands" of Bophuthatswana, Venda, Ciskei, and Transkei. Consult the U.S. Embassy or consulates if you plan to visit these areas. Severe restrictions are imposed on reporting or photographing demonstrations, funerals, and any incident of civil unrest. South African emergency regulations allow the arrest and indefinite detention of persons considered a threat to public order. If you are detained for any reason, ask to talk with a U.S. consular officer. Despite security problems, air travel is efficient. You can travel throughout the country by plane, train, or highway. There are no shortages or disruptions in services and utilities, and the tap water is potable. Sudan. When visiting Khartoum exercise caution because of the potential for terrorism. Travelers should avoid Equatoria, Upper Nile, and Bahr El-Ghazal, the three provinces of southern Sudan. The latter two are usually off-limits to foreigners. The U.S. Embassy is not able to provide normal consular protection and services in these areas. Visitors are required to register their place of residence with the local police within three days of arrival, to obtain police permission to change residence, and to register within 24 hours of arriving at a new location. Consult the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum on security conditions during your stay. Travelers by air are advised to purchase round-trip tickets before traveling to Sudan. When leaving the country, arrive at the airport 2 hours in advance. Unforeseen circumstances, such as sandstorms and electrical outages may cause flight delays. Disruptions of water and electricity are frequent and telecommunication is slow. Because of shortages, travelers should bring adequate supplies of medicine and personal items for their stay. The possession, sale, and consumption of alcohol are strictly forbidden in Sudan. Persons with alcoholic beverages in their possession at the port of entry are subject to immediate arrest. A license to take photographs must be obtained from the Department of Hotels and Tourism. Photographing military areas, bridges, drainage stations, broadcast stations, public utilities, and slum areas or beggars is prohibited. Swaziland. No visa is needed for a visit of up to 2 months. For longer stays, temporary residence permits are available after arrival in Mbabane. Visitors entering from South Africa must report to Immigration authorities or police station within 48 hours, unless lodging in a hotel. Tap water is potable in the cities. Tanzania. Visitors must obtain visas before arrival or they may be denied entry. Travelers with a multiple-entry South African visa in their passports or other evidence of prior or planned travel to South Africa may be detained for many hours, threatened with deportation, denied entry for several days or altogether. Even tourists with new passports have been delayed at Tanzanian immigration because they were suspected of concealing second passports with South African markings. All foreign currency must be declared upon entering the country. Undeclared currency may be confiscated. Visitors must exchange a minimum of $50 into local currency. Nonresidents must pay hotel bills and game park fees in foreign currency. Banks are the only legal place to exchange money. Private currency transactions and trading on the black market are illegal, and offenders are prosecuted. Tourists should not change more money than they will use because it may be confiscated on departure. Departure tax must be paid in hard currency. Travel in Tanzania is generally safe. Beware of street crime, especially after dark. Be cautious at public beaches and avoid secluded areas. Consult authorities before traveling to remote regions and obtain updated information on conditions in the country from the U.S. Embassy. U.S. citizens have had problems on a number of occasions when they attracted the suspicion of authorities, violated laws, or entered the country in private aircraft without adequate notice or clearance. Police, immigration officers and prison officials are sensitive to matters that may affect national security, such as travel near the Mozambique border. If you are detained for any reason, ask to talk with a U.S. consular officer. Visitors have been detained or had their cameras and film confiscated for taking pictures of military installations, hospitals, schools, industries, airports, harbors, railway stations, bridges, government buildings, and similar facilities. These structures are often picturesque and not clearly identified as being off-limits for photography. Photography in game parks is unrestricted. Conservative dress is recommended. Outside of Dar es Salaam, some consumer goods are in short supply. Togo. No visa is required for a stay of up to three months; however, travel to some remote areas may require a permit. Uganda. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Visitors must declare all currency and exchange $150 for local currency upon arrival. Travel in Kampala is generally safe. Travelers should have no difficulty at the roadblocks outside of Kampala and Entebbe if they carry their passports with them. The southern and southwestern districts of Uganda are normally safe for travel. Travel to the northern regions of the country should be avoided. Consult the U.S. Embassy for updated information on security conditions in those areas. Zaire. Credit cards are not widely accepted. To cross the Congo River from Kinshasa to Brazzaville, you must obtain a special permit from the Immigration Department in Zaire and a visa for the country of Congo. Most intercity roads are difficult to impassable in the rainy season. Certain mining areas are off-limits to foreigners. When driving in cities, keep windows rolled up and doors locked; at roadblocks, open your window only partially and display your passport through the window. Photography of public buildings or installations is strictly forbidden. Zambia Visas must be obtained in advance. Foreign currency cannot be obtained locally. If possible, carry travelers checks since credit cards are seldom accepted outside of major hotels. Use cameras only in tourist areas or other locations specifically approved by Zambian authorities. Avoid clothing that could be mistaken as military apparel. Visitors should be cautious when traveling in Zambia. Because several military incidents have occurred in the south, Zambian police and security forces are suspicious of foreigners. Foreigners have sometimes been detained for no apparent reason and authorities have been slow in informing embassies of their citizens' detention. If you are detained, ask to talk with a U.S. consular officer. Major roads are open but police roadblocks are common, and vehicles and passengers are searched. Take precautions against crime and avoid travel at night. Also avoid driving off major roads because military restricted zones are often unmarked. In the north, be cautious in the area of the Zambia-Zaire border because of police and military actions aimed at curbing smuggling. Flying directly from Lusaka to the Luangwa Valley game park or its major attraction, Victoria Falls is safe, but travel to the west of the Zambezi River is discouraged. Zimbabwe. No visa is required. However, you must have both an onward/return ticket and sufficient funds for the stay. Prices are high in Zimbabwe. There are no shortages of food but occasional spot shortages of consumer goods occur. All currency must be declared upon arrival. Failure to declare currency can result in confiscation and a fine. Exchange money only where authorized and save all receipts until departure. Hotel bills must be paid in hard currency. Due to periodic unsafe security conditions, travelers should avoid certain roads and rail routes in Zimbabwe. Security conditions are particularly uncertain along the Mozambique border. The tourist destinations of Victoria Falls, the Hwange safari area, and Matopos National Park have been safe, although some areas of the park have been off-limits for visitors. You should travel to unsettled areas by air. If road travel is unavoidable, stay on the main roads, travel only in daylight and avoid unnecessary stops. Consult with the U.S. Embassy and the local police before setting out. Hitchhiking or off-road travel is strongly discouraged. There are police and military roadblocks throughout the country. Photography is off-limits in certain regions of the Zambezi Valley where anti-poaching operations are in progress. Zimbabwe authorities are also extremely sensitive about photographing certain buildings, such as government offices, official residences, and embassies. FOREIGN EMBASSIES AND MISSIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: Permanent Mission of ANGOLA to the U.N. 747 3rd Avenue 18th Floor New York, NY 10017 Embassy of BENIN 2737 Cathedral Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 232-6656 Embassy of BOTSWANA 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 404 Washington, DC 20008 (202) 244-4990 Embassy of BURKINA FASO 2340 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 332-5577 Embassy of BURUNDI 2233 Wisconsin Avenue, NW Suite 212 Washington, DC 20008 (202) 342-2574 Embassy of CAMEROON 2349 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265-8790 Embassy of CAPE VERDE 3415 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20007 (202) 965-6820 Embassy of CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 1618 22d Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-7800 Embassy of CHAD 2002 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 462-4009 Permanent Mission of COMOROS to the U.N. 336 East 45th Street, 2nd Floor New York, NY 10017 (212) 972-8010 Embassy of the CONGO 4891 Colorado Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20011 (202) 726-5500 Embassy of COTE D'IVOIRE 2424 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 797-0300 Embassy of DJIBOUTI 1430 K Street, NW Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 347-0254 Embassy of EQUATORIAL GUINEA 801 Second Avenue, Suite 1403 New York, NY 10017 (212) 599-1523 Embassy of ETHIOPIA 2134 Kalorama Road, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 234-2281 Embassy of GABON 2034 20th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 797- Embassy of GAMBIA 1030 15th Street, NW Suite 720 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 842-1356 Embassy of GHANA 2460 16th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 462- Embassy of GUINEA 2112 Leroy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (212) 483- Permanent Mission of GUINEA-BISSAU to the U.N. 211 East 43rd Street Suite 604 New York, NY 10017 (212) 661-3977 Embassy of KENYA 2249 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 387-6101 Embassy of LESOTHO 2511 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 797-5533 Embassy of LIBERIA 5201 16th Street, NW Washington, DC 20011 (212) 723-0437 Embassy of MADAGASCAR 2374 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265-5525 Embassy of MALAWI 2408 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 797-1007 Embassy of MALI 2130 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (212) 332-2249 Embassy of MAURITANIA 2129 Leroy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (212) 232-5700 Embassy of MAURITIUS 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 134 Washington, DC 20008 (202) 244-1491 Embassy of MOZAMBIQUE 1990 M Street, NW Suite 570 Washington, DC 20036 (202) 293-7146 Embassy of NIGER 2204 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-4224 Embassy of NIGERIA 2201 M Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 (202) 822- Embassy of RWANDA 1714 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 232-2882 Embassy of SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE 801 Second Avenue, Suite 1504 New York, NY 10017 (212) 697-4211 Embassy of SENEGAL 2112 Wyoming Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 234-0540 Permanent Mission of SEYCHELLES to the U.N. 820 Second Avenue, Suite 203 New York, NY 10017 (212) 687-9766 Embassy of SIERRA LEONE 1701 19th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 939-9261 Embassy of SOMALIA 600 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Suite 710 Washington, DC 20037 (202) 333-5908 Embassy of SOUTH AFRICA 3051 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 337-3452 Embassy of SUDAN 2210 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 338-8565 Embassy of SWAZILAND 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 362-6683 Embassy of TANZANIA 2139 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939- Embassy of TOGO 2208 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 234-4212 Embassy of UGANDA 5909 16th Street, NW Washington, DC 20011 (202) 726- Embassy of ZAIRE 1800 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 234-7690 Embassy of ZAMBIA 2419 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265-9717 Embassy of ZIMBABWE 2852 McGill Terrace, NW, Washington, DC 20008 (202) 332-7100 U.S. EMBASSIES AND CONSULATES ABROAD Note: Workweek is Monday-Friday except where noted. Mail to APO and FPO addresses must originate in the United States; the street address must not appear in an APO or FPO address. BENIN American Embassy Rue Caporal Anani Bernard B.P. 2012 Cotonou Tel: (229) 300-650 BOTSWANA American Embassy P.O. Box 90 Gaborone Tel: (267) 353-982 BURKINO FASO American Embassy B.P. 35 Ouagadougou Tel: (226) 306-723 BURUNDI American Embassy Avenue du Zaire, B.P. 1720 Bujumbura Tel: (257)(2) 23454 CAMEROON American Embassy Rue Nachtigal, B.P. 817 Yaounde Tel: (237) 234-014 CAPE VERDE American Embassy Rua Hojl Ya Yenna 81 C.P. 201 Praia Tel: (238) 614-363, 614-253 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC American Embassy Avenue President Dacko B.P. 294 Bangui Tel: 610-200, 612-578, 614-333 CHAD American Embassy Ave. Felix Eboue, B.P. 413 N'Djamena Tel: (235) 516-211, 516-233 COMOROS American Embassy B.P. 1318 Moroni Tel: 731-203 CONGO American Embassy Avenue Amilcar Cabral B.P. 1015, Box C Brazzaville Tel: 832-070, 832-624 COTE D'IVOIRE American Embassy 5 Rue Jesse Owens 01 B.P. 1712 Abidjan Tel: (225) 320-979 DJIBOUTI American Embassy Plateau de Serpent, Blvd. Marechal Joffre B.P. 185 Djibouti Tel: (253) 353-849, 353-995, 352-916 Workweek: Sunday-Thursday EQUATORIAL GUINEA American Embassy Calle de Los Ministros P.O. Box 597 Malabo Tel: 2406, 2507 ETHIOPIA American Embassy Entoto St., P.O. Box 1014 Addis Ababa Tel: (251)(01) 551-002 GABON American Embassy Blvd. de la Mer B.P. 4000 Libreville Tel: (241) 762-003, 743-492 GAMBIA American Embassy Fajara, Kairaba Ave; P.M.B. No. 19, Banjul Banjul Tel: (220) 92856, 92858, 91970 GHANA American Embassy Ring Road East P.O. Box 194 Accra Tel: 775-347 GUINEA American Embassy 2d Blvd. and 9th Ave, B.P. 603 Conakry Tel: 441-520 GUINEA-BISSAU American Embassy Avenida Domingos Ramos C.P. 297 Bissau Tel: (245) 212-816 KENYA American Embassy Moi/Haile Selassie Ave. P.O. Box 30137 Nairobi Tel: (254)(2) 334-141 American Consulate Palli House, Nyerere Ave. P.O. Box 88079 Mombasa Tel: (254)(11) 315-101 LESOTHO American Embassy P.O. Box 333, Maseru 100 Maseru Tel: (266) 312-666 LIBERIA American Embassy 111 United Nations Dr. P.O. Box 98 Monrovia Tel: (231) 222-991 MADAGASCAR American Embassy 14 and 16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola B.P. 620 Antananarivo Tel: (261)(2) 21257, 20956, 20089 MALAWI American Embassy P.O. Box 30016 Lilongwe Tel: (265) 730-166 MALI American Embassy Rue Testard and Rue Mohamed V B.P. 34 Bamako Tel: (223)(22) 225-834 MAURITANIA American Embassy B.P. 222 Nouakchott Tel: (222)(2) 52660, 52663 MAURITIUS American Embassy Rogers Bldg. (4th Fl.) John Kennedy Street Port Louis Tel: 082-347 MOZAMBIQUE American Embassy Avenida Kaunda 193, P.O. Box 783 Maputo Tel: (258)(11) 742-797, 743-167, 744-163 NIGER American Embassy B.P. 11201 Niamey Tel: (227) 722-661 NIGERIA American Embassy 2 Eleke Crescent, P.O. Box 554 Lagos Tel: (234)(1) 610-097 American Consulate General 2 Maska Rd., P.O. Box 170 Kaduna Tel: (234)(1) 201-070 RWANDA American Embassy Blvd. de la Revolution, B.P. 28 Kigali Tel: (205) 75601, 72126 SENEGAL American Embassy Avenue Jean XXIII, B.P. 49 Dakar Tel: (221) 214-296 SEYCHELLES American Embassy Box 148 Victoria Tel: (248) 23921 SIERRA LEONE American Embassy Corner Walpole and Siaka Stevens St. Freetown Tel: 26481 SOMALIA American Embassy Corso Primo Luglio, P.O. Box 574 Mogadishu Tel: (252)(01) 20811 Workweek: Sunday-Thursday SOUTH AFRICA American Embassy Thibault House, 225 Pretorius St. Pretoria Tel: (27)(12) 284-266 American Consulate General Broadway Industries Center Heerengracht, Foreshore Cape Town Tel: (27)(21) 214-280, 214-287 American Consulate General Durban Bay House, 29th Fl. 333 Smith St. Durban 4001 Tel: (27)(31) 304-4737 American Consulate General Kine Center, 11th Fl., Commissioner and Krulis Sts., P.O. Box 2155 Johannesburg Tel: (27)(11) 331-1681 SUDAN American Embassy Sharia Ali Abdul Latif, P.O. Box 699 Khartoum Tel: 74700, 75680, 74611 Workweek: Sunday-Thursday SWAZILAND American Embassy Central Bank Bldg., Warner Street P.O. Box 199 Mbabane Tel: (268) 22281 TANZANIA American Embassy 36 Laibon Rd. (off Bagamoyo Rd.) P.O. Box 9123 Das Es Salaam Tel: (255)(51) 37501 TOGO American Embassy Rue Pelletier Caventou & Rue Vauban, B.P. 852 Lome Tel: (228)(21) 212-991, 213-609 UGANDA American Embassy Parliament Ave., P.O. Box 7007 Kampala Tel: (256)(41) 259-791, 259-795 ZAIRE American Embassy 310 Avenue des Aviateurs Kinshasa Tel: (243)(12) 25881 American Consulate General 1029 Blvd. Kamanyola, B.P. 1196 Lubumbashi Tel: (243) 222-324 ZAMBIA American Embassy Corner of Independence and United Nations Aves. P.O. Box 31617 Lusaka Tel: (260)(1) 214-911 ZIMBABWE American Embassy 172 Rhodes Ave., P.O. Box 3340 Harare Tel: (263)(4) 794-521 Planning Another Trip? Travel advisories tips marked false Travel advisories tips Travel advisories tips showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) State Department Travel Advisories The State Department issues travel advisories to inform traveling Americans of conditions abroad which may affect them adversely. Travel advisories are generally about physical dangers, unexpected arrests or detentions, serious health hazards, and other conditions abroad with serious consequences for traveling Americans. Travel advisories which describe a potential for violence and physical danger usually reflect a trend or pattern of violence over a period of time in which the government of the country involved is unwilling or unable to afford normal protection. For that reason, isolated international terrorist of criminal attacks - which can and do occur virtually anywhere at any time - do not generally trigger travel advisories. Travel advisories are issued on the basis of objective evidence about emerging or existing circumstances and are modified or cancelled when those circumstances change. Travel advisories are issued only after careful review of information from our diplomatic post in the affected country, and in coordination with various bureaus of the Department of State and other concerned federal agencies. How To Access Travel Advisories Travel advisories for specific countries are available at any of the 13 regional passport agencies, field offices or the U.S. Department of Commerce, and U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. They are also available by writing the Citizens Emergency Center, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Room 4811, N.S., U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC, 20520. Travel advisories may be heard anytime by dialing the Citizens Emergency Center at (202) 647-5225 from a touchtone phone. The recording is updated constantly. By Computer Network If you have a personal computer and a modem, you can also access travel advisories electronically. The Official Airlines Guide (OAG) provides the full text of travel advisories on many online computer services. To obtain information on accessing travel advisories through OAG on any of the following computer services, call the OAG Electronic Edition at 800-323-4000. CompuServe* General Videotex-Delphi NewsNet Dialcom GEnie IP Sharp Dialog iNet-America Telenet Dow Jones News/Retrieval iNet-Bell of Canada Western Union-Easylink *CompuServe subscribers may type GO STATE at any "!" prompt. Infosys America Inc. also provides the full text of travel advisories through Travel Online BBS on the SmartNet International Computer Network in the U.S., Canada and overseas. The (modem) telephone number for Infosys America is (314) 625-4054. Interactive Office Services, Inc. offers online travel information in Travel+Plus through the networks listed below. For information on access, call Travel+Plus at (617) 876-5551 or 800-544-4005. Delphi, MCI (RCA Hotline) Bell South TUG GraphNet Unison FTCC Answer Bank The Overseas Security Electronic Bulletin Board (EBB) provides State Department travel advisories as a free service (purchase of necessary software required) for American firms doing business overseas. Apply to the Executive Director, Overseas Security Advisory Council (DS/OSAC), Department of State, Washington, DC 20522-1003. The Computer Information Delivery Service (CIDS) also provides the text of State Department travel advisories. For information, call Edward Decowski of Martin-Marietta at 703-802-5700. How To Access State Department Travel Advisories by Computer Reservation System (CRS) The following computer reservation systems (CRS) maintain State Department travel advisory information. The information can be accessed by entering the CRS codes listed below. APOLLO - For the travel advisory index, enter: S*BRF/TVLADV For the full text of travel advisories and travel notices, enter: TD*DS/ADV DATAS II - For full text of travel advisories, enter: G* _ (country)_ PARS - For the travel advisory index, enter: G/AAI/TVL Travel Document Systems, Inc. provides the full text of travel advisories and notices to the following reservation systems: SABRE - Enter: N*/ADVISORY INDEX SYSTEM ONE - Enter: GG SUP TD ADV In Western Europe, SYSTEM ONE is accessed through the AMADEUS system and APOLLO through the GALILEO system. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trips abroad marked false (Consular Affairs Topics) YOUR TRIP ABROAD Before You Go There is a lot you can do to prepare for your trip, depending upon where, how long and why you are going. LEARN ABOUT THE PLACES YOU WILL VISIT Here are some good sources: A travel agent can provide brochures and tourist information about the countries you plan to visit. Your travel agent should also be able to provide you with the Department of State travel advisory for any country you plan to visit, if an advisory has been issued for the country. If your travel agent cannot provide travel advisories, you can obtain them 24-hours a day by calling (202) 647-5225 (see page 4). Look in your local bookstore and public library for books on foreign travel. Many countries have tourist information offices in large cities that can give you brochures and, in some cases, maps. International airlines may also supply you with travel brochures on the countries they serve. Foreign embassies or consulates in the United States can provide up-to-date information on their countries. Addresses and telephone numbers of the embassies of foreign governments are listed in the Congressional Directory, available at most public libraries. In addition to their embassies, some countries also have consulates in major U.S. cities. Look for their addresses in your local telephone directory, or find them in the publication, Foreign Consular Offices in the United States, available in many public libraries. Check on Travel Advisories The Department of State issues travel advisories to alert U.S. citizens to conditions overseas that may affect them adversely. There are three types of travel advisories: Warning: recommends deferral of travel to all or part of a country. Caution: advises about unusual security conditions, including the potential for unexpected detention, unstable political conditions, or serious health problems. It is not intended to deter travel to a country. Notice: provides information on situations that do not present a broad scale risk, but which could result in inconvenience or difficulty for traveling Americans. Travel advisories are posted at U.S. passport agencies, Department of Commerce field offices, and at U.S. embassies and consulates around the world. They are distributed to the travel and airline industry and can be found through airline computer reservation systems. If you plan travel to an area or country where there is some concern about existing conditions, find out if there is a travel advisory by contacting the nearest passport agency or your travel agent or airline. You may also listen to recorded travel advisories, 24-hours a day. Call the Department of State's Citizens Emergency Center on 202-647-5225. THINGS TO BE SURE YOU HAVE Travel document requirements vary from country to country, but you will need the following: a passport or other proof of citizenship, plus a visa or a tourist card. You may also need evidence that you have enough money for your trip and/or have ongoing or return transportation tickets. A VALID PASSPORT WHO NEEDS A PASSPORT? A U.S. citizen needs a passport to depart or enter the United States and to enter and depart most foreign countries. Exceptions include short-term travel between the United States and Mexico, Canada, and some countries in the Caribbean. Your travel agent or airline can tell you if you need a passport for the country you plan to visit. WARNING! Even if you are not required to have a passport to visit a country, U.S. Immigration requires you to prove your U.S. citizenship and identity when you reenter the United States. Make certain that you take with you adequate documentation to pass through U.S. Immigration upon your return. A U.S. passport is the best proof of U.S. citizenship. Other documents to prove U.S. citizenship include an expired U.S. passport, a certified copy of your birth certificate, a Certificate of Naturalization, a Certificate of Citizenship, or a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States. To prove your identity, either a valid driver's license or a government identification card that includes a photo or a physical description is adequate. With the number of international child custody cases on the rise, several countries have instituted passport requirements to help prevent child abductions. For example, Mexico has a law that requires a child traveling alone or with only one parent to carry written, notarized consent from the absent parent or parents. No authorization is needed if the child travels alone and is in possession of a U.S. passport. A child traveling alone with a birth certificate requires written, notarized authorization from both parents. Beware of a Passport That Is About to Expire! Certain countries will not permit you to enter and will not place a visa in your passport if the remaining validity is less than 6 months. If you return to the United States with an expired passport, you are subject to a passport waiver fee of $100, payable to U.S. Immigration at the port of entry. All persons must have their own passport. Since January 1981, family members are not permitted to be included in each others' passports. WHEN TO APPLY Every year, demand for passports becomes heavy in January and begins to decline in August. You can help reduce U.S. Government expense and avoid delays by applying between September and December. However, even in those months, periods of high demand for passports can occur. Apply several months in advance of your planned departure, whenever possible. If you need visas, allow additional time approximately two weeks per visa. HOW TO APPLY IN PERSON For your first passport, you must appear in person with a completed Form DSP-11, Passport Application, at one of the 13 U.S. passport agencies or at one of the several thousand federal or state courts or U.S. post offices authorized to accept passport applications. You may be able to find the addresses of passport acceptance facilities in your area in the government listings of your telephone book. If you cannot find a listing, contact one of the 13 U.S. passport agencies listed on page 39 at the end of this pamphlet. Applicants between age 13 and 18 must appear in person, accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. For children under age 13, a parent or legal guardian may appear on their behalf. If you have had a previous passport and wish to obtain another, you may be eligible to apply by mail (see page 10 below for details). WHAT TO BRING WHEN YOU APPLY 1. A properly completed, but unsigned, passport application (DSP-11). Do not sign it! 2. Proof of U.S. citizenship (a, b, or c): a. Use your previously issued passport or one in which you were included. If you are applying for your first passport or cannot submit a previous passport, you must submit other evidence of citizenship. b. If you were born in the United States, you should produce a certified copy of your birth certificate. This must show that the birth record was filed shortly after birth and must be certified with the registrar's signature and raised, impressed, embossed, or multicolored seal. Certified copies of birth records can be obtained from the Bureau of Vital Statistics in the city, state, county, or territory where you were born. (Notifications of Birth Registration or Birth Announcements are not normally accepted for passport purposes.) A delayed birth certificate (one filed more than one year after the date of birth) is acceptable provided it shows a plausible basis for creating this record. If you cannot obtain a birth certificate, submit a notice from a state registrar stating that no birth record exists, accompanied by the best secondary evidence possible. This may include a baptismal certificate, a hospital birth record, affidavits of persons having personal knowledge of the facts of your birth, or other documentary evidence such as an early census, school records, family Bible records, and newspaper files. A personal knowledge affidavit should be supported by at least one public record reflecting birth in the United States. c. If you were born abroad, you can use: -- A Certificate of Naturalization. -- A Certificate of Citizenship. -- A Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America (Form FS-240). -- A Certification of Birth (Form FS-545 or DS-1350). If you do not have any of these documents and are a U.S. citizen, you should take all available proof of citizenship to the nearest U.S. passport agency and request assistance in proving your citizenship. 3. Proof of identity. You must also establish your identity to the satisfaction of the person accepting your application. The following items are generally acceptable documents of identity if they contain your signature and if they readily identify you by physical description or photograph: -- A previous U.S. passport. -- A certificate of naturalization or citizenship. -- A valid driver's license. -- A government (federal, state, municipal) -- identification card. The following are NOT acceptable: -- Social Security card. -- Learner's or temporary driver's license. -- Credit card of any type. -- Any temporary or expired identity card or document. -- Any document that has been altered or changed in any manner. If you are unable to present one of the first four documents to establish your identity, you must be accompanied by a person who has known you for at least 2 years and who is a U.S. citizen or a permanent resident alien of the United States. That person must sign an affidavit in the presence of the same person who executes the passport application. The witness will be required to establish his or her own identity. You must also submit some identification of your own. 4. Photographs. Present two identical photographs of yourself that are sufficiently recent (normally taken within the past 6 months) to be a good likeness. Passport Services encourages photographs where the applicant is relaxed and smiling. The photographs must not exceed 2x2 inches in size. The image size measured from the bottom of your chin to the top of your head (including hair) must be not less than 1 inch or more than 1-3/8 inches with your head taking up most of the photograph. Passport photographs may be either black and white or color. Photographs must be clear, front view, full-face, and printed on thin white paper with a plain, white or off-white background. Photographs should be portrait-type prints taken in normal street attire without a hat and must include no more than the head and shoulders or upper torso. Dark glasses are not acceptable except when worn for medical reasons. Head coverings are only acceptable if they are worn for religious reasons. Applicants may use photographs in military uniform only if they are on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and are proceeding abroad in the discharge of their duties. Newspaper, magazine and most vending machine prints are not acceptable for use in passports. 5. The correct fee. Applicants age 18 and over who are required to appear in person, must pay $65 for their passport. This includes a $10 execution fee. Their passport is valid for 10 years. Applicants under age 18 must pay $40 for their passport. It is valid for 5 years. You may pay in person by check, bank draft, or money order. You may also pay in cash at a passport agency and at some, but not all post offices and clerks of court. HOW TO APPLY BY MAIL You may apply by mail if all of the following are true: -- You have been issued a passport within 12 years prior to your new application. -- You are able to submit your most recent U.S. passport with your new application. -- Your previous passport was issued on or after your 16th birthday. -- You use the same name as that on your most recent passport or you have had your name changed by marriage or court order. HOW TO PROCEED Obtain Form DSP-82, Application for Passport by Mail, from one of the offices accepting applications or from your travel agent, and complete the information requested on the reverse side of the form. (1) Sign and date the application. (2) Include your date of departure. If no date is included, passport agents will assume that your travel plans are not immediate, and your passport will be processed in about two to three weeks. (3) Enclose your previous passport. (4) Enclose two identical 2x2 photographs (Specifications listed later in this file.). (5) The $55 passport fee. (The $10 acceptance fee is not required for applicants eligible to apply by mail.) (6) If your name has changed, submit the original or certified copy of the court order or marriage certificate that shows the change of name. (7) For processing, mail the completed application and attachments to one of the passport agencies listed at the back of this pamphlet. An incomplete or improperly prepared application will delay issuance of your passport. HOW TO PAY THE PASSPORT FEE The following forms of payment are acceptable when you apply by mail: -- Bank draft or cashier's check. -- Check: either certified, personal, or travelers (for exact amount). -- Money order: U.S. postal, international, currency exchange, or bank. Do NOT send cash through the mail! WHEN YOU RECEIVE YOUR PASSPORT Sign it right away! Then fill in page 4, the personal notification data page. Your previous passport and the original documents that you may have submitted will be returned to you with your new passport. OTHER PASSPORT INFORMATION OBTAINING A PASSPORT IN AN EMERGENCY Passport agencies will expedite issuance in cases of genuine, documented emergencies. If you are leaving within five days and need a passport, you can pay to have your passport delivered to you by express mail. But you must arrange and pay for this in advance. Check with the post office or court house that accepts your application or with the nearest passport agency for specific details. If you plan to travel abroad frequently or if you stay overseas for long periods of time, your relatives or associates in the United States should have valid passports as well. That way, should you become seriously ill or involved in some other emergency, they could travel without delay. DIPLOMATIC AND OFFICIAL PASSPORTS If you are being assigned abroad on U.S. government business and are eligible to apply by mail for a no-fee passport (no-fee regular, official, diplomatic), you must submit the mail-in application form, your authorization to apply for a no-fee passport, your previous passport, and two photographs to the Passport Agency in Washington, D.C. for processing. ADDITIONAL VISA PAGES If you require additional visa pages before your passport expires, obtain them by submitting your passport to one of the passport agencies listed at the back of this pamphlet. If you travel frequently to countries requiring visas, you may request a 48-page passport at the time you apply. There is no additional charge for extra pages or for a 48-page passport. CHANGE OF NAME If you have changed your name, you will need to have your passport amended. Fill out Form DSP-19, Passport Amendment/Validation Application, which is available from any office that is authorized to accept passport applications. Submit the DSP-19 along with proof of the name change (a marriage certificate, divorce decree, or certified court order) to the nearest passport agency. There is no fee for this service. AN ALTERED OR MUTILATED PASSPORT If you mutilate or alter your U.S. passport in any way (other than changing the personal notification data), you may render it invalid, cause yourself much inconvenience, and expose yourself to possible prosecution under the law (Section 1543 of Title 22 of the U.S. Code). Mutilated or altered passports should be turned in to passport agents, authorized postal employees, or U.S. consular officers abroad. LOSS OR THEFT OF A U.S. PASSPORT Safeguard your passport. Its loss could cause you unnecessary travel complications as well as significant expense. If your passport is lost or stolen in the United States, report the loss or theft immediately to Passport Services, 1425 K Street, N.W., Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20524 or to the nearest passport agency. Should your passport be lost or stolen abroad, report the loss immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If you can provide the consular officer with the information contained in your passport, it will facilitate issuance of a new passport. Therefore, photocopy the data page of your passport and keep it in a separate place. In addition, leave the passport number, date, and place of issuance with a relative or friend in the United States. OTHER QUESTIONS ABOUT PASSPORTS? Additional passport information may be obtained from the passport agencies listed at the end of this pamphlet. OBTAIN VISAS A visa is an endorsement or stamp placed in your passport by a foreign government that permits you to visit that country for a specified purpose and a limited time for example, a 3-month tourist visa. It is advisable to obtain visas before you leave the United States because you will not be able to obtain visas for some countries once you have departed. Apply directly to the embassy or nearest consulate of each country you plan to visit, or consult a travel agent. Passport agencies cannot help you obtain visas. "Foreign Entry Requirements" Department of State publication M-264, Foreign Entry Requirements, gives entry requirements for every country and tells where and how to apply for visas and tourist cards. It can be ordered for $0.50 from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, Colorado 81009. Note: The publication is updated annually but may not reflect the most current requirements. It is advisable to verify the latest visa requirements with the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit. Because a visa is stamped directly onto a blank page in your passport, you will need to give your passport to an official of each foreign embassy or consulate. You will also need to fill out a form, and you may need one or more photographs. Many visas require a fee. The process may take several weeks for each visa, so apply well in advance of your trip. TOURIST CARD If the country you plan to visit only requires a tourist card, obtain one from the country's embassy or consulate, from an airline serving the country, or at the port of entry. There is a fee for some tourist cards. PROOF OF CITIZENSHIP Check with the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit to learn what proof of citizenship is required of visitors. Even if a country does not require a visitor to have a passport, it will require some proof of citizenship and identity. Remember that no matter what proof of citizenship a foreign country requires, U.S. Immigration has strict requirements for your reentry into the United States. Information on U.S. Immigration requirements are later in this file.. IMMUNIZATIONS Under international health regulations adopted by the World Health Organization, a country may require international certificates of vaccination against yellow fever and cholera. Typhoid vaccinations are not required for international travel, but are recommended for areas where there is risk of exposure. Smallpox vaccinations are no longer given. Check your health care records to insure that your measles, mumps, rubella, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunizations are up-to-date. Medication to deter malaria and other preventative measures are advisable for certain areas. No immunizations are needed to return to the United States. Information on immunization requirements, U.S. Public Health Service recommendations, and other health hints are included in the book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $5.00 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. You may also obtain such information from local and state health departments or physicians. This information is also available on the Centers for Disease Control 24-hour hotline: 404-639-2572. It is not necessary to be vaccinated against a disease you will not be exposed to and few countries refuse to admit you if you arrive without the necessary vaccinations. Officials will either vaccinate you, give you a medical follow-up card, or, in rare circumstances, put you in isolation for the incubation period of the disease you were not vaccinated against. Check requirements before you depart. If vaccinations are required, they must be recorded on approved forms, such as those in the booklet PHS-731, International Certificates of Vaccination as Approved by the World Health Organization. If your doctor or public health office does not have this booklet, it can be obtained for $2 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 or Government Printing Office bookstores. Keep it with your passport. Some countries require certification from long-term visitors that they are free of the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV). Generally, this has little bearing on tourists and short-term visitors. Check with the embassy or consulate of the countries you will visit for the latest information. HEALTH INSURANCE For travelers who become seriously ill or injured overseas, obtaining medical treatment and hospital care can be costly. The Social Security Medicare program does not cover hospital and medical services outside the United States. Before you leave the United States, learn what medical services your health insurance will cover abroad. If your health insurance policy does not cover you abroad, you are urged to purchase a temporary health policy that does. There are short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. You can find the names of such companies from your travel agent, your health insurance company, or from advertisements in travel publications. In addition to health insurance, many policies include trip cancellation, baggage loss, and travel accident insurance in the same package. Some travelers check companies have protection policies available for those who purchase travelers checks. MEDICAL EVACUATION One of the chief advantages of health and emergency assistance policies is that they often include coverage for medical evacuation to the United States. Medical evacuation can easily cost $5000 depending upon your location and medical condition. Even if your regular health insurance covers you for emergencies abroad, consider purchasing a supplemental insurance policy to cover medical evacuation. Whichever health insurance coverage you choose for overseas, remember to bring your policy identity card and claim forms with you. Continued... Trips abroad P]showNameProp Trips abroad Trips abroad (more) marked false Trips abroad (more) Trips abroad (more) showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) YOUR TRIP ABROAD Continued... HOW TO BRING MONEY TRAVELERS CHECKS Do not carry large amounts of cash. Take most of your money in travelers checks and remember to record the serial number, denomination and the date and location of the issuing bank or agency. Keep this information in a safe and separate place so if you lose your travelers checks you can get replacements quickly. CREDIT CARDS Some credit cards can be used worldwide, even for cash advances. Keep track of your credit card purchases so as not to exceed your limit. Travelers have been arrested overseas for mistakenly exceeding their credit limit! Leave all unnecessary credit cards at home. Record the numbers of the credit cards that you do bring and keep the list in a separate place from the cards. Always report the loss or theft of your credit cards or travelers checks immediately to the companies and notify the local police. If you will stay in one place for some time, consider opening an account for check cashing and other transactions at a U.S. bank that has an overseas affiliate. U.S. embassies and consulates cannot cash checks for you. PREPARE FOR EMERGENCY FUNDS Keep the telephone number for your bank in the United States with you in the event you run out of cash and need to transfer money. In some countries, major banks and certain travel agencies can help you arrange a transfer of funds from your account to a foreign bank. If you do not have a bank account from which you can obtain emergency funds, make arrangements in advance with a relative or friend to send you emergency funds should it become necessary. If you find yourself destitute, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for assistance in arranging a money wire transfer from a relative or friend in the United States. FOREIGN CURRENCY Before departing, you may wish to purchase small amounts of foreign currency to use for buses, taxis, phones, or tips when you first arrive. Foreign exchange facilities at airports may be closed when your flight arrives. You can purchase foreign currency at some U.S. banks, at foreign exchange firms, or at foreign exchange windows or even vending machines at many international airports in the United States. Some countries regulate the amount of local currency you can bring into or take out of the country; others require that you exchange a minimum amount of currency. For currency regulations, check with a bank, foreign exchange firm, your travel agent, or the embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit. If you leave or enter the United States with more than $10,000 in monetary instruments of any kind, you must file a report, Customs Form 4790, with U.S. Customs at the time. Failure to comply can result in civil and criminal proceedings. VALUABLES DON'T BRING THEM! Do not bring anything on your trip that you would hate to lose such as expensive jewelry, family photographs, or objects of sentimental value. If you bring jewelry, wear it discreetly to help avoid grab-and-run robbery. OTHER THINGS TO ARRANGE AHEAD LODGING RESERVE IN ADVANCE Many travelers wait until they reach their destination before making hotel reservations. Some train stations and airports have travel desks to assist you in finding lodging. However, when you arrive, you may be tired and unfamiliar with your surroundings, and could have difficulty locating a hotel to meet your needs. Therefore, when possible, reserve your lodging in advance and reconfirm your reservations along the way. During peak tourist season, it is important have a hotel reservation for at least the first night you arrive in a foreign city. An alternative to hotels and pensions is the youth hostel system, offering travelers of all ages clean, inexpensive, overnight accommodations in more than 6,000 locations in over 70 countries worldwide. Hostels provide dormitory-style accommodations with separate facilities for males and females. Some hostels have family rooms that can be reserved in advance. Curfews are often imposed and membership is often required. You may write to: American Youth Hostels, P.O. Box 37613, Washington, D.C. 20013-7613. ORGANIZED PROGRAMS The majority of private programs for vacation, study, or work abroad are reputable and financially sound. However, some charge exorbitant fees, use deliberately false "educational" claims, and provide working conditions far different from those advertised. Even programs of legitimate organizations can be poorly administered. Be cautious. Before committing yourself or your finances, find out about the organization and what it offers. STUDENT TRAVELERS Students can save money on transportation and accommodations, and obtain other discounts if they have an International Student Identity Card. This card is available with proof of student status and a small fee from: Council on International Educational Exchange; 205 East 42nd Street; New York, New York 10017. Membership also provides some accident and health insurance while abroad. TRANSPORTATION At the time of publication, U.S. citizens traveling abroad are required to pay a $12 federal inspection fee and a $6 federal departure tax that are included in the price of the air ticket. CHARTER FLIGHTS AND AIRLINES There have been occasions when airlines or companies that sell charter flights or tour packages have gone out of business with little warning, stranding passengers overseas. If you know from the media or from your travel agent that an airline is in financial difficulty, ask your travel agent or the airline what recourse you would have if the airline ceased to operate. Some airlines may honor the tickets of a defunct airline, but they usually do so with restrictions. Before you purchase a charter flight or tour package, read the contract carefully. Unless it guarantees they will deliver services promised or give a full refund, consider purchasing trip insurance. If you are unsure of the reputation of a charter company or tour operator, consult your local Better Business Bureau or the American Society of Travel Agents at 1101 King Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, Tel. (703) 739-2782, to learn if the company has a complaint record . DRIVER'S LICENSE/AUTO INSURANCE If you intend to drive overseas, check with the embassy or consulate of the countries you will visit to learn their driver's license, road permit, and auto insurance requirements. If possible, obtain road maps before you go. Many countries do not recognize a U.S. driver's license. Most, however, accept an international driver's permit. Before departure, obtain one at a local office of an automobile association. You must be at least age 18, and you will need two passport-size photographs and your valid U.S. license. Certain countries require road permits instead of tolls to use their divided highways and will fine drivers without a permit. Car rental agencies overseas usually provide auto insurance, but in some countries, the required coverage is minimal. A good rule of thumb when renting a car overseas is to purchase insurance coverage that is at least equivalent to that which you carry at home. In general, your U.S. auto insurance does not cover you abroad. However, your policy may apply when you drive to countries that neighbor the United States. Check with your insurer to see if your policy covers you in Canada, Mexico, or countries south of Mexico. Even if your policy is valid in one of these countries, it may not meet its minimum requirements. For instance, in most of Canada, you must carry at least $200,000 in liability insurance, and Mexico requires that if vehicles do not carry theft, third party liability, and comprehensive insurance, the owner must post a bond that could be as high as 50% of the value of the vehicle. If you are under-insured for a country, auto insurance can usually be purchased on either side of the border. U.S. CUSTOMS PRE-REGISTRATION Learn about U.S. Customs regulations. Foreign-made personal articles taken abroad are subject to duty and tax unless you have proof of prior possession such as a receipt, bill of sale, an insurance policy, or a jeweler's appraisal. If you do not have proof of prior possession, items such as foreign-made watches, cameras, or tape recorders that can be identified by serial number or permanent markings may be taken to the Customs office nearest you or at the port of departure for registration before departing the United States. The certificate of registration provided can expedite free entry of these items when you return. DOCUMENTATION FOR MEDICATIONS If you go abroad with preexisting medical problems, carry a letter from you doctor describing your condition, including information on any prescription medicines you must take. You should also have the generic names of the drugs. Leave medicines in their original, labeled containers. These precautions make customs processing easier. A doctor's certificate, however, may not suffice as authorization to transport all prescription drugs to all foreign countries. Travelers have innocently been arrested for drug violations when carrying items not considered to be narcotics in the United States. To ensure you do not violate the drug laws of the countries you visit, consult the embassy or consulate of those countries for precise information before leaving the United States. If you have allergies, reactions to certain medicines, or other unique medical problems, consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or carrying a similar warning. Several private organizations provide listings of physicians to international travelers. Membership in these organizations is generally free, although a donation may be requested. Membership entitles the traveler to a number of traveler's medical aids, including a directory of physicians with their overseas locations, telephone numbers and doctors' fee schedules. The physicians are generally English-speaking and provide medical assistance 24 hours a day. The addresses of these medical organizations are in travel magazines or may be available from your travel agent. PLACES TO RECEIVE MAIL If you are traveling for an extended period, you may want to arrange to pick up mail or messages. Some banks and international credit card companies handle mail for customers at their overseas branches. General Delivery (Poste Restante) services at post offices in most countries will hold mail for you. U.S. embassies and consulates do not handle private mail. LEARN ABOUT DUAL NATIONALITY Whether you are a U.S. citizen from birth or were naturalized as a U.S. citizen, a foreign country may claim you as its citizen if: -- You were born there. -- Your parent is or was a citizen of that country. -- You are married to a citizen of that country. If any of the possibilities for dual nationality applies to you, check on your status (including military obligations) with the embassy or consulate of the country that might claim you as a citizen. In particular, Americans may have problems with dual nationality in certain countries in the Middle East, in South America, and in Africa. Some foreign countries refuse to recognize a dual national's U.S. citizenship and do not allow U.S. officials access to arrested Americans. SOME THINGS TO LEAVE BEHIND YOUR ITINERARY LEAVE A PAPER TRAIL Leave a detailed itinerary (with names, addresses, and phone numbers of persons and places to be visited) with relatives or friends in the United States so you can be reached in an emergency. Also include a photocopy of your passport information page. OTHER IMPORTANT NUMBERS It is a good idea to make a list of all important numbers your passport information as well as your credit card, travelers checks, and airline ticket numbers. Leave a copy at home and carry a copy with you, separate from your valuables. WHILE YOU ARE OVERSEAS HOW TO DEAL WITH THE UNEXPECTED If you change your travel plans, miss your return flight, or extend your trip, be sure to notify relatives or friends back home. Should you find yourself in an area of civil unrest or natural disaster, let them know as soon as you can that you are safe. In addition, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to register your presence and to keep the U.S. consul informed of your whereabouts. SAFETY TIPS PROTECT YOUR PASSPORT Your passport is the most valuable document you will carry abroad. It confirms your U.S. citizenship. Guard it carefully. Do not use it as collateral for a loan or lend it to anyone. It is your best form of identification. You will need it when you pick up mail or check into hotels, embassies or consulates. When entering some countries or registering at hotels, you may be asked to fill out a police card listing your name, passport number, destination, local address, and reason for traveling. You may be required to leave your passport at the hotel reception desk overnight so it may be checked by local police officials. These are normal procedures required by local laws. If your passport is not returned the following morning, immediately report the impoundment to local police authorities and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. PASSPORT FRAUD Law enforcement records show that U.S. passports are sometimes used for illegal entry into the United States or by criminals abroad seeking to establish another identity. This can cause embarrassment to innocent citizens whose names become associated with illegal activities. To protect the integrity of the U.S. passport and the security of the person bearing it, consular officers overseas have found it necessary to take precautions in processing lost passport cases. These precautions may involve some delay before a new passport is issued. SAFEGUARD YOUR PASSPORT Carelessness is the main cause for losing a passport or having it stolen. You may find that you have to carry your passport with you because either you need to show it when you cash travelers checks or the country you are in requires you to carry it as an identity document. When you must carry your passport, hide it securely on your person. Do not leave it in a handbag or an exposed pocket. Whenever possible, leave your passport in the hotel safe, not in an empty hotel room or packed in your luggage. One family member should not carry all the passports for the entire family. GUARD AGAINST THIEVES Coat pockets, handbags, and hip pockets are particularly susceptible to theft. Thieves will use all kinds of ploys to divert your attention just long enough to pick your pocket and grab your purse or wallet. These ploys include creating a disturbance, spilling something on your clothing, or even handing you a baby to hold! Prevent theft by carrying your belongings in a secure manner. Consider not carrying a purse or wallet when going on crowded streets. Women who carry a shoulder bag should keep it tucked under the arm and held securely by the strap. Men should put their wallets in their front trouser pockets or use money belts instead of hip pockets. A wallet wrapped in rubber bands is more difficult to remove undetected. Be especially cautious in a large crowd in the subway, marketplace, at a festival, or if surrounded by groups of vagrant children. Do not make it easy for thieves! FINANCIAL AND SHOPPING TIPS CURRENCY Local banks usually offer better rates of exchange than hotels, restaurants, or stores. Rates are often posted in windows. Above all, avoid private currency transactions. In some countries, you risk more than being swindled or stuck with counterfeit currency you risk arrest. Avoid the black market learn and obey the local currency laws wherever you go. SHOPPING MAIL SMALL ITEMS When you purchase small items, it is a good idea to mail them personally to your home or to carry them in your luggage. This will help prevent misdirected packages, nonreceipt of merchandise, or receipt of wrong merchandise. When you mail purchases, be sure to ask about insurance. American embassies and consulates abroad cannot serve as post offices. They cannot accept, hold, or forward mail for U.S. citizens abroad. THE VALUE ADDED TAX Some European countries levy a value added tax (VAT) on the items you buy. In some places, if you ship your purchases home, the VAT can be waived. Other places may require you to pay the VAT, but have a system to refund it to you by mail. Ask the store clerk for an application to apply for the refund. The VAT refund is only for items you can ship or carry with you. It does not apply to food, hotel bills, or other services. Because the rules for VAT refunds vary from country to country, check with the country's tourist office to learn the local requirements. THINGS TO BEWARE OF PURCHASING WILDLIFE SOUVENIRS Be careful when you buy articles made from animals and plants or purchase live wild animals to bring back as pets. Some items, such as those made from elephant ivory, sea turtles, crocodile leather, or fur from endangered cats, and many species of live animals cannot be brought into the United States legally. Your wildlife souvenirs could be confiscated by government inspectors, and you could face other penalties for attempting to bring them into the United States. Do not buy wildlife or wildlife products unless you are certain they are legal for import into the United States. More information follows later. GLAZED CERAMICS Beware of purchasing glazed ceramic ware abroad. It is possible to suffer lead poisoning if you consume food or beverages that are stored or served in improperly glazed ceramics. Unless the ceramics are made by a firm with an international reputation, there is no immediate way to be certain a particular item is safe. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that ceramic tableware purchased abroad be tested for lead release by a commercial laboratory on your return or be used for decorative purposes only. More information later on in this file. ANTIQUES Some countries consider antiques to be national treasures and the "inalienable property of the nation." In some countries, customs authorities seize illegally purchased antiques without compensation and may also levy fines on the purchaser. Americans have been arrested and prosecuted for purchasing antiques. Americans have even been arrested for purchasing reproductions of antiques from street vendors because a local authority believed the purchase was a national treasure. Protect yourself. In countries where antiques are important, document your purchases as reproductions if that is the case, or if they are authentic, secure the necessary export permit. The documentation or export permit may be available through the country's national museum. A reputable dealer may provide the export permit or information on how to secure one. If you have questions about purchasing antiques, the country's tourist office can guide you. If you still have doubts, consult the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. In places where Americans have had problems because of purchasing antiques, the Consular Section is well aware of the situation. They can tell you about the local laws and the correct procedures to follow. CUSTOMS Keep all receipts for items you buy overseas. They will be helpful in making your U.S. Customs declaration when you return. LEGAL TIPS OBEY FOREIGN LAWS When you are in a foreign country, you are subject to its laws. Learn about local laws and regulations and obey them. Avoid areas of unrest and disturbance. Deal only with authorized outlets when exchanging money or buying airline tickets and travelers checks. Do not deliver a package for anyone unless you know the person well and are certain the package does not contain drugs or other contraband. Before you sell personal effects, such as clothing, cameras, or jewelry, learn the local regulations regarding such sales. Adhere strictly to local laws because the penalties you risk are severe. Some countries are particularly sensitive about photographs. In general, refrain from photographing police and military installations and personnel; industrial structures including harbor, rail, and airport facilities; border areas; and scenes of civil disorder or other public disturbance. Taking such photographs may result in your detention, in the confiscation of your camera and films, and the imposition of fines. For information on photography restrictions, check with the country's tourist office or its embassy or consulate in the United States. Once abroad, check with local authorities or at the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. DRUG ARRESTS About 3000 Americans are arrested abroad each year. Of these, approximately one-third are held on drug charges. Despite repeated warnings, drug arrests and convictions are still a common occurrence. Many countries have stiff penalties for drug violations and strictly enforce drug laws. You are subject to foreign, not U.S. laws overseas, and you will find, if arrested, that: -- Few countries provide a jury trial. -- Most countries do not accept bail. -- Pretrial detention, often in solitary confinement, may last months. -- Prisons may lack even minimal comforts bed, toilet, wash basin. -- Diets are often inadequate and require supplements from relatives and friends. -- Officials may not speak English. -- Physical abuse, confiscation of personal property, degrading or inhumane treatment, and extortion are possible. If you are convicted, you face a possible sentence of: -- 2-10 years in many countries. -- A minimum of 6 years hard labor and a stiff fine in some countries. -- The death penalty in some countries. Do not get involved with illegal drugs overseas. It can spoil more than your vacation. It can ruin your life! LEGAL AID Because you are subject to local laws abroad, there is little that a U.S. consul can do for you if you encounter legal difficulties. For example, a consular officer cannot get you out of jail. What American officials can do is limited by both foreign and U.S. laws. The U.S. Government has neither funds nor authority to pay your legal fees or related expenses. Although U.S. consular officers cannot serve as attorneys or give legal advice, they can provide a list of local attorneys and help you find adequate legal representation. The lists of attorneys are carefully compiled from local bar association lists and responses to questionnaires, but neither the Department of State nor U.S. embassies or consulates abroad can assume responsibility for the caliber, competence, or professional integrity of the attorneys. If you are arrested, ask the authorities to notify a consular officer at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Under international agreements and practice, you have the right to talk to the U.S. consul. If you are denied this right, be persistent and try to have someone get in touch for you. When alerted, U.S. officials will visit you, advise you of your rights according to local laws, and contact your family and friends if you wish. They will do whatever they can to protect your legitimate interests and to ensure you are not discriminated against under local law. Consuls can transfer money, food, and clothing to the prison authorities from your family or friends. They will try to get relief if you are held under inhumane or unhealthy conditions or treated less favorably than others in the same situation. HELP FROM AMERICAN CONSULS ABROAD WHEN TO REGISTER WITH THE U.S. EMBASSY REGISTER AT THE CONSULAR SECTION OF THE NEAREST U.S. EMBASSY OR CONSULATE: If you find yourself in a country or area that is experiencing civil unrest, has an unstable political climate, or is undergoing a natural disaster, such as an earthquake or hurricane. If you plan to go to a country where there are no U.S. officials. In such cases, register in an adjacent country, leave an itinerary, and ask about conditions in the country you will visit and what third country may represent U.S. interests there. If you plan to stay in a country for longer than one month. Registration makes your presence and whereabouts known in case it is necessary for a consular employee to contact you in an emergency. During a disaster overseas, American consular officers offer assistance to Americans and can even assist in evacuation when that becomes necessary. But they cannot assist you if they do not know where your are. Registration also makes it easier to apply for a replacement passport if yours is lost or stolen. If you are traveling with an escorted tour to areas experiencing political uncertainty or other problems, find out if registration is being done for you by your tour operator. If it is not, or if you are traveling on your own, leave a copy of your itinerary at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate soon after arrival. WHAT U.S. CONSULS CAN DO U.S. consular officers are located at U.S. embassies and consulates in most countries overseas. They are available to advise and help you if you are in any serious trouble. DESTITUTION If you become destitute abroad, the U.S. consul can help you get in touch with your family, friends, bank, or employer and tell you how to arrange for them to send funds for you. These funds can sometimes be wired to you through the Department of State. IF ILL OR INJURED Should you become ill while abroad, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for a list of local doctors, dentists, medical specialists, clinics and hospitals. If your illness or injury is serious, the consul can help you find medical assistance from that list and, at your request, will inform your family or friends of your condition. If necessary, a consul can assist in the transfer of funds from the United States. Payment of hospital and other expenses is your responsibility. Consular officers cannot supply you with medication. In an emergency when you are unable to communicate, the consul will check your passport for the name and address of any relative, friend, or legal representative whom you wish to have notified. Because the U.S. Government cannot pay for medical evacuations, it is advisable to have private medical insurance to cover this. MARRIAGE ABROAD U.S. diplomatic and consular officials do not have the authority to perform marriages overseas. Marriage abroad must be performed in accordance with local law. There are always documentary requirements, and in some countries, there is a lengthy residence requirement before a marriage may take place. Before traveling, ask the embassy or consulate of the country in which you plan to marry about their regulations and how to prepare to marry abroad. Once abroad, the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate may be able to answer some of your questions, but it is your responsibility to deal with local civil authorities. BIRTH ABROAD A child born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents generally acquires U.S. citizenship at birth. The U.S. parent or parents should contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to have a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America prepared. This document serves as proof of acquisition of U.S. citizenship and is acceptable evidence for obtaining a U.S. passport and for most other purposes where one must show a birth certificate or proof of citizenship. ADOPTION ABROAD The Department of State and its embassies and consulates abroad have become increasingly concerned about international adoptions because of an increase in illegal activities by some intermediaries and adoption agencies. Illegal adoption practices can cause great difficulty, financial strain, and emotional upheaval for adopting parents. If you are a prospective adopting parent, beware of any agency or attorney claiming to be able to streamline established procedures. Because of irregular activities, foreign governments sometimes determine that an adoption in process is illegal and refuse to finalize the adoption. For more information, you may write for a free pamphlet, International Adoptions. Send a self-addressed, triple-stamped 9"x12" envelope to: Citizens Consular Services (CA/OCS/CCS), Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. If you are planning to adopt from a particular country, mention that in your request, because Citizens Consular Services has specific information on the adoption process in certain countries. Continued... Trips abroad (+more) marked false Trips abroad (+more) Trips abroad (+more) showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) YOUR TRIP ABROAD Continued... DEATH ABROAD When a U.S. citizen dies abroad, the consular officer reports the death to the next of kin or legal representative and arranges to obtain from them the necessary private funds for local burial or return of the body to the United States. Before you begin your trip, complete the address page in the front of your passport. Provide the name, address and telephone number of someone to be contacted in an emergency. Do not give the names of your traveling companions in case the entire party is involved in the same accident. Because the U.S. Government cannot pay for local burial or shipment of remains to the United States, it is worthwhile to have insurance to cover this. Following a death, a Report of the Death of An American Citizen (Optional Form 180) is prepared by the consular officer to provide the facts concerning the death and the custody of the personal estate of the deceased. Under certain circumstances, a consular officer becomes the provisional conservator of a deceased American's estate and arranges for the disposition of those effects. A VARIETY OF NONEMERGENCY SERVICES Consular employees provide nonemergency services as well. These include information on Selective Service registration, travel advisories, absentee voting, and the acquisition or loss of U.S. citizenship. They arrange for the transfer of Social Security and other federal benefits to beneficiaries residing abroad, provide U.S. tax forms, and notarize documents. Consuls can also provide information on how to obtain foreign public documents. WHAT U.S. CONSULS CANNOT DO Consular officers will do their best to assist U.S nationals abroad. However, they must devote priority time and energies to those Americans who find themselves in the most serious legal, medical, or financial difficulties. Because of limited resources, consuls cannot provide routine or commercial-type services. They cannot act as travel agents, information bureaus, banks, or law enforcement officers. U.S. federal law forbids a consular officer from acting as your lawyer. Consular officers cannot: find you employment; get you visas, residence permits or driving permits; act as interpreters; search for missing luggage; call your credit card company or bank; replace stolen travelers checks; or settle disputes with hotel managers. They can, how-ever, tell you how to get assistance on these and other matters. WHEN YOU RETURN RETURN TRANSPORTATION Reconfirm your return reservation at least 72 hours before departure. Whenever possible, obtain a written confirmation. If you do it by phone, record the time, day, and the agent's name who took the call. If your name does not appear on the reservations list, you have no recourse and may find yourself stranded. DEPARTURE TAX Some countries levy an airport departure tax on travelers that can be as high as $50. Ask the airline or a travel agent about this. Make certain to have enough money at the end of your trip to be able to get on the plane. IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS If a passport was required for your trip, have it ready when you go through Immigration and Customs. If you took other documents with you, such as an International Certificate of Vaccination, a medical letter, or a Customs certificate of registration for foreign-made personal articles, have them ready also. Have your receipts handy in case you need to support your customs declaration. When returning to the United States by car from Mexico or Canada, have your certificate of vehicle registration handy. It is a good idea to pack your baggage in a way to make inspection easier. For example, pack the articles you acquired abroad separately. U.S. Customs currently allows each U.S. citizen to bring back $400 worth of merchandise duty free, provided the traveler has been outside the United States for at least 48 hours, has not already used this exemption within 30 days, and provided the traveler can present the purchases upon his or her arrival at the port of entry. The next $1000 worth of items brought back for personal use or gifts is subject to duty at a flat rate of 10%. There are two groups of destinations from which the duty-free exemption is higher. These are a group of 24 countries and dependencies in the Caribbean and Central America from which the exemption is $600 and a group of U.S. insular possessions (the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Guam) from which the exemption is $1,200. For details, consult your travel agent or the U.S. Customs Service publication, Know Before You Go, listed directly below. ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION CUSTOMS Know Before You Go, Customs Hints for Returning U.S. Residents contains information on key U.S. Customs regulations and procedures, including duty rates. Single copies are free from any local Customs office or write: U.S. Customs Service, P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C. 20044. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Travelers Tips on Bringing Food, Plant, and Animal Products Into the United States lists entry requirements for these items from most parts of the world. Fresh fruit and vegetables, meat, potted plants, pet birds, and other items are prohibited or restricted from entry into the United States. The publication is available from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 613 Federal Bldg., 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782. WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE PRODUCTS Buyer Beware! provides general guidelines governing restrictions on imports of wildlife and wildlife products into the United States. For a free copy, write to the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Additional information on importing wildlife and wildlife products can be obtained through TRAFFIC USA, World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. GLAZED CERAMIC PURCHASES The article, An Unwanted Souvenir, Lead in Ceramic Ware, explains the danger of lead poisoning from some glazed ceramic ware sold abroad. For a free copy, write: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFI-40, Rockville, MD. 20857. U.S. EMBASSY ADDRESSES Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts gives the names of key officers and the addresses for all U.S. embassies, consulates, and missions abroad. This publication is updated three times a year. The single copy price is $1.75. To obtain a copy, write to: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402. FOREIGN COUNTRY INFORMATION Background Notes are brief, factual pamphlets, one for each country of the world and some for selected international organizations. The approximately 170 Notes contain information on each country's people, culture, geography, history, government, economy, and political conditions. Background Notes also include a reading list, travel notes, and maps. Single copies are available for $1 from the U.S. Government Printing Office. BROCHURES ON CONSULAR SERVICES FOR AMERICANS ABROAD Single copies of the following brochures can be obtained free by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope (SASE) to: CA/PA, Room 5807; Department of State; Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. Crisis Abroad What the State Department Does summarizes the work of the State Department during a crisis. For example, for concerned relatives and friends in the U.S., the Department attempts to obtain information from local authorities abroad about Americans located in the disaster area. The Citizens Emergency Center gives information about the assistance the Center provides to American citizens in four major categories: deaths, arrests, welfare/whereabouts inquiries, and financial/medical emergencies. US Consuls Help Americans Abroad explains the emergency and nonemergency services that consular officers abroad provide to U.S. citizens. OTHER INFORMATION SHEETS ON CONSULAR MATTERS The Department of State has information on other subjects of interest to traveling Americans. Single copies of the following information sheets are free. Please send a SASE to: CA/OCS/CCS, Room 4817; Department of State; Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. Ask for any of the following: Dual Nationality (U.S./Other) Loss of U.S. Citizenship Marriage Abroad Foreign Military Service Claims to Inheritance Abroad Estates Abroad Tourist and Trade Complaints. PASSPORT AGENCIES Apply Early For Your Passport! Boston Passport Agency Thomas P. O'Neill Fed. Bldg., Room 247 10 Causeway Street Boston, Massachusetts 02222 *Recording: 617-565-6698 Public Inquiries: 617-565-6990 Chicago Passport Agency Suite 380, Kluczynski Federal Bldg. 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60604-1564 *Recording: 312-353-5426 Public Inquiries: 312-353-7155 or 7163 Honolulu Passport Agency Room C-106, New Federal Bldg. 300 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 *Recording: 808-541-1919 Public Inquiries: 808-541-1918 Houston Passport Agency Suite 1100, Mickey Leland Fed. Bldg. 1919 Smith Street Houston, Texas 77002 *Recording: 713-653-3159 Public Inquiries: 713-653-3153 Los Angeles Passport Agency Room 13100, 11000 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90024-3614 *Recording: 310-575-7070 Public Inquiries: 310-575-7075 Miami Passport Agency 3rd Floor, Federal Office Bldg. 51 Southwest First Avenue Miami, Florida 33130-1680 *Recording: 305-536-5395 (English) 305-536-4448 (Spanish) Public Inquiries: 305-536-4681 New Orleans Passport Agency Postal Services Building 701 Loyola Avenue, Rm. T-12005 New Orleans, Louisiana 70013-1931 *Recording: 504-589-6728 Public Inquiries: 504-589-6161 New York Passport Agency Room 270, Rockefeller Center 630 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10111-0031 *Recording: 212-541-7700 Public Inquiries: 212-541-7710 Philadelphia Passport Agency Room 4426, Federal Bldg. 600 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-1684 *Recording: 215-597-7482 Public Inquiries: 215-597-7480 San Francisco Passport Agency Suite 200, Tishman Speyer Bldg. 525 Market Street San Francisco, California 94105-2773 *Recording: 415-744-4444 Public Inquiries: 415-744-4010 Seattle Passport Agency Room 992, Federal Office Bldg. 915 Second Avenue Seattle, Washington 98174-1091 *Recording: 206-553-7941 Public Inquiries: 206-553-7945 Stamford Passport Agency One Landmark Square Broad and Atlantic Streets Stamford, Connecticut 06901-2767 *Recording: 203-325-4401 Public Inquiries: 203-325-3538, 3530 Washington Passport Agency 1425 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20524-0002 *Recording: 202-647-0518 Public Inquiries: 202-326-6020 *Twenty-four hour recording includes general passport information, passport agency location, hours of operation, and information regarding emergency passport services during non-working hours. West bank travel marked false West bank travel West bank travel showNameProp (Travel Advisories) WEST BANK, GAZA STRIP, EAST JERUSALEM - WARNING March 12, 1992 Summary: The Department of State continues to advise all U.S. citizens to avoid travel to the West Bank and Gaza Strip until further notice. U.S. citizens traveling to East Jerusalem should contact the U.S. Consulate General for an update on conditions and exercise caution at all times. In general, Americans should avoid demonstrations and protest activities. Israel's strict security measures, particularly at Ben Gurion Airport and Allenby Bridge, may affect visitors. Americans arrested in the West Bank or Gaza on security offenses are often denied timely communication with consular officials. End Summary. I. Travel and Safety TRAVEL TO THE WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP: Due to recurrent disturbances and tension in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Department of State continues to advise all U.S. citizens to avoid travel to these areas until further notice. U.S. citizens who must travel to the West Bank and Gaza Strip should be aware of continuing unrest and tension, including stone- throwing, which can affect visitors. If travel to the West Bank is unavoidable, travelers should consult with the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem. In the case of travel to the Gaza Strip, travelers should consult with the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv. Americans residing in these areas should exercise particular caution. They should also register with the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv or the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem. TRAVEL TO EAST JERUSALEM: There have been occasional disturbances in East Jerusalem. U.S. citizens who travel to East Jerusalem should be aware of continuing unrest and tension, including stone-throwing, which can affect visitors. Travelers to all areas of East Jerusalem, including the walled city, should exercise caution. Travelers should contact the U.S. Consulate General for an update on conditions. Because of the potential for violent incidents, tourists should be vigilant while using public transportation and while traveling by car in areas of East Jerusalem less frequented by tourists. DEMONSTRATIONS: Under all circumstances, Americans should avoid demonstrations, protest activities, and other situations that have the potential to lead to violence. American tourists should carry their U.S. passports at all times II. Consular Matters, Security, and Arrests SECURITY MEASURES: Israel has strict security measures which may affect visitors. Prolonged questioning and detailed searches may take place at the time of entry and/or departure at the Allenby Bridge from Jordan and at Ben Gurion Airport. At the Allenby Bridge, American citizens with Arab surnames may encounter delays or obstacles in bringing in cameras or electronics equipment. Items commonly carried by travelers such as toothpaste, shaving cream, and cosmetics may be confiscated or destroyed. During searches and questioning, access may be denied to U.S. consular officers, lawyers, or family members. Should questions arise at the Allenby Bridge, Americans should telephone the U.S. Consulate General in Jerusalem for assistance at 253-288. If questions arise at Ben Gurion Airport, Americans should phone the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv at 517-4338. ARRESTS IN THE WEST BANK AND GAZA STRIP: Americans arrested or detained in the West Bank or Gaza on suspicion of security offenses often are not permitted to communicate with consular officials, lawyers, or family members in a timely manner during the interrogation period of their case. Youths who are over the age of fourteen have been detained and tried as adults. The U.S. Embassy is not normally notified of the arrests of Americans in the West Bank by Israeli authorities, and access to detainees is delayed. No. 92-044 This updates the previous advisory, dated October 8, 1990, to reflect changes in conditions in East Jerusalem. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Statistics 4lastCard dobackup -- card that called leavePage dobackup leavePage lastCard dobackup lastCard dontSearch false WayzataGoPrevious buttonUp buttonUp `-WayzataGoPrevious :PHYSSIZE WayzataGoNext buttonUp buttonUp jWayzataGoNext :PHYSSIZE :PHYSSIZE go back buttonUp buttonUp :PHYSSIZE Go back wayzataGoTo 2 buttonUp buttonUp wayzataGoTo :PHYSSIZE :PHYSSIZE :PHYSSIZE LowName sharedText false textHeightProp HighName sharedText false textHeightProp lowList sharedText false textHeightProp highList sharedText false textHeightProp Lowest to Highest showNameProp Lowest to Highest Highest to Lowest showNameProp Highest to Lowest Total Area marked false Total Area (Km2) Total Area (Km2) showNameProp AREAl.pct AREAhpctt 0.4 Holy See (Vatican City) (1) 1 Baker Island (2) 1 Kingman Reef (3) 1 Tromelin Island (4) 2 Howland Island (5) 2 Monaco (6) 3 Coral Sea Islands (7) 3 Johnston Atoll (8) 4 Juan de Nova Island (9) 5 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (10) 5 Glorioso Islands (11) 5 Jarvis Island (12) 5 Midway Islands (13) 5 Navassa Island (14) 7 Clipperton Island (15) 7 Gibraltar (16) 7 Wake Island (17) 10 Tokelau (18) 12 Palmyra Atoll (19) 14 Cocos Islands (20) 16 Macau (21) 21 Nauru (22) 26 Tuvalu (23) 28 Europa Island (24) 35 Norfolk Island (25) 47 Pitcairn Islands (26) 50 Bermuda (27) 58 Bouvet Island (28) 60 British Indian Ocean Territory (29) 60 San Marino (30) 91 Anguilla (31) 100 Montserrat (32) 117 Jersey (33) 135 Christmas Island (34) 150 British Virgin Islands (35) 160 Liechtenstein (36) 181 Marshall Islands (37) 193 Aruba (38) 194 Guernsey (39) 199 American Samoa (40) 240 Cook Islands (41) 242 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (42) 260 Cayman Islands (43) 260 Niue (44) 269 Saint Kitts and Nevis (45) 274 Wallis and Futuna (46) 300 Maldives (47) 320 Malta (48) 340 Grenada (49) 340 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (50) 352 Virgin Islands (51) 373 Jan Mayen (52) 375 Mayotte (53) 380 Gaza Strip (54) 410 Saint Helena (55) 412 Heard Island and McDonald Islands (56) 430 Barbados (57) 430 Turks and Caicos Islands (58) 440 Antigua and Barbuda (59) 450 Andorra (60) 455 Seychelles (61) 458 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (62) 477 Northern Mariana Islands (63) 541 Guam (64) 588 Man, Isle of (65) 620 Bahrain (66) 620 Saint Lucia (67) 633 Singapore (68) 702 Micronesia, Federated States of (69) 717 Kiribati (70) 748 Tonga (71) 750 Dominica (72) 960 Netherlands Antilles (73) 960 Sao Tome and Principe (74) 1040 Hong Kong (75) 1100 Martinique (76) 1400 Faroe Islands (77) 1780 Guadeloupe (78) 1860 Mauritius (79) 2170 Comoros (80) 2510 Reunion (81) 2586 Luxembourg (82) 2860 Western Samoa (83) 3941 French Polynesia (84) 4030 Cape Verde (85) 4066 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (86) 5130 Trinidad and Tobago (87) 5770 Brunei (88) 5860 West Bank (89) 7781 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (90) 9104 Puerto Rico (91) 9250 Cyprus (92) 10400 Lebanon (93) 10990 Jamaica (94) 11000 Qatar (95) 11300 The Gambia (96) 12170 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (97) 13940 The Bahamas (98) 14760 Vanuatu (99) 17360 Swaziland (100) 17820 Kuwait (101) 18270 Fiji (102) 19060 New Caledonia (103) 20296 Slovenia (104) 20770 Israel (105) 21040 El Salvador (106) 22000 Djibouti (107) 22960 Belize (108) 25333 Macedonia (109) 26340 Rwanda (110) 27750 Haiti (111) 27830 Burundi (112) 28050 Equatorial Guinea (113) 28450 Solomon Islands (114) 28750 Albania (115) 29800 Armenia (116) 30350 Lesotho (117) 30510 Belgium (118) 33700 Moldova (119) 35980 Taiwan (120) 36120 Guinea-Bissau (121) 37330 Netherlands (122) 41290 Switzerland (123) 43070 Denmark (124) 45100 Estonia (125) 47000 Bhutan (126) 48730 Dominican Republic (127) 51100 Costa Rica (128) 51233 Bosnia and Herzegovina (129) 56538 Croatia (130) 56790 Togo (131) 62049 Svalbard (132) 64100 Latvia (133) 65200 Lithuania (134) 65610 Sri Lanka (135) 69700 Georgia (136) 70280 Ireland (137) 71740 Sierra Leone (138) 78200 Panama (139) 83600 United Arab Emirates (140) 83850 Austria (141) 86600 Azerbaijan (142) 91000 French Guiana (143) 91880 Jordan (144) 92080 Portugal (145) 93030 Hungary (146) 98480 Korea, South (147) 102350 Serbia and Montenegro (148) 103000 Iceland (149) 108890 Guatemala (150) 110860 Cuba (151) 110910 Bulgaria (152) 111370 Liberia (153) 112090 Honduras (154) 112620 Benin (155) 118480 Malawi (156) 120540 Korea, North (157) 127870 Czechoslovakia (158) 129494 Nicaragua (159) 131940 Greece (160) 140800 Nepal (161) 143100 Tajikistan (162) 144000 Bangladesh (163) 163270 Suriname (164) 163610 Tunisia (165) 176220 Uruguay (166) 181040 Cambodia (167) 185180 Syria (168) 196190 Senegal (169) 198500 Kyrgyzstan (170) 207600 Belarus (171) 212460 Oman (172) 214970 Guyana (173) 236040 Uganda (174) 236800 Laos (175) 237500 Romania (176) 238540 Ghana (177) 244820 United Kingdom (178) 245860 Guinea (179) 266000 Western Sahara (180) 267670 Gabon (181) 268680 New Zealand (182) 274200 Burkina (183) 283560 Ecuador (184) 300000 Philippines (185) 301230 Italy (186) 312680 Poland (187) 322460 Ivory Coast (188) 324220 Norway (189) 329560 Vietnam (190) 329750 Malaysia (191) 337030 Finland (192) 342000 Congo (193) 356910 Germany (194) 377835 Japan (195) 390580 Zimbabwe (196) 406750 Paraguay (197) 436245 Iraq (198) 446550 Morocco (199) 447400 Uzbekistan (200) 449964 Sweden (201) 461690 Papua New Guinea (202) 475440 Cameroon (203) 488100 Turkmenistan (204) 504750 Spain (205) 514000 Thailand (206) 527970 Yemen (207) 547030 France (208) 582650 Kenya (209) 587040 Madagascar (210) 600370 Botswana (211) 603700 Ukraine (212) 622980 Central African Republic (213) 637660 Somalia (214) 647500 Afghanistan (215) 678500 Burma (216) 752610 Zambia (217) 756950 Chile (218) 780580 Turkey (219) 801590 Mozambique (220) 803940 Pakistan (221) 824290 Namibia (222) 912050 Venezuela (223) 923770 Nigeria (224) 945090 Tanzania (225) 1001450 Egypt (226) 1030700 Mauritania (227) 1098580 Bolivia (228) 1138910 Colombia (229) 1221040 South Africa (230) 1221900 Ethiopia (231) 1240000 Mali (232) 1246700 Angola (233) 1267000 Niger (234) 1284000 Chad (235) 1285220 Peru (236) 1565000 Mongolia (237) 1648000 Iran (238) 1759540 Libya (239) 1919440 Indonesia (240) 1945000 Saudi Arabia (241) 1972550 Mexico (242) 2175600 Greenland (243) 2345410 Zaire (244) 2381740 Algeria (245) 2505810 Sudan (246) 2717300 Kazakhstan (247) 2766890 Argentina (248) 3287590 India (249) 7686850 Australia (250) 8511965 Brazil (251) 9372610 United States (252) 9596960 China (253) 9976140 Canada (254) 14000000 Antarctica (255) 17075200 Russia (256) 17075200 Russia (1) 14000000 Antarctica (2) 9976140 Canada (3) 9596960 China (4) 9372610 United States (5) 8511965 Brazil (6) 7686850 Australia (7) 3287590 India (8) 2766890 Argentina (9) 2717300 Kazakhstan (10) 2505810 Sudan (11) 2381740 Algeria (12) 2345410 Zaire (13) 2175600 Greenland (14) 1972550 Mexico (15) 1945000 Saudi Arabia (16) 1919440 Indonesia (17) 1759540 Libya (18) 1648000 Iran (19) 1565000 Mongolia (20) 1285220 Peru (21) 1284000 Chad (22) 1267000 Niger (23) 1246700 Angola (24) 1240000 Mali (25) 1221900 Ethiopia (26) 1221040 South Africa (27) 1138910 Colombia (28) 1098580 Bolivia (29) 1030700 Mauritania (30) 1001450 Egypt (31) 945090 Tanzania (32) 923770 Nigeria (33) 912050 Venezuela (34) 824290 Namibia (35) 803940 Pakistan (36) 801590 Mozambique (37) 780580 Turkey (38) 756950 Chile (39) 752610 Zambia (40) 678500 Burma (41) 647500 Afghanistan (42) 637660 Somalia (43) 622980 Central African Republic (44) 603700 Ukraine (45) 600370 Botswana (46) 587040 Madagascar (47) 582650 Kenya (48) 547030 France (49) 527970 Yemen (50) 514000 Thailand (51) 504750 Spain (52) 488100 Turkmenistan (53) 475440 Cameroon (54) 461690 Papua New Guinea (55) 449964 Sweden (56) 447400 Uzbekistan (57) 446550 Morocco (58) 436245 Iraq (59) 406750 Paraguay (60) 390580 Zimbabwe (61) 377835 Japan (62) 356910 Germany (63) 342000 Congo (64) 337030 Finland (65) 329750 Malaysia (66) 329560 Vietnam (67) 324220 Norway (68) 322460 Ivory Coast (69) 312680 Poland (70) 301230 Italy (71) 300000 Philippines (72) 283560 Ecuador (73) 274200 Burkina (74) 268680 New Zealand (75) 267670 Gabon (76) 266000 Western Sahara (77) 245860 Guinea (78) 244820 United Kingdom (79) 238540 Ghana (80) 237500 Romania (81) 236800 Laos (82) 236040 Uganda (83) 214970 Guyana (84) 212460 Oman (85) 207600 Belarus (86) 198500 Kyrgyzstan (87) 196190 Senegal (88) 185180 Syria (89) 181040 Cambodia (90) 176220 Uruguay (91) 163610 Tunisia (92) 163270 Suriname (93) 144000 Bangladesh (94) 143100 Tajikistan (95) 140800 Nepal (96) 131940 Greece (97) 129494 Nicaragua (98) 127870 Czechoslovakia (99) 120540 Korea, North (100) 118480 Malawi (101) 112620 Benin (102) 112090 Honduras (103) 111370 Liberia (104) 110910 Bulgaria (105) 110860 Cuba (106) 108890 Guatemala (107) 103000 Iceland (108) 102350 Serbia and Montenegro (109) 98480 Korea, South (110) 93030 Hungary (111) 92080 Portugal (112) 91880 Jordan (113) 91000 French Guiana (114) 86600 Azerbaijan (115) 83850 Austria (116) 83600 United Arab Emirates (117) 78200 Panama (118) 71740 Sierra Leone (119) 70280 Ireland (120) 69700 Georgia (121) 65610 Sri Lanka (122) 65200 Lithuania (123) 64100 Latvia (124) 62049 Svalbard (125) 56790 Togo (126) 56538 Croatia (127) 51233 Bosnia and Herzegovina (128) 51100 Costa Rica (129) 48730 Dominican Republic (130) 47000 Bhutan (131) 45100 Estonia (132) 43070 Denmark (133) 41290 Switzerland (134) 37330 Netherlands (135) 36120 Guinea-Bissau (136) 35980 Taiwan (137) 33700 Moldova (138) 30510 Belgium (139) 30350 Lesotho (140) 29800 Armenia (141) 28750 Albania (142) 28450 Solomon Islands (143) 28050 Equatorial Guinea (144) 27830 Burundi (145) 27750 Haiti (146) 26340 Rwanda (147) 25333 Macedonia (148) 22960 Belize (149) 22000 Djibouti (150) 21040 El Salvador (151) 20770 Israel (152) 20296 Slovenia (153) 19060 New Caledonia (154) 18270 Fiji (155) 17820 Kuwait (156) 17360 Swaziland (157) 14760 Vanuatu (158) 13940 The Bahamas (159) 12170 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (160) 11300 The Gambia (161) 11000 Qatar (162) 10990 Jamaica (163) 10400 Lebanon (164) 9250 Cyprus (165) 9104 Puerto Rico (166) 7781 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (167) 5860 West Bank (168) 5770 Brunei (169) 5130 Trinidad and Tobago (170) 4066 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (171) 4030 Cape Verde (172) 3941 French Polynesia (173) 2860 Western Samoa (174) 2586 Luxembourg (175) 2510 Reunion (176) 2170 Comoros (177) 1860 Mauritius (178) 1780 Guadeloupe (179) 1400 Faroe Islands (180) 1100 Martinique (181) 1040 Hong Kong (182) 960 Sao Tome and Principe (183) 960 Netherlands Antilles (184) 750 Dominica (185) 748 Tonga (186) 717 Kiribati (187) 702 Micronesia, Federated States of (188) 633 Singapore (189) 620 Saint Lucia (190) 620 Bahrain (191) 588 Man, Isle of (192) 541 Guam (193) 477 Northern Mariana Islands (194) 458 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (195) 455 Seychelles (196) 450 Andorra (197) 440 Antigua and Barbuda (198) 430 Turks and Caicos Islands (199) 430 Barbados (200) 412 Heard Island and McDonald Islands (201) 410 Saint Helena (202) 380 Gaza Strip (203) 375 Mayotte (204) 373 Jan Mayen (205) 352 Virgin Islands (206) 340 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (207) 340 Grenada (208) 320 Malta (209) 300 Maldives (210) 274 Wallis and Futuna (211) 269 Saint Kitts and Nevis (212) 260 Niue (213) 260 Cayman Islands (214) 242 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (215) 240 Cook Islands (216) 199 American Samoa (217) 194 Guernsey (218) 193 Aruba (219) 181 Marshall Islands (220) 160 Liechtenstein (221) 150 British Virgin Islands (222) 135 Christmas Island (223) 117 Jersey (224) 100 Montserrat (225) 91 Anguilla (226) 60 San Marino (227) 60 British Indian Ocean Territory (228) 58 Bouvet Island (229) 50 Bermuda (230) 47 Pitcairn Islands (231) 35 Norfolk Island (232) 28 Europa Island (233) 26 Tuvalu (234) 21 Nauru (235) 16 Macau (236) 14 Cocos Islands (237) 12 Palmyra Atoll (238) 10 Tokelau (239) 7 Wake Island (240) 7 Gibraltar (241) 7 Clipperton Island (242) 5 Navassa Island (243) 5 Midway Islands (244) 5 Jarvis Island (245) 5 Glorioso Islands (246) 5 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (247) 4 Juan de Nova Island (248) 3 Johnston Atoll (249) 3 Coral Sea Islands (250) 2 Monaco (251) 2 Howland Island (252) 1 Tromelin Island (253) 1 Kingman Reef (254) 1 Baker Island (255) 0.4 Holy See (Vatican City) (256) Statistics Coast Line marked false Coast Line (Km) Coast Line (Km) showNameProp COASTLh.pct COASTLh.pct 0 Holy See (Vatican City) (1) 0 San Marino (2) 0 Liechtenstein (3) 0 Andorra (4) 0 Luxembourg (5) 0 West Bank (6) 0 Swaziland (7) 0 Macedonia (8) 0 Rwanda (9) 0 Burundi (10) 0 Armenia (11) 0 Lesotho (12) 0 Moldova (13) 0 Switzerland (14) 0 Bhutan (15) 0 Austria (16) 0 Azerbaijan (17) 0 Hungary (18) 0 Malawi (19) 0 Czechoslovakia (20) 0 Nepal (21) 0 Tajikistan (22) 0 Kyrgyzstan (23) 0 Belarus (24) 0 Uganda (25) 0 Laos (26) 0 Burkina (27) 0 Zimbabwe (28) 0 Paraguay (29) 0 Uzbekistan (30) 0 Turkmenistan (31) 0 Botswana (32) 0 Central African Republic (33) 0 Afghanistan (34) 0 Zambia (35) 0 Bolivia (36) 0 Mali (37) 0 Niger (38) 0 Chad (39) 0 Mongolia (40) 0 Kazakhstan (41) 3 Kingman Reef (42) 3 Cocos Islands (43) 4 Tromelin Island (44) 4 Monaco (45) 5 Baker Island (46) 6 Howland Island (47) 8 Jarvis Island (48) 8 Navassa Island (49) 10 Johnston Atoll (50) 11 Clipperton Island (51) 12 Gibraltar (52) 15 Midway Islands (53) 15 Palmyra Atoll (54) 19 Wake Island (55) 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina (56) 22 Europa Island (57) 24 Juan de Nova Island (58) 24 Tuvalu (59) 26 Jordan (60) 30 Nauru (61) 30 Bouvet Island (62) 32 Norfolk Island (63) 32 Slovenia (64) 35 Glorioso Islands (65) 35 Bassas da India (66) 37 Zaire (67) 40 Macau (68) 40 Montserrat (69) 40 Gaza Strip (70) 50 Guernsey (71) 51 Pitcairn Islands (72) 56 Togo (73) 58 Iraq (74) 60 Saint Helena (75) 61 Anguilla (76) 64 Niue (77) 64 Belgium (78) 69 Aruba (79) 70 Jersey (80) 74 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (81) 80 British Virgin Islands (82) 80 The Gambia (83) 84 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (84) 97 Barbados (85) 101 Tokelau (86) 102 Heard Island and McDonald Islands (87) 103 Bermuda (88) 108 Lithuania (89) 113 Man, Isle of (90) 116 American Samoa (91) 120 Cook Islands (92) 120 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (93) 121 Grenada (94) 121 Benin (95) 124 Jan Mayen (96) 126 Guam (97) 129 Wallis and Futuna (98) 135 Saint Kitts and Nevis (99) 139 Christmas Island (100) 140 Malta (101) 148 Dominica (102) 153 Antigua and Barbuda (103) 158 Saint Lucia (104) 160 Cayman Islands (105) 161 Bahrain (106) 161 Brunei (107) 169 Congo (108) 177 Mauritius (109) 185 Mayotte (110) 188 Virgin Islands (111) 193 Singapore (112) 193 Syria (113) 199 Serbia and Montenegro (114) 201 Reunion (115) 209 Sao Tome and Principe (116) 225 Lebanon (117) 225 Romania (118) 273 Israel (119) 290 Martinique (120) 296 Equatorial Guinea (121) 306 Guadeloupe (122) 307 El Salvador (123) 310 Georgia (124) 314 Djibouti (125) 320 Guinea (126) 340 Comoros (127) 350 Guinea-Bissau (128) 354 Bulgaria (129) 362 Trinidad and Tobago (130) 362 Albania (131) 364 Netherlands Antilles (132) 370 Marshall Islands (133) 378 French Guiana (134) 386 Belize (135) 386 Suriname (136) 389 Turks and Caicos Islands (137) 400 Guatemala (138) 402 Sierra Leone (139) 402 Cameroon (140) 403 Western Samoa (141) 419 Tonga (142) 443 Cambodia (143) 451 Netherlands (144) 459 Guyana (145) 491 Seychelles (146) 491 Poland (147) 499 Kuwait (148) 501 Puerto Rico (149) 515 Ivory Coast (150) 518 Paracel Islands (151) 531 Latvia (152) 531 Senegal (153) 536 Kenya (154) 539 Ghana (155) 563 Qatar (156) 579 Liberia (157) 580 Bangladesh (158) 644 Maldives (159) 648 Cyprus (160) 660 Uruguay (161) 698 British Indian Ocean Territory (162) 733 Hong Kong (163) 754 Mauritania (164) 764 Faroe Islands (165) 820 Honduras (166) 853 Nigeria (167) 853 Sudan (168) 885 Gabon (169) 910 Nicaragua (170) 926 Spratly Islands (171) 965 Cape Verde (172) 998 Algeria (173) 1022 Jamaica (174) 1046 Pakistan (175) 1094 Ethiopia (176) 1110 Western Sahara (177) 1126 Finland (178) 1129 Fiji (179) 1143 Kiribati (180) 1148 Tunisia (181) 1232 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (182) 1288 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (183) 1288 Dominican Republic (184) 1290 Costa Rica (185) 1340 Sri Lanka (186) 1393 Estonia (187) 1424 Tanzania (188) 1448 Taiwan (189) 1448 Ireland (190) 1448 United Arab Emirates (191) 1482 Northern Mariana Islands (192) 1489 Namibia (193) 1519 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (194) 1600 Angola (195) 1770 Libya (196) 1771 Haiti (197) 1793 Portugal (198) 1835 Morocco (199) 1906 Yemen (200) 1930 Burma (201) 2092 Oman (202) 2237 Ecuador (203) 2254 New Caledonia (204) 2389 Germany (205) 2413 Korea, South (206) 2414 Peru (207) 2440 Iran (208) 2450 Egypt (209) 2470 Mozambique (210) 2490 Panama (211) 2495 Korea, North (212) 2510 Saudi Arabia (213) 2525 French Polynesia (214) 2528 Vanuatu (215) 2782 Ukraine (216) 2800 Venezuela (217) 2881 South Africa (218) 3025 Somalia (219) 3095 Coral Sea Islands (220) 3208 Colombia (221) 3218 Sweden (222) 3219 Thailand (223) 3379 Denmark (224) 3427 France (225) 3444 Vietnam (226) 3542 The Bahamas (227) 3587 Svalbard (228) 3735 Cuba (229) 4675 Malaysia (230) 4828 Madagascar (231) 4964 Spain (232) 4988 Iceland (233) 4989 Argentina (234) 4996 Italy (235) 5152 Papua New Guinea (236) 5313 Solomon Islands (237) 5790 Croatia (238) 6112 Micronesia, Federated States of (239) 6435 Chile (240) 7000 India (241) 7200 Turkey (242) 7491 Brazil (243) 9330 Mexico (244) 12429 United Kingdom (245) 13676 Greece (246) 14500 China (247) 15134 New Zealand (248) 17968 Antarctica (249) 19924 United States (250) 21925 Norway (251) 25760 Australia (252) 29751 Japan (253) 36289 Philippines (254) 37653 Russia (255) 44087 Greenland (256) 54716 Indonesia (257) 243791 Canada (258) 243791 Canada (1) 54716 Indonesia (2) 44087 Greenland (3) 37653 Russia (4) 36289 Philippines (5) 29751 Japan (6) 25760 Australia (7) 21925 Norway (8) 19924 United States (9) 17968 Antarctica (10) 15134 New Zealand (11) 14500 China (12) 13676 Greece (13) 12429 United Kingdom (14) 9330 Mexico (15) 7491 Brazil (16) 7200 Turkey (17) 7000 India (18) 6435 Chile (19) 6112 Micronesia, Federated States of (20) 5790 Croatia (21) 5313 Solomon Islands (22) 5152 Papua New Guinea (23) 4996 Italy (24) 4989 Argentina (25) 4988 Iceland (26) 4964 Spain (27) 4828 Madagascar (28) 4675 Malaysia (29) 3735 Cuba (30) 3587 Svalbard (31) 3542 The Bahamas (32) 3444 Vietnam (33) 3427 France (34) 3379 Denmark (35) 3219 Thailand (36) 3218 Sweden (37) 3208 Colombia (38) 3095 Coral Sea Islands (39) 3025 Somalia (40) 2881 South Africa (41) 2800 Venezuela (42) 2782 Ukraine (43) 2528 Vanuatu (44) 2525 French Polynesia (45) 2510 Saudi Arabia (46) 2495 Korea, North (47) 2490 Panama (48) 2470 Mozambique (49) 2450 Egypt (50) 2440 Iran (51) 2414 Peru (52) 2413 Korea, South (53) 2389 Germany (54) 2254 New Caledonia (55) 2237 Ecuador (56) 2092 Oman (57) 1930 Burma (58) 1906 Yemen (59) 1835 Morocco (60) 1793 Portugal (61) 1771 Haiti (62) 1770 Libya (63) 1600 Angola (64) 1519 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (65) 1489 Namibia (66) 1482 Northern Mariana Islands (67) 1448 United Arab Emirates (68) 1448 Ireland (69) 1448 Taiwan (70) 1424 Tanzania (71) 1393 Estonia (72) 1340 Sri Lanka (73) 1290 Costa Rica (74) 1288 Dominican Republic (75) 1288 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (76) 1232 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (77) 1148 Tunisia (78) 1143 Kiribati (79) 1129 Fiji (80) 1126 Finland (81) 1110 Western Sahara (82) 1094 Ethiopia (83) 1046 Pakistan (84) 1022 Jamaica (85) 998 Algeria (86) 965 Cape Verde (87) 926 Spratly Islands (88) 910 Nicaragua (89) 885 Gabon (90) 853 Sudan (91) 853 Nigeria (92) 820 Honduras (93) 764 Faroe Islands (94) 754 Mauritania (95) 733 Hong Kong (96) 698 British Indian Ocean Territory (97) 660 Uruguay (98) 648 Cyprus (99) 644 Maldives (100) 580 Bangladesh (101) 579 Liberia (102) 563 Qatar (103) 539 Ghana (104) 536 Kenya (105) 531 Senegal (106) 531 Latvia (107) 518 Paracel Islands (108) 515 Ivory Coast (109) 501 Puerto Rico (110) 499 Kuwait (111) 491 Poland (112) 491 Seychelles (113) 459 Guyana (114) 451 Netherlands (115) 443 Cambodia (116) 419 Tonga (117) 403 Western Samoa (118) 402 Cameroon (119) 402 Sierra Leone (120) 400 Guatemala (121) 389 Turks and Caicos Islands (122) 386 Suriname (123) 386 Belize (124) 378 French Guiana (125) 370 Marshall Islands (126) 364 Netherlands Antilles (127) 362 Albania (128) 362 Trinidad and Tobago (129) 354 Bulgaria (130) 350 Guinea-Bissau (131) 340 Comoros (132) 320 Guinea (133) 314 Djibouti (134) 310 Georgia (135) 307 El Salvador (136) 306 Guadeloupe (137) 296 Equatorial Guinea (138) 290 Martinique (139) 273 Israel (140) 225 Romania (141) 225 Lebanon (142) 209 Sao Tome and Principe (143) 201 Reunion (144) 199 Serbia and Montenegro (145) 193 Syria (146) 193 Singapore (147) 188 Virgin Islands (148) 185 Mayotte (149) 177 Mauritius (150) 169 Congo (151) 161 Brunei (152) 161 Bahrain (153) 160 Cayman Islands (154) 158 Saint Lucia (155) 153 Antigua and Barbuda (156) 148 Dominica (157) 140 Malta (158) 139 Christmas Island (159) 135 Saint Kitts and Nevis (160) 129 Wallis and Futuna (161) 126 Guam (162) 124 Jan Mayen (163) 121 Benin (164) 121 Grenada (165) 120 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (166) 120 Cook Islands (167) 116 American Samoa (168) 113 Man, Isle of (169) 108 Lithuania (170) 103 Bermuda (171) 102 Heard Island and McDonald Islands (172) 101 Tokelau (173) 97 Barbados (174) 84 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (175) 80 The Gambia (176) 80 British Virgin Islands (177) 74 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (178) 70 Jersey (179) 69 Aruba (180) 64 Belgium (181) 64 Niue (182) 61 Anguilla (183) 60 Saint Helena (184) 58 Iraq (185) 56 Togo (186) 51 Pitcairn Islands (187) 50 Guernsey (188) 40 Gaza Strip (189) 40 Montserrat (190) 40 Macau (191) 37 Zaire (192) 35 Bassas da India (193) 35 Glorioso Islands (194) 32 Slovenia (195) 32 Norfolk Island (196) 30 Bouvet Island (197) 30 Nauru (198) 26 Jordan (199) 24 Tuvalu (200) 24 Juan de Nova Island (201) 22 Europa Island (202) 20 Bosnia and Herzegovina (203) 19 Wake Island (204) 15 Palmyra Atoll (205) 15 Midway Islands (206) 12 Gibraltar (207) 11 Clipperton Island (208) 10 Johnston Atoll (209) 8 Navassa Island (210) 8 Jarvis Island (211) 6 Howland Island (212) 5 Baker Island (213) 4 Monaco (214) 4 Tromelin Island (215) 3 Cocos Islands (216) 3 Kingman Reef (217) 0 Kazakhstan (218) 0 Mongolia (219) 0 Chad (220) 0 Niger (221) 0 Mali (222) 0 Bolivia (223) 0 Zambia (224) 0 Afghanistan (225) 0 Central African Republic (226) 0 Botswana (227) 0 Turkmenistan (228) 0 Uzbekistan (229) 0 Paraguay (230) 0 Zimbabwe (231) 0 Burkina (232) 0 Laos (233) 0 Uganda (234) 0 Belarus (235) 0 Kyrgyzstan (236) 0 Tajikistan (237) 0 Nepal (238) 0 Czechoslovakia (239) 0 Malawi (240) 0 Hungary (241) 0 Azerbaijan (242) 0 Austria (243) 0 Bhutan (244) 0 Switzerland (245) 0 Moldova (246) 0 Lesotho (247) 0 Armenia (248) 0 Burundi (249) 0 Rwanda (250) 0 Macedonia (251) 0 Swaziland (252) 0 West Bank (253) 0 Luxembourg (254) 0 Andorra (255) 0 Liechtenstein (256) 0 San Marino (257) 0 Holy See (Vatican City) (258) Population marked false Population Population showNameProp popl.pct poph.pct 3 Coral Sea Islands (1) 52 Pitcairn Islands (2) 381 Wake Island (3) 453 Midway Islands (4) 597 Cocos Islands (5) 802 Holy See (Vatican City) (6) 929 Christmas Island (7) 1375 Johnston Atoll (8) 1751 Niue (9) 1760 Tokelau (10) 1900 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (11) 2620 Norfolk Island (12) 3000 British Indian Ocean Territory (13) 3181 Svalbard (14) 4115 Antarctica (15) 6513 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (16) 6698 Saint Helena (17) 6963 Anguilla (18) 9460 Nauru (19) 9494 Tuvalu (20) 12555 British Virgin Islands (21) 12617 Montserrat (22) 12697 Turks and Caicos Islands (23) 15775 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (24) 17095 Wallis and Futuna (25) 17977 Cook Islands (26) 23404 San Marino (27) 28642 Liechtenstein (28) 29139 Cayman Islands (29) 29651 Gibraltar (30) 29965 Monaco (31) 40061 Saint Kitts and Nevis (32) 47168 Northern Mariana Islands (33) 48588 Faroe Islands (34) 50004 Marshall Islands (35) 51115 American Samoa (36) 54428 Andorra (37) 57407 Greenland (38) 57949 Guernsey (39) 60213 Bermuda (40) 64068 Man, Isle of (41) 64110 Antigua and Barbuda (42) 64692 Aruba (43) 69519 Seychelles (44) 74788 Kiribati (45) 83556 Grenada (46) 85026 Jersey (47) 86628 Mayotte (48) 87035 Dominica (49) 98942 Virgin Islands (50) 103114 Tonga (51) 114694 Micronesia, Federated States of (52) 115339 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (53) 127505 French Guiana (54) 132338 Sao Tome and Principe (55) 142271 Guam (56) 151774 Saint Lucia (57) 174574 Vanuatu (58) 174805 New Caledonia (59) 184325 Netherlands Antilles (60) 194992 Western Samoa (61) 201467 Western Sahara (62) 205620 French Polynesia (63) 229143 Belize (64) 234371 Maldives (65) 254934 Barbados (66) 255811 The Bahamas (67) 259012 Iceland (68) 269319 Brunei (69) 359231 Malta (70) 360010 Solomon Islands (71) 371803 Martinique (72) 388799 Equatorial Guinea (73) 390906 Djibouti (74) 392405 Luxembourg (75) 398276 Cape Verde (76) 409132 Guadeloupe (77) 410016 Suriname (78) 473333 Macau (79) 484387 Qatar (80) 493853 Comoros (81) 551513 Bahrain (82) 626414 Reunion (83) 681026 Gaza Strip (84) 716492 Cyprus (85) 739431 Guyana (86) 749946 Fiji (87) 902089 The Gambia (88) 913008 Swaziland (89) 1047137 Guinea-Bissau (90) 1092130 Mauritius (91) 1106355 Gabon (92) 1292210 Botswana (93) 1299301 Trinidad and Tobago (94) 1362464 West Bank (95) 1378613 Kuwait (96) 1574927 Namibia (97) 1587581 Oman (98) 1607349 Estonia (99) 1660167 Bhutan (100) 1848925 Lesotho (101) 1963000 Slovenia (102) 2059187 Mauritania (103) 2174000 Macedonia (104) 2305516 Mongolia (105) 2376687 Congo (106) 2462276 Liberia (107) 2506701 Jamaica (108) 2522315 United Arab Emirates (109) 2529902 Panama (110) 2728937 Latvia (111) 2792092 Singapore (112) 3029080 Central African Republic (113) 3141533 Uruguay (114) 3187085 Costa Rica (115) 3285224 Albania (116) 3347369 New Zealand (117) 3415566 Armenia (118) 3439115 Lebanon (119) 3521207 Ireland (120) 3557304 Jordan (121) 3776654 Puerto Rico (122) 3788542 Lithuania (123) 3838108 Turkmenistan (124) 3878150 Nicaragua (125) 3958863 Togo (126) 4006509 Papua New Guinea (127) 4294876 Norway (128) 4364000 Bosnia and Herzegovina (129) 4440213 Laos (130) 4456737 Sierra Leone (131) 4458435 Moldova (132) 4484795 Libya (133) 4567875 Kyrgyzstan (134) 4748059 Israel (135) 4784000 Croatia (136) 4929446 Paraguay (137) 4997599 Benin (138) 5004273 Finland (139) 5092776 Honduras (140) 5163955 Denmark (141) 5238908 Chad (142) 5570978 Georgia (143) 5574279 El Salvador (144) 5680242 Tajikistan (145) 5889095 Hong Kong (146) 6022341 Burundi (147) 6431977 Haiti (148) 6828023 Switzerland (149) 7235226 Somalia (150) 7295706 Cambodia (151) 7323048 Bolivia (152) 7450787 Azerbaijan (153) 7515892 Dominican Republic (154) 7783926 Guinea (155) 7867541 Austria (156) 8052945 Niger (157) 8205058 Senegal (158) 8206446 Rwanda (159) 8445656 Tunisia (160) 8602157 Sweden (161) 8641178 Mali (162) 8745284 Zambia (163) 8869161 Bulgaria (164) 8902076 Angola (165) 9605342 Malawi (166) 9653672 Burkina (167) 9784275 Guatemala (168) 10016623 Belgium (169) 10064250 Greece (170) 10333327 Hungary (171) 10373881 Belarus (172) 10394749 Yemen (173) 10448509 Portugal (174) 10642000 Serbia and Montenegro (175) 10846821 Cuba (176) 10933143 Ecuador (177) 11033376 Zimbabwe (178) 12596263 Madagascar (179) 12658439 Cameroon (180) 13497153 Ivory Coast (181) 13528945 Chile (182) 13730436 Syria (183) 15112064 Netherlands (184) 15469150 Mozambique (185) 15725680 Czechoslovakia (186) 16095664 Afghanistan (187) 16185351 Ghana (188) 17050934 Saudi Arabia (189) 17103928 Kazakhstan (190) 17576354 Australia (191) 17631528 Sri Lanka (192) 18410920 Malaysia (193) 18445848 Iraq (194) 19386104 Uganda (195) 20086456 Nepal (196) 20675970 Venezuela (197) 20878556 Taiwan (198) 21626784 Uzbekistan (199) 22227304 Korea, North (200) 22767544 Peru (201) 23169914 Romania (202) 26164472 Kenya (203) 26666920 Algeria (204) 26708588 Morocco (205) 27351508 Canada (206) 27791552 Tanzania (207) 28305046 Sudan (208) 32901234 Argentina (209) 34296940 Colombia (210) 38385616 Poland (211) 39084400 Zaire (212) 39118400 Spain (213) 41688360 South Africa (214) 42642416 Burma (215) 44149200 Korea, South (216) 51940424 Ukraine (217) 54270464 Ethiopia (218) 56368952 Egypt (219) 57287256 France (220) 57624180 Thailand (221) 57797512 United Kingdom (222) 57904628 Italy (223) 59640144 Turkey (224) 61183136 Iran (225) 67114064 Philippines (226) 68964016 Vietnam (227) 80387280 Germany (228) 92380720 Mexico (229) 119411712 Bangladesh (230) 121664536 Pakistan (231) 124460480 Japan (232) 126274592 Nigeria (233) 149527472 Russia (234) 158202016 Brazil (235) 195683536 Indonesia (236) 254520992 United States (237) 886362176 India (238) 1169619584 China (239) 1169619584 China (1) 886362176 India (2) 254520992 United States (3) 195683536 Indonesia (4) 158202016 Brazil (5) 149527472 Russia (6) 126274592 Nigeria (7) 124460480 Japan (8) 121664536 Pakistan (9) 119411712 Bangladesh (10) 92380720 Mexico (11) 80387280 Germany (12) 68964016 Vietnam (13) 67114064 Philippines (14) 61183136 Iran (15) 59640144 Turkey (16) 57904628 Italy (17) 57797512 United Kingdom (18) 57624180 Thailand (19) 57287256 France (20) 56368952 Egypt (21) 54270464 Ethiopia (22) 51940424 Ukraine (23) 44149200 Korea, South (24) 42642416 Burma (25) 41688360 South Africa (26) 39118400 Spain (27) 39084400 Zaire (28) 38385616 Poland (29) 34296940 Colombia (30) 32901234 Argentina (31) 28305046 Sudan (32) 27791552 Tanzania (33) 27351508 Canada (34) 26708588 Morocco (35) 26666920 Algeria (36) 26164472 Kenya (37) 23169914 Romania (38) 22767544 Peru (39) 22227304 Korea, North (40) 21626784 Uzbekistan (41) 20878556 Taiwan (42) 20675970 Venezuela (43) 20086456 Nepal (44) 19386104 Uganda (45) 18445848 Iraq (46) 18410920 Malaysia (47) 17631528 Sri Lanka (48) 17576354 Australia (49) 17103928 Kazakhstan (50) 17050934 Saudi Arabia (51) 16185351 Ghana (52) 16095664 Afghanistan (53) 15725680 Czechoslovakia (54) 15469150 Mozambique (55) 15112064 Netherlands (56) 13730436 Syria (57) 13528945 Chile (58) 13497153 Ivory Coast (59) 12658439 Cameroon (60) 12596263 Madagascar (61) 11033376 Zimbabwe (62) 10933143 Ecuador (63) 10846821 Cuba (64) 10642000 Serbia and Montenegro (65) 10448509 Portugal (66) 10394749 Yemen (67) 10373881 Belarus (68) 10333327 Hungary (69) 10064250 Greece (70) 10016623 Belgium (71) 9784275 Guatemala (72) 9653672 Burkina (73) 9605342 Malawi (74) 8902076 Angola (75) 8869161 Bulgaria (76) 8745284 Zambia (77) 8641178 Mali (78) 8602157 Sweden (79) 8445656 Tunisia (80) 8206446 Rwanda (81) 8205058 Senegal (82) 8052945 Niger (83) 7867541 Austria (84) 7783926 Guinea (85) 7515892 Dominican Republic (86) 7450787 Azerbaijan (87) 7323048 Bolivia (88) 7295706 Cambodia (89) 7235226 Somalia (90) 6828023 Switzerland (91) 6431977 Haiti (92) 6022341 Burundi (93) 5889095 Hong Kong (94) 5680242 Tajikistan (95) 5574279 El Salvador (96) 5570978 Georgia (97) 5238908 Chad (98) 5163955 Denmark (99) 5092776 Honduras (100) 5004273 Finland (101) 4997599 Benin (102) 4929446 Paraguay (103) 4784000 Croatia (104) 4748059 Israel (105) 4567875 Kyrgyzstan (106) 4484795 Libya (107) 4458435 Moldova (108) 4456737 Sierra Leone (109) 4440213 Laos (110) 4364000 Bosnia and Herzegovina (111) 4294876 Norway (112) 4006509 Papua New Guinea (113) 3958863 Togo (114) 3878150 Nicaragua (115) 3838108 Turkmenistan (116) 3788542 Lithuania (117) 3776654 Puerto Rico (118) 3557304 Jordan (119) 3521207 Ireland (120) 3439115 Lebanon (121) 3415566 Armenia (122) 3347369 New Zealand (123) 3285224 Albania (124) 3187085 Costa Rica (125) 3141533 Uruguay (126) 3029080 Central African Republic (127) 2792092 Singapore (128) 2728937 Latvia (129) 2529902 Panama (130) 2522315 United Arab Emirates (131) 2506701 Jamaica (132) 2462276 Liberia (133) 2376687 Congo (134) 2305516 Mongolia (135) 2174000 Macedonia (136) 2059187 Mauritania (137) 1963000 Slovenia (138) 1848925 Lesotho (139) 1660167 Bhutan (140) 1607349 Estonia (141) 1587581 Oman (142) 1574927 Namibia (143) 1378613 Kuwait (144) 1362464 West Bank (145) 1299301 Trinidad and Tobago (146) 1292210 Botswana (147) 1106355 Gabon (148) 1092130 Mauritius (149) 1047137 Guinea-Bissau (150) 913008 Swaziland (151) 902089 The Gambia (152) 749946 Fiji (153) 739431 Guyana (154) 716492 Cyprus (155) 681026 Gaza Strip (156) 626414 Reunion (157) 551513 Bahrain (158) 493853 Comoros (159) 484387 Qatar (160) 473333 Macau (161) 410016 Suriname (162) 409132 Guadeloupe (163) 398276 Cape Verde (164) 392405 Luxembourg (165) 390906 Djibouti (166) 388799 Equatorial Guinea (167) 371803 Martinique (168) 360010 Solomon Islands (169) 359231 Malta (170) 269319 Brunei (171) 259012 Iceland (172) 255811 The Bahamas (173) 254934 Barbados (174) 234371 Maldives (175) 229143 Belize (176) 205620 French Polynesia (177) 201467 Western Sahara (178) 194992 Western Samoa (179) 184325 Netherlands Antilles (180) 174805 New Caledonia (181) 174574 Vanuatu (182) 151774 Saint Lucia (183) 142271 Guam (184) 132338 Sao Tome and Principe (185) 127505 French Guiana (186) 115339 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (187) 114694 Micronesia, Federated States of (188) 103114 Tonga (189) 98942 Virgin Islands (190) 87035 Dominica (191) 86628 Mayotte (192) 85026 Jersey (193) 83556 Grenada (194) 74788 Kiribati (195) 69519 Seychelles (196) 64692 Aruba (197) 64110 Antigua and Barbuda (198) 64068 Man, Isle of (199) 60213 Bermuda (200) 57949 Guernsey (201) 57407 Greenland (202) 54428 Andorra (203) 51115 American Samoa (204) 50004 Marshall Islands (205) 48588 Faroe Islands (206) 47168 Northern Mariana Islands (207) 40061 Saint Kitts and Nevis (208) 29965 Monaco (209) 29651 Gibraltar (210) 29139 Cayman Islands (211) 28642 Liechtenstein (212) 23404 San Marino (213) 17977 Cook Islands (214) 17095 Wallis and Futuna (215) 15775 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (216) 12697 Turks and Caicos Islands (217) 12617 Montserrat (218) 12555 British Virgin Islands (219) 9494 Tuvalu (220) 9460 Nauru (221) 6963 Anguilla (222) 6698 Saint Helena (223) 6513 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (224) 4115 Antarctica (225) 3181 Svalbard (226) 3000 British Indian Ocean Territory (227) 2620 Norfolk Island (228) 1900 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (229) 1760 Tokelau (230) 1751 Niue (231) 1375 Johnston Atoll (232) 929 Christmas Island (233) 802 Holy See (Vatican City) (234) 597 Cocos Islands (235) 453 Midway Islands (236) 381 Wake Island (237) 52 Pitcairn Islands (238) 3 Coral Sea Islands (239) Population Growth Rate marked false Population Growth Rate % Population Growth Rate % showNameProp popgrowl.pct popgrowh.pct -6.4 Niue (1) -1.5 Guinea (2) -0.9 Svalbard (3) -0.6 Guyana (4) -0.5 Bulgaria (5) -0.5 Cocos Islands (6) -0.3 Grenada (7) -0.2 Sierra Leone (8) -0.1 Hungary (9) 0 Baker Island (10) 0 Howland Island (11) 0 Pitcairn Islands (12) 0 Romania (13) 0 Virgin Islands (14) 0.1 Barbados (15) 0.1 Gibraltar (16) 0.1 Man, Isle of (17) 0.2 Czechoslovakia (18) 0.2 Denmark (19) 0.2 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (20) 0.2 Greece (21) 0.2 Ireland (22) 0.2 Italy (23) 0.2 Slovenia (24) 0.2 Spain (25) 0.2 Ukraine (26) 0.3 Belgium (27) 0.3 Finland (28) 0.3 Netherlands Antilles (29) 0.3 Saint Helena (30) 0.3 Saint Kitts and Nevis (31) 0.3 United Kingdom (32) 0.39 Croatia (33) 0.4 Antigua and Barbuda (34) 0.4 Japan (35) 0.4 Montserrat (36) 0.4 Poland (37) 0.4 Portugal (38) 0.4 Russia (39) 0.4 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (40) 0.4 Sweden (41) 0.5 Belarus (42) 0.5 Bosnia and Herzegovina (43) 0.5 Cook Islands (44) 0.5 France (45) 0.5 Germany (46) 0.5 Norway (47) 0.6 Anguilla (48) 0.6 Guernsey (49) 0.6 Hong Kong (50) 0.6 Latvia (51) 0.6 Liechtenstein (52) 0.6 Netherlands (53) 0.6 San Marino (54) 0.6 Switzerland (55) 0.6 Uruguay (56) 0.7 Aruba (57) 0.7 Austria (58) 0.7 Estonia (59) 0.7 Moldova (60) 0.7 New Zealand (61) 0.7 Tokelau (62) 0.8 Armenia (63) 0.8 Bermuda (64) 0.8 Georgia (65) 0.8 Jersey (66) 0.8 Lithuania (67) 0.8 Malta (68) 0.8 Mauritius (69) 0.8 Seychelles (70) 0.8 Tonga (71) 0.8 United States (72) 0.9 Faroe Islands (73) 0.9 Fiji (74) 0.9 Iceland (75) 0.9 Jamaica (76) 0.9 Monaco (77) 1 Cuba (78) 1 Cyprus (79) 1 Kazakhstan (80) 1 Luxembourg (81) 1 Puerto Rico (82) 1 Taiwan (83) 1.1 Albania (84) 1.1 Argentina (85) 1.1 Greenland (86) 1.1 Korea, South (87) 1.1 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (88) 1.1 Trinidad and Tobago (89) 1.2 British Virgin Islands (90) 1.2 Holy See (Vatican City) (91) 1.2 Sri Lanka (92) 1.3 Canada (93) 1.3 Nauru (94) 1.3 Singapore (95) 1.4 Australia (96) 1.4 The Bahamas (97) 1.4 Martinique (98) 1.4 Thailand (99) 1.5 Gabon (100) 1.5 Suriname (101) 1.6 Azerbaijan (102) 1.6 Chile (103) 1.6 China (104) 1.6 Dominica (105) 1.6 Lebanon (106) 1.7 Indonesia (107) 1.7 Macau (108) 1.7 Norfolk Island (109) 1.7 Saint Lucia (110) 1.7 World (111) 1.8 Brazil (112) 1.8 Malawi (113) 1.8 Tuvalu (114) 1.9 Burma (115) 1.9 Colombia (116) 1.9 Dominican Republic (117) 1.9 India (118) 1.9 Korea, North (119) 1.9 Kyrgyzstan (120) 1.9 New Caledonia (121) 1.9 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (122) 2 Panama (123) 2 Peru (124) 2 Philippines (125) 2 Tunisia (126) 2 Vietnam (127) 2.1 Cambodia (128) 2.1 Chad (129) 2.1 Guadeloupe (130) 2.1 Kiribati (131) 2.1 Morocco (132) 2.1 Reunion (133) 2.1 Somalia (134) 2.1 Turkey (135) 2.2 Andorra (136) 2.2 Ecuador (137) 2.2 El Salvador (138) 2.3 Bhutan (139) 2.3 Bolivia (140) 2.3 Egypt (141) 2.3 French Polynesia (142) 2.3 Haiti (143) 2.3 Mexico (144) 2.3 Papua New Guinea (145) 2.4 Afghanistan (146) 2.4 Bangladesh (147) 2.4 Costa Rica (148) 2.4 Guatemala (149) 2.4 Guinea-Bissau (150) 2.4 Malaysia (151) 2.4 Nepal (152) 2.4 Turkmenistan (153) 2.4 Uzbekistan (154) 2.4 Venezuela (155) 2.4 Western Samoa (156) 2.5 Algeria (157) 2.5 Mali (158) 2.6 Botswana (159) 2.6 Central African Republic (160) 2.6 Equatorial Guinea (161) 2.6 Guam (162) 2.6 Lesotho (163) 2.6 Mongolia (164) 2.6 South Africa (165) 2.6 Swaziland (166) 2.6 Western Sahara (167) 2.7 Angola (168) 2.7 Djibouti (169) 2.8 Honduras (170) 2.8 Nicaragua (171) 2.9 Brunei (172) 2.9 Congo (173) 2.9 Laos (174) 2.9 Pakistan (175) 2.9 Paraguay (176) 2.9 Sao Tome and Principe (177) 2.9 Zimbabwe (178) 3 Belize (179) 3 Cape Verde (180) 3 Libya (181) 3 Nigeria (182) 3 Northern Mariana Islands (183) 3 Tajikistan (184) 3 Vanuatu (185) 3 Wallis and Futuna (186) 3.1 Bahrain (187) 3.1 Burkina (188) 3.1 The Gambia (189) 3.1 Ghana (190) 3.1 Mauritania (191) 3.1 Senegal (192) 3.1 Sudan (193) 3.1 West Bank (194) 3.2 Burundi (195) 3.2 Ethiopia (196) 3.2 Madagascar (197) 3.2 Qatar (198) 3.3 Benin (199) 3.3 Cameroon (200) 3.3 Saudi Arabia (201) 3.3 Turks and Caicos Islands (202) 3.3 Yemen (203) 3.3 Zaire (204) 3.4 Micronesia, Federated States of (205) 3.4 Tanzania (206) 3.5 Comoros (207) 3.5 Iran (208) 3.5 Namibia (209) 3.5 Niger (210) 3.5 Oman (211) 3.5 Solomon Islands (212) 3.5 Zambia (213) 3.6 Gaza Strip (214) 3.6 Kenya (215) 3.6 Togo (216) 3.7 Iraq (217) 3.7 Maldives (218) 3.7 Uganda (219) 3.8 Mayotte (220) 3.8 Rwanda (221) 3.8 Syria (222) 3.9 American Samoa (223) 3.9 Ivory Coast (224) 3.9 Marshall Islands (225) 4 Israel (226) 4.1 Jordan (227) 4.1 Mozambique (228) 4.4 Cayman Islands (229) 4.6 French Guiana (230) 5.4 United Arab Emirates (231) 29.6 Liberia (232) 29.6 Liberia (1) 5.4 United Arab Emirates (2) 4.6 French Guiana (3) 4.4 Cayman Islands (4) 4.1 Mozambique (5) 4.1 Jordan (6) 4 Israel (7) 3.9 Marshall Islands (8) 3.9 Ivory Coast (9) 3.9 American Samoa (10) 3.8 Syria (11) 3.8 Rwanda (12) 3.8 Mayotte (13) 3.7 Uganda (14) 3.7 Maldives (15) 3.7 Iraq (16) 3.6 Togo (17) 3.6 Kenya (18) 3.6 Gaza Strip (19) 3.5 Zambia (20) 3.5 Solomon Islands (21) 3.5 Oman (22) 3.5 Niger (23) 3.5 Namibia (24) 3.5 Iran (25) 3.5 Comoros (26) 3.4 Tanzania (27) 3.4 Micronesia, Federated States of (28) 3.3 Zaire (29) 3.3 Yemen (30) 3.3 Turks and Caicos Islands (31) 3.3 Saudi Arabia (32) 3.3 Cameroon (33) 3.3 Benin (34) 3.2 Qatar (35) 3.2 Madagascar (36) 3.2 Ethiopia (37) 3.2 Burundi (38) 3.1 West Bank (39) 3.1 Sudan (40) 3.1 Senegal (41) 3.1 Mauritania (42) 3.1 Ghana (43) 3.1 The Gambia (44) 3.1 Burkina (45) 3.1 Bahrain (46) 3 Wallis and Futuna (47) 3 Vanuatu (48) 3 Tajikistan (49) 3 Northern Mariana Islands (50) 3 Nigeria (51) 3 Libya (52) 3 Cape Verde (53) 3 Belize (54) 2.9 Zimbabwe (55) 2.9 Sao Tome and Principe (56) 2.9 Paraguay (57) 2.9 Pakistan (58) 2.9 Laos (59) 2.9 Congo (60) 2.9 Brunei (61) 2.8 Nicaragua (62) 2.8 Honduras (63) 2.7 Djibouti (64) 2.7 Angola (65) 2.6 Western Sahara (66) 2.6 Swaziland (67) 2.6 South Africa (68) 2.6 Mongolia (69) 2.6 Lesotho (70) 2.6 Guam (71) 2.6 Equatorial Guinea (72) 2.6 Central African Republic (73) 2.6 Botswana (74) 2.5 Mali (75) 2.5 Algeria (76) 2.4 Western Samoa (77) 2.4 Venezuela (78) 2.4 Uzbekistan (79) 2.4 Turkmenistan (80) 2.4 Nepal (81) 2.4 Malaysia (82) 2.4 Guinea-Bissau (83) 2.4 Guatemala (84) 2.4 Costa Rica (85) 2.4 Bangladesh (86) 2.4 Afghanistan (87) 2.3 Papua New Guinea (88) 2.3 Mexico (89) 2.3 Haiti (90) 2.3 French Polynesia (91) 2.3 Egypt (92) 2.3 Bolivia (93) 2.3 Bhutan (94) 2.2 El Salvador (95) 2.2 Ecuador (96) 2.2 Andorra (97) 2.1 Turkey (98) 2.1 Somalia (99) 2.1 Reunion (100) 2.1 Morocco (101) 2.1 Kiribati (102) 2.1 Guadeloupe (103) 2.1 Chad (104) 2.1 Cambodia (105) 2 Vietnam (106) 2 Tunisia (107) 2 Philippines (108) 2 Peru (109) 2 Panama (110) 1.9 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (111) 1.9 New Caledonia (112) 1.9 Kyrgyzstan (113) 1.9 Korea, North (114) 1.9 India (115) 1.9 Dominican Republic (116) 1.9 Colombia (117) 1.9 Burma (118) 1.8 Tuvalu (119) 1.8 Malawi (120) 1.8 Brazil (121) 1.7 World (122) 1.7 Saint Lucia (123) 1.7 Norfolk Island (124) 1.7 Macau (125) 1.7 Indonesia (126) 1.6 Lebanon (127) 1.6 Dominica (128) 1.6 China (129) 1.6 Chile (130) 1.6 Azerbaijan (131) 1.5 Suriname (132) 1.5 Gabon (133) 1.4 Thailand (134) 1.4 Martinique (135) 1.4 The Bahamas (136) 1.4 Australia (137) 1.3 Singapore (138) 1.3 Nauru (139) 1.3 Canada (140) 1.2 Sri Lanka (141) 1.2 Holy See (Vatican City) (142) 1.2 British Virgin Islands (143) 1.1 Trinidad and Tobago (144) 1.1 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (145) 1.1 Korea, South (146) 1.1 Greenland (147) 1.1 Argentina (148) 1.1 Albania (149) 1 Taiwan (150) 1 Puerto Rico (151) 1 Luxembourg (152) 1 Kazakhstan (153) 1 Cyprus (154) 1 Cuba (155) 0.9 Monaco (156) 0.9 Jamaica (157) 0.9 Iceland (158) 0.9 Fiji (159) 0.9 Faroe Islands (160) 0.8 United States (161) 0.8 Tonga (162) 0.8 Seychelles (163) 0.8 Mauritius (164) 0.8 Malta (165) 0.8 Lithuania (166) 0.8 Jersey (167) 0.8 Georgia (168) 0.8 Bermuda (169) 0.8 Armenia (170) 0.7 Tokelau (171) 0.7 New Zealand (172) 0.7 Moldova (173) 0.7 Estonia (174) 0.7 Austria (175) 0.7 Aruba (176) 0.6 Uruguay (177) 0.6 Switzerland (178) 0.6 San Marino (179) 0.6 Netherlands (180) 0.6 Liechtenstein (181) 0.6 Latvia (182) 0.6 Hong Kong (183) 0.6 Guernsey (184) 0.6 Anguilla (185) 0.5 Norway (186) 0.5 Germany (187) 0.5 France (188) 0.5 Cook Islands (189) 0.5 Bosnia and Herzegovina (190) 0.5 Belarus (191) 0.4 Sweden (192) 0.4 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (193) 0.4 Russia (194) 0.4 Portugal (195) 0.4 Poland (196) 0.4 Montserrat (197) 0.4 Japan (198) 0.4 Antigua and Barbuda (199) 0.39 Croatia (200) 0.3 United Kingdom (201) 0.3 Saint Kitts and Nevis (202) 0.3 Saint Helena (203) 0.3 Netherlands Antilles (204) 0.3 Finland (205) 0.3 Belgium (206) 0.2 Ukraine (207) 0.2 Spain (208) 0.2 Slovenia (209) 0.2 Italy (210) 0.2 Ireland (211) 0.2 Greece (212) 0.2 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) (213) 0.2 Denmark (214) 0.2 Czechoslovakia (215) 0.1 Man, Isle of (216) 0.1 Gibraltar (217) 0.1 Barbados (218) 0 Virgin Islands (219) 0 Romania (220) 0 Pitcairn Islands (221) 0 Howland Island (222) 0 Baker Island (223) -0.1 Hungary (224) -0.2 Sierra Leone (225) -0.3 Grenada (226) -0.5 Cocos Islands (227) -0.5 Bulgaria (228) -0.6 Guyana (229) -0.9 Svalbard (230) -1.5 Guinea (231) -6.4 Niue (232) Birth Rate marked false Birth Rate (per thousand) Birth Rate (per thousand) showNameProp BITHRl.pct BITHRh.pct 7 Monaco (1) 8 San Marino (2) 9 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (3) 10 Saint Helena (4) 10 Italy (5) 10 Japan (6) 11 Andorra (7) 11 Man, Isle of (8) 11 Greece (9) 11 Spain (10) 11 Germany (11) 12 Guernsey (12) 12 Jersey (13) 12 Luxembourg (14) 12 Croatia (15) 12 Finland (16) 12 Switzerland (17) 12 Austria (18) 12 Bulgaria (19) 12 Belgium (20) 12 Hungary (21) 12 Portugal (22) 13 Liechtenstein (23) 13 Denmark (24) 13 Hong Kong (25) 13 Sweden (26) 13 Netherlands (27) 13 Czechoslovakia (28) 13 France (29) 14 Malta (30) 14 Norway (31) 14 Romania (32) 14 Canada (33) 14 Poland (34) 14 Ukraine (35) 14 United Kingdom (36) 14 United States (37) 15 Bermuda (38) 15 Latvia (39) 15 Ireland (40) 15 Lithuania (41) 15 Bosnia and Herzegovina (42) 15 Belarus (43) 15 Australia (44) 15 Russia (45) 16 Turks and Caicos Islands (46) 16 Cayman Islands (47) 16 Aruba (48) 16 Barbados (49) 16 Estonia (50) 16 New Zealand (51) 16 Taiwan (52) 16 Korea, South (53) 17 Montserrat (54) 17 Faroe Islands (55) 17 Macau (56) 17 Uruguay (57) 17 Puerto Rico (58) 17 Georgia (59) 17 Cuba (60) 18 Nauru (61) 18 Gibraltar (62) 18 Antigua and Barbuda (63) 18 Netherlands Antilles (64) 18 Iceland (65) 18 Cyprus (66) 18 Singapore (67) 19 Greenland (68) 19 The Bahamas (69) 19 Martinique (70) 19 Guadeloupe (71) 19 Mauritius (72) 19 Moldova (73) 20 British Virgin Islands (74) 20 Sri Lanka (75) 20 Argentina (76) 20 Thailand (77) 21 Virgin Islands (78) 21 Qatar (79) 21 Guyana (80) 21 Trinidad and Tobago (81) 21 Israel (82) 21 Chile (83) 22 Cook Islands (84) 22 Saint Kitts and Nevis (85) 22 Armenia (86) 22 China (87) 23 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (88) 23 Seychelles (89) 23 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (90) 23 New Caledonia (91) 23 Jamaica (92) 23 Albania (93) 23 Kazakhstan (94) 24 Anguilla (95) 24 Dominica (96) 24 Korea, North (97) 24 Colombia (98) 25 Fiji (99) 25 Panama (100) 25 Tunisia (101) 25 Brazil (102) 25 Indonesia (103) 26 Tonga (104) 26 Saint Lucia (105) 26 Suriname (106) 26 Reunion (107) 26 Azerbaijan (108) 26 Dominican Republic (109) 26 World (110) 27 Wallis and Futuna (111) 27 French Guiana (112) 27 Guam (113) 27 Brunei (114) 27 Bahrain (115) 27 Costa Rica (116) 27 Venezuela (117) 27 Peru (118) 27 Turkey (119) 28 Tuvalu (120) 28 French Polynesia (121) 28 Lebanon (122) 28 Ecuador (123) 28 Philippines (124) 29 Micronesia, Federated States of (125) 29 Gabon (126) 29 United Arab Emirates (127) 29 Malaysia (128) 29 Morocco (129) 29 Burma (130) 29 Vietnam (131) 29 Mexico (132) 30 India (133) 31 Belize (134) 31 Kyrgyzstan (135) 31 Algeria (136) 32 Kuwait (137) 33 Kiribati (138) 33 Paraguay (139) 33 El Salvador (140) 33 Bolivia (141) 33 Egypt (142) 34 Grenada (143) 34 Western Samoa (144) 34 Mongolia (145) 34 Papua New Guinea (146) 34 Guatemala (147) 34 Uzbekistan (148) 34 South Africa (149) 35 Northern Mariana Islands (150) 35 Vanuatu (151) 35 Botswana (152) 35 West Bank (153) 35 Lesotho (154) 36 Turkmenistan (155) 36 Libya (156) 36 Bangladesh (157) 37 American Samoa (158) 37 Nicaragua (159) 37 Honduras (160) 37 Cambodia (161) 38 Sao Tome and Principe (162) 38 Nepal (163) 39 Saudi Arabia (164) 40 Solomon Islands (165) 40 Bhutan (166) 40 Tajikistan (167) 40 Zimbabwe (168) 41 Oman (169) 42 Equatorial Guinea (170) 42 Guinea-Bissau (171) 42 Congo (172) 42 Chad (173) 42 Haiti (174) 43 Djibouti (175) 43 Central African Republic (176) 43 Pakistan (177) 44 Swaziland (178) 44 Liberia (179) 44 Laos (180) 44 Senegal (181) 44 Cameroon (182) 44 Syria (183) 44 Afghanistan (184) 44 Kenya (185) 44 Sudan (186) 44 Iran (187) 45 Maldives (188) 45 Namibia (189) 45 Jordan (190) 45 Ghana (191) 45 Iraq (192) 45 Zaire (193) 45 Ethiopia (194) 46 Gaza Strip (195) 46 Sierra Leone (196) 46 Burundi (197) 46 Somalia (198) 46 Guinea (199) 46 Angola (200) 46 Madagascar (201) 46 Mozambique (202) 46 Nigeria (203) 47 Marshall Islands (204) 47 Comoros (205) 47 The Gambia (206) 47 Ivory Coast (207) 48 Western Sahara (208) 48 Cape Verde (209) 48 Mauritania (210) 48 Togo (211) 48 Zambia (212) 49 Benin (213) 49 Burkina (214) 49 Tanzania (215) 50 Mayotte (216) 51 Yemen (217) 51 Uganda (218) 52 Rwanda (219) 52 Mali (220) 52 Malawi (221) 58 Niger (222) 58 Niger (1) 52 Malawi (2) 52 Mali (3) 52 Rwanda (4) 51 Uganda (5) 51 Yemen (6) 50 Mayotte (7) 49 Tanzania (8) 49 Burkina (9) 49 Benin (10) 48 Zambia (11) 48 Togo (12) 48 Mauritania (13) 48 Cape Verde (14) 48 Western Sahara (15) 47 Ivory Coast (16) 47 The Gambia (17) 47 Comoros (18) 47 Marshall Islands (19) 46 Nigeria (20) 46 Mozambique (21) 46 Madagascar (22) 46 Angola (23) 46 Guinea (24) 46 Somalia (25) 46 Burundi (26) 46 Sierra Leone (27) 46 Gaza Strip (28) 45 Ethiopia (29) 45 Zaire (30) 45 Iraq (31) 45 Ghana (32) 45 Jordan (33) 45 Namibia (34) 45 Maldives (35) 44 Iran (36) 44 Sudan (37) 44 Kenya (38) 44 Afghanistan (39) 44 Syria (40) 44 Cameroon (41) 44 Senegal (42) 44 Laos (43) 44 Liberia (44) 44 Swaziland (45) 43 Pakistan (46) 43 Central African Republic (47) 43 Djibouti (48) 42 Haiti (49) 42 Chad (50) 42 Congo (51) 42 Guinea-Bissau (52) 42 Equatorial Guinea (53) 41 Oman (54) 40 Zimbabwe (55) 40 Tajikistan (56) 40 Bhutan (57) 40 Solomon Islands (58) 39 Saudi Arabia (59) 38 Nepal (60) 38 Sao Tome and Principe (61) 37 Cambodia (62) 37 Honduras (63) 37 Nicaragua (64) 37 American Samoa (65) 36 Bangladesh (66) 36 Libya (67) 36 Turkmenistan (68) 35 Lesotho (69) 35 West Bank (70) 35 Botswana (71) 35 Vanuatu (72) 35 Northern Mariana Islands (73) 34 South Africa (74) 34 Uzbekistan (75) 34 Guatemala (76) 34 Papua New Guinea (77) 34 Mongolia (78) 34 Western Samoa (79) 34 Grenada (80) 33 Egypt (81) 33 Bolivia (82) 33 El Salvador (83) 33 Paraguay (84) 33 Kiribati (85) 32 Kuwait (86) 31 Algeria (87) 31 Kyrgyzstan (88) 31 Belize (89) 30 India (90) 29 Mexico (91) 29 Vietnam (92) 29 Burma (93) 29 Morocco (94) 29 Malaysia (95) 29 United Arab Emirates (96) 29 Gabon (97) 29 Micronesia, Federated States of (98) 28 Philippines (99) 28 Ecuador (100) 28 Lebanon (101) 28 French Polynesia (102) 28 Tuvalu (103) 27 Turkey (104) 27 Peru (105) 27 Venezuela (106) 27 Costa Rica (107) 27 Bahrain (108) 27 Brunei (109) 27 Guam (110) 27 French Guiana (111) 27 Wallis and Futuna (112) 26 World (113) 26 Dominican Republic (114) 26 Azerbaijan (115) 26 Reunion (116) 26 Suriname (117) 26 Saint Lucia (118) 26 Tonga (119) 25 Indonesia (120) 25 Brazil (121) 25 Tunisia (122) 25 Panama (123) 25 Fiji (124) 24 Colombia (125) 24 Korea, North (126) 24 Dominica (127) 24 Anguilla (128) 23 Kazakhstan (129) 23 Albania (130) 23 Jamaica (131) 23 New Caledonia (132) 23 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (133) 23 Seychelles (134) 23 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (135) 22 China (136) 22 Armenia (137) 22 Saint Kitts and Nevis (138) 22 Cook Islands (139) 21 Chile (140) 21 Israel (141) 21 Trinidad and Tobago (142) 21 Guyana (143) 21 Qatar (144) 21 Virgin Islands (145) 20 Thailand (146) 20 Argentina (147) 20 Sri Lanka (148) 20 British Virgin Islands (149) 19 Moldova (150) 19 Mauritius (151) 19 Guadeloupe (152) 19 Martinique (153) 19 The Bahamas (154) 19 Greenland (155) 18 Singapore (156) 18 Cyprus (157) 18 Iceland (158) 18 Netherlands Antilles (159) 18 Antigua and Barbuda (160) 18 Gibraltar (161) 18 Nauru (162) 17 Cuba (163) 17 Georgia (164) 17 Puerto Rico (165) 17 Uruguay (166) 17 Macau (167) 17 Faroe Islands (168) 17 Montserrat (169) 16 Korea, South (170) 16 Taiwan (171) 16 New Zealand (172) 16 Estonia (173) 16 Barbados (174) 16 Aruba (175) 16 Cayman Islands (176) 16 Turks and Caicos Islands (177) 15 Russia (178) 15 Australia (179) 15 Belarus (180) 15 Bosnia and Herzegovina (181) 15 Lithuania (182) 15 Ireland (183) 15 Latvia (184) 15 Bermuda (185) 14 United States (186) 14 United Kingdom (187) 14 Ukraine (188) 14 Poland (189) 14 Canada (190) 14 Romania (191) 14 Norway (192) 14 Malta (193) 13 France (194) 13 Czechoslovakia (195) 13 Netherlands (196) 13 Sweden (197) 13 Hong Kong (198) 13 Denmark (199) 13 Liechtenstein (200) 12 Portugal (201) 12 Hungary (202) 12 Belgium (203) 12 Bulgaria (204) 12 Austria (205) 12 Switzerland (206) 12 Finland (207) 12 Croatia (208) 12 Luxembourg (209) 12 Jersey (210) 12 Guernsey (211) 11 Germany (212) 11 Spain (213) 11 Greece (214) 11 Man, Isle of (215) 11 Andorra (216) 10 Japan (217) 10 Italy (218) 10 Saint Helena (219) 9 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (220) 8 San Marino (221) 7 Monaco (222) Death Rate marked false Death Rate (per thousand) Death Rate (per thousand) showNameProp DEATHRl.pct DEATHRh.pct 2 Kuwait (1) 3 United Arab Emirates (2) 4 Andorra (3) 4 Macau (4) 4 Qatar (5) 4 Guam (6) 4 Bahrain (7) 4 Costa Rica (8) 4 Venezuela (9) 4 American Samoa (10) 5 Hong Kong (11) 5 Turks and Caicos Islands (12) 5 Cayman Islands (13) 5 Taiwan (14) 5 Nauru (15) 5 Singapore (16) 5 The Bahamas (17) 5 Virgin Islands (18) 5 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (19) 5 New Caledonia (20) 5 Albania (21) 5 Dominica (22) 5 Colombia (23) 5 Panama (24) 5 Tunisia (25) 5 Saint Lucia (26) 5 Reunion (27) 5 French Guiana (28) 5 Brunei (29) 5 French Polynesia (30) 5 Mexico (31) 5 Belize (32) 5 Paraguay (33) 5 El Salvador (34) 5 Northern Mariana Islands (35) 5 Vanuatu (36) 5 Solomon Islands (37) 5 Jordan (38) 6 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (39) 6 Aruba (40) 6 Korea, South (41) 6 Cuba (42) 6 Antigua and Barbuda (43) 6 Netherlands Antilles (44) 6 Martinique (45) 6 Guadeloupe (46) 6 British Virgin Islands (47) 6 Sri Lanka (48) 6 Thailand (49) 6 Trinidad and Tobago (50) 6 Israel (51) 6 Chile (52) 6 Cook Islands (53) 6 Jamaica (54) 6 Korea, North (55) 6 Suriname (56) 6 Wallis and Futuna (57) 6 Turkey (58) 6 Ecuador (59) 6 Malaysia (60) 6 Western Samoa (61) 6 West Bank (62) 6 Libya (63) 6 Saudi Arabia (64) 6 Oman (65) 6 Gaza Strip (66) 7 Monaco (67) 7 San Marino (68) 7 Saint Helena (69) 7 Japan (70) 7 Liechtenstein (71) 7 Canada (72) 7 Bermuda (73) 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina (74) 7 Australia (75) 7 Iceland (76) 7 Mauritius (77) 7 Guyana (78) 7 Armenia (79) 7 China (80) 7 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (81) 7 Seychelles (82) 7 Fiji (83) 7 Brazil (84) 7 Tonga (85) 7 Azerbaijan (86) 7 Dominican Republic (87) 7 Peru (88) 7 Lebanon (89) 7 Philippines (90) 7 Micronesia, Federated States of (91) 7 Algeria (92) 7 Grenada (93) 7 Mongolia (94) 7 Uzbekistan (95) 7 Nicaragua (96) 7 Honduras (97) 7 Syria (98) 8 Netherlands (99) 8 Malta (100) 8 New Zealand (101) 8 Faroe Islands (102) 8 Puerto Rico (103) 8 Gibraltar (104) 8 Cyprus (105) 8 Greenland (106) 8 Kazakhstan (107) 8 Anguilla (108) 8 Indonesia (109) 8 Morocco (110) 8 Vietnam (111) 8 Kyrgyzstan (112) 8 Guatemala (113) 8 South Africa (114) 8 Botswana (115) 8 Sao Tome and Principe (116) 8 Tajikistan (117) 8 Zimbabwe (118) 8 Kenya (119) 8 Iran (120) 8 Maldives (121) 8 Marshall Islands (122) 9 Greece (123) 9 Spain (124) 9 Switzerland (125) 9 France (126) 9 United States (127) 9 Ireland (128) 9 Barbados (129) 9 Georgia (130) 9 Argentina (131) 9 World (132) 9 Tuvalu (133) 9 Bolivia (134) 9 Egypt (135) 9 Turkmenistan (136) 9 Namibia (137) 9 Iraq (138) 10 Italy (139) 10 Jersey (140) 10 Luxembourg (141) 10 Finland (142) 10 Belgium (143) 10 Portugal (144) 10 Norway (145) 10 Romania (146) 10 Poland (147) 10 Montserrat (148) 10 Uruguay (149) 10 Moldova (150) 10 Saint Kitts and Nevis (151) 10 Burma (152) 10 Lesotho (153) 10 Cape Verde (154) 11 Germany (155) 11 Guernsey (156) 11 Croatia (157) 11 Austria (158) 11 Sweden (159) 11 Czechoslovakia (160) 11 United Kingdom (161) 11 Lithuania (162) 11 Belarus (163) 11 Russia (164) 11 India (165) 11 Papua New Guinea (166) 11 Cameroon (167) 11 Zambia (168) 12 Bulgaria (169) 12 Denmark (170) 12 Ukraine (171) 12 Latvia (172) 12 Estonia (173) 12 Kiribati (174) 12 Bangladesh (175) 12 Swaziland (176) 12 Comoros (177) 12 Ivory Coast (178) 12 Togo (179) 12 Mayotte (180) 13 Hungary (181) 13 Congo (182) 13 Pakistan (183) 13 Liberia (184) 13 Senegal (185) 13 Sudan (186) 13 Ghana (187) 13 Zaire (188) 13 Somalia (189) 14 Man, Isle of (190) 14 Gabon (191) 14 Nepal (192) 14 Ethiopia (193) 14 Burundi (194) 14 Madagascar (195) 14 Uganda (196) 14 Rwanda (197) 15 Cambodia (198) 15 Equatorial Guinea (199) 15 Haiti (200) 15 Benin (201) 15 Tanzania (202) 16 Djibouti (203) 16 Laos (204) 16 Nigeria (205) 16 Burkina (206) 16 Yemen (207) 17 Bhutan (208) 17 Mozambique (209) 17 The Gambia (210) 17 Mauritania (211) 17 Malawi (212) 18 Guinea-Bissau (213) 18 Central African Republic (214) 19 Angola (215) 20 Afghanistan (216) 20 Sierra Leone (217) 20 Western Sahara (218) 21 Chad (219) 21 Guinea (220) 21 Mali (221) 23 Niger (222) 23 Niger (1) 21 Mali (2) 21 Guinea (3) 21 Chad (4) 20 Western Sahara (5) 20 Sierra Leone (6) 20 Afghanistan (7) 19 Angola (8) 18 Central African Republic (9) 18 Guinea-Bissau (10) 17 Malawi (11) 17 Mauritania (12) 17 The Gambia (13) 17 Mozambique (14) 17 Bhutan (15) 16 Yemen (16) 16 Burkina (17) 16 Nigeria (18) 16 Laos (19) 16 Djibouti (20) 15 Tanzania (21) 15 Benin (22) 15 Haiti (23) 15 Equatorial Guinea (24) 15 Cambodia (25) 14 Rwanda (26) 14 Uganda (27) 14 Madagascar (28) 14 Burundi (29) 14 Ethiopia (30) 14 Nepal (31) 14 Gabon (32) 14 Man, Isle of (33) 13 Somalia (34) 13 Zaire (35) 13 Ghana (36) 13 Sudan (37) 13 Senegal (38) 13 Liberia (39) 13 Pakistan (40) 13 Congo (41) 13 Hungary (42) 12 Mayotte (43) 12 Togo (44) 12 Ivory Coast (45) 12 Comoros (46) 12 Swaziland (47) 12 Bangladesh (48) 12 Kiribati (49) 12 Estonia (50) 12 Latvia (51) 12 Ukraine (52) 12 Denmark (53) 12 Bulgaria (54) 11 Zambia (55) 11 Cameroon (56) 11 Papua New Guinea (57) 11 India (58) 11 Russia (59) 11 Belarus (60) 11 Lithuania (61) 11 United Kingdom (62) 11 Czechoslovakia (63) 11 Sweden (64) 11 Austria (65) 11 Croatia (66) 11 Guernsey (67) 11 Germany (68) 10 Cape Verde (69) 10 Lesotho (70) 10 Burma (71) 10 Saint Kitts and Nevis (72) 10 Moldova (73) 10 Uruguay (74) 10 Montserrat (75) 10 Poland (76) 10 Romania (77) 10 Norway (78) 10 Portugal (79) 10 Belgium (80) 10 Finland (81) 10 Luxembourg (82) 10 Jersey (83) 10 Italy (84) 9 Iraq (85) 9 Namibia (86) 9 Turkmenistan (87) 9 Egypt (88) 9 Bolivia (89) 9 Tuvalu (90) 9 World (91) 9 Argentina (92) 9 Georgia (93) 9 Barbados (94) 9 Ireland (95) 9 United States (96) 9 France (97) 9 Switzerland (98) 9 Spain (99) 9 Greece (100) 8 Marshall Islands (101) 8 Maldives (102) 8 Iran (103) 8 Kenya (104) 8 Zimbabwe (105) 8 Tajikistan (106) 8 Sao Tome and Principe (107) 8 Botswana (108) 8 South Africa (109) 8 Guatemala (110) 8 Kyrgyzstan (111) 8 Vietnam (112) 8 Morocco (113) 8 Indonesia (114) 8 Anguilla (115) 8 Kazakhstan (116) 8 Greenland (117) 8 Cyprus (118) 8 Gibraltar (119) 8 Puerto Rico (120) 8 Faroe Islands (121) 8 New Zealand (122) 8 Malta (123) 8 Netherlands (124) 7 Syria (125) 7 Honduras (126) 7 Nicaragua (127) 7 Uzbekistan (128) 7 Mongolia (129) 7 Grenada (130) 7 Algeria (131) 7 Micronesia, Federated States of (132) 7 Philippines (133) 7 Lebanon (134) 7 Peru (135) 7 Dominican Republic (136) 7 Azerbaijan (137) 7 Tonga (138) 7 Brazil (139) 7 Fiji (140) 7 Seychelles (141) 7 Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (142) 7 China (143) 7 Armenia (144) 7 Guyana (145) 7 Mauritius (146) 7 Iceland (147) 7 Australia (148) 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina (149) 7 Bermuda (150) 7 Canada (151) 7 Liechtenstein (152) 7 Japan (153) 7 Saint Helena (154) 7 San Marino (155) 7 Monaco (156) 6 Gaza Strip (157) 6 Oman (158) 6 Saudi Arabia (159) 6 Libya (160) 6 West Bank (161) 6 Western Samoa (162) 6 Malaysia (163) 6 Ecuador (164) 6 Turkey (165) 6 Wallis and Futuna (166) 6 Suriname (167) 6 Korea, North (168) 6 Jamaica (169) 6 Cook Islands (170) 6 Chile (171) 6 Israel (172) 6 Trinidad and Tobago (173) 6 Thailand (174) 6 Sri Lanka (175) 6 British Virgin Islands (176) 6 Guadeloupe (177) 6 Martinique (178) 6 Netherlands Antilles (179) 6 Antigua and Barbuda (180) 6 Cuba (181) 6 Korea, South (182) 6 Aruba (183) 6 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (184) 5 Jordan (185) 5 Solomon Islands (186) 5 Vanuatu (187) 5 Northern Mariana Islands (188) 5 El Salvador (189) 5 Paraguay (190) 5 Belize (191) 5 Mexico (192) 5 French Polynesia (193) 5 Brunei (194) 5 French Guiana (195) 5 Reunion (196) 5 Saint Lucia (197) 5 Tunisia (198) 5 Panama (199) 5 Colombia (200) 5 Dominica (201) 5 Albania (202) 5 New Caledonia (203) 5 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (204) 5 Virgin Islands (205) 5 The Bahamas (206) 5 Singapore (207) 5 Nauru (208) 5 Taiwan (209) 5 Cayman Islands (210) 5 Turks and Caicos Islands (211) 5 Hong Kong (212) 4 American Samoa (213) 4 Venezuela (214) 4 Costa Rica (215) 4 Bahrain (216) 4 Guam (217) 4 Qatar (218) 4 Macau (219) 4 Andorra (220) 3 United Arab Emirates (221) 2 Kuwait (222) Crime marked false Crime Crime showNameProp (Travel Advisories) Crime - Notice June 29, 1992 The U.S. Department of State provides the following travel notice for U.S. citizens traveling abroad. When planning your trip abroad, take steps to protect yourself from crime or theft. Crimes against travelers are a growing problem worldwide. Tourists are particularly targeted by criminals because they are usually carrying cash and are often easy to distract. Any traveler can become a victim of crimes such as pick-pocketings, robberies, sexual assaults and muggings. To keep yourself safe while traveling, follow the same common-sense precautions you would exercise at home: -- Do not take valuable items on your trip. Carry travelers checks and major credit cards, not large amounts of cash. -- Hide your valuables on your person. Wrapping rubber bands around your wallet makes it more difficult for a pickpocket to remove. Don't carry money or identification in a handbag; all too often, thieves simply take the bag, sometimes breaking arms in the process. If possible, don't carry a handbag at all. -- Before leaving, make a copy of the identification page of your passport. Take the copy with you on your trip, keeping it separate from the passport itself. While traveling, leave your passport and any money you don't expect to need that day locked in a hotel safety deposit box. If local law does not require you to keep your passport with you, carry only the photocopy of your passport when you leave your hotel. -- Find out which parts of town local inhabitants consider risky. If you are out alone at night, stay in well-lit areas; don't use short cuts or narrow alleys. -- Be especially alert in crowds. The most common sites for purse, bag or camera snatching are the central train stations, crowded shopping areas and places heavily frequented by tourists, such as on public buses, trams and subways. -- Thieves often strike when travelers are distracted. A bag casually left at one's feet or on a cart while checking a train schedule or using a telephone is an easy target. Money belts or pouches worn on the outside of clothing or loosely hung around the neck are easily cut or ripped off. Wearing them on the outside highlights where you keep all your valuables. -- Travel with several passport size photos. It can be hard to get replacement photos on short notice if your passport is lost or stolen. Keep a record of your passport number, and the date and place of issuance separate from the passport itself. -- If driving, keep your car doors locked and suitcases out of sight. -- Don't leave valuables in parked cars. Thieves particularly target rental cars and cars with out of town or foreign license plates. If you should fall victim to crime, remember that the U.S. Embassy is there to help you. Every embassy and consulate has a duty officer on-call around the clock to assist in an emergency. If you need emergency medical care, the duty officer will try to help you get in touch with a doctor or clinic. If you lose your passport, report the loss to the local police and go to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate on the next business day to apply for a new one. If you have a police report, photos and proof of identification (or are accompanied by someone who can identify you), a new passport can often be issued the same day. The following pamphlets are published by the Department of State to assist Americans traveling abroad. Single copies of these publications are available for $1.00 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Please send checks or money orders. Your Trip Abroad A Safe Trip Abroad Travel Tips for Older Americans Tips for Americans Residing Abroad Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Tips for Travelers to Central and South America Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe (under revision) Tips for Travelers to Mexico Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China Tips for Travelers to South Asia Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa Tips for Travelers to the USSR (under revision) No. 92-136 This travel advisory replaces the travel advisory dated May 22, 1991 with minor changes. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HIV testing marked false HIV testing HIV testing showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRY INTO FOREIGN COUNTRIES MARCH 6, 1991 An increasing number of countries require that foreigners be tested for HIV (AIDS virus) prior to entry. This is particularly true for students or long-term visitors. The following list of country requirements is based on information available as of March 1990 and is subject to change. Before traveling abroad, check with the embassy of the country to be visited to learn entry requirements and specifically whether or not AIDS testing is a requirement. If the list indicates U.S. test results are acceptable "under certain conditions" in a particular country, prospective travelers should inquire at the embassy of that country for details (i.e., which laboratories in the United States may perform tests and where to have results certified and authenticated) before departing the United States. COUNTRY REQUIRED FOR U.S. TEST ACCEPTED Antigua and University students and those Yes Barbuda suspected of having the HIV virus Australia All applicants for permanent Yes residence over age 16. Students or temporary residents staying over 12 months may be tested Bahrain Foreign workers in certain N/A job categories, i.e. hotel staff, hair dressers, etc. are screened after entry Belize Certain foreign workers Yes,if within past 3 months British Virgin Intending immigrants and those Yes Islands wishing to work must certify they are free of HIV virus Bulgaria Certain groups of foreigners, No such as university students who stay for prolonged periods of time. Holders of tourist passports staying over 30 days may be tested China, Those staying more than 6 months. Yes, under People's certain Republic of conditions* Costa Rica All applicants for temporary No, testing residence permits or permanent performed by resident status and students or Ministry of tourists staying over 90 days Public Health Cuba All foreigners, excluding No, testing to tourists be performed on arrival Cyprus All foreigners working as Yes entertainers Czechoslovakia Students and workers from No, testing countries with high number of required to be AIDS cases performed on arrival Ecuador All foreigners coming as Yes residents, students, or for any other long-term purposes Egypt All foreigners working or No studying in Egypt for more than 30 days German Demo- Those staying over 3 months Yes, under cratic certain Republic conditions* Germany, Federal Applicants for residence No Republic of permits staying over 180 days (Bavaria only) in Bavaria Greece Students receiving Greek No Government scholarships and performing artists working in Greece India All students and anyone over Yes, under 18 staying over 1 year, certain excluding accredited journ- conditions* alists, and those working in foreign missions Iraq Anyone staying over 5 days Yes, under (Failure to have the test certain done will result in a fine conditions* of $1600.) (To avoid $330 fee have test done in the U.S. before departing.) Kuwait Those planning to obtain a Yes residence permit for longer than 6 months Libya Those seeking residence permits, Yes excluding official visitors Marshall Although not yet implemented, Yes, under Islands, regulations would require those certain Republic of the planning to reside over 6 months conditions* to be tested Mongolia Students and anyone planning to Yes stay longer than 3 months must be tested before arrival Pakistan Those staying for over 1 year Yes must certify they are free of HIV Papua New Those planning to work and Yes Guinea those applying for long-term residence visas Philippines Applicants for permanent Yes resident visas Qatar Those going to work or study Yes, if within six months Saudi Arabia Applicants for work permits only Yes South Africa Mine workers Yes St.Kitts and Applicants for work permits or Yes Nevis residency Syria Students and others staying Yes, under over 1 year certain conditions* Taiwan Proposed legislation would Uncertain require those planning to reside over 3 months to be tested Thailand Those suspected or confirmed of N/A carrying AIDS are refused entry Union of Soviet Those staying more than 3 Yes Socialist months Republics United Arab Applicants for work or resi- No, testing Emirates dence permits required to be performed on arrival *Check with embassy in Washington, D.C. for detailed requirements. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Immigration numbers marked false Immigration numbers Immigration numbers showNameProp ,(Consular Affairs Topics) IMMIGRANT NUMBERS FOR DECEMBER 1992 A. STATUTORY NUMBERS This bulletin summarizes the availability of immigrant numbers during December. Consular officers are required to report to the Department of State documentarily qualified applicants for numerically limited visas; the Immigration and Naturalization Service reports applicants for adjustment of status. Allocations were made, to the extent possible under the numerical limitations, for the demand received by November 6th in the chronological order of the reported priority dates. If the demand could not be satisfied within the statutory or regulatory limits, the category or foreign state in which demand was excessive was deemed oversubscribed. The cut-off date for an oversubscribed category is the priority date of the first applicant who could not be reached within the numerical limits. Only applicants who have a priority date earlier than the cut-off date may be allotted a number. Immediately that it becomes necessary during the monthly allocation process to retrogress a cut-off date, supplemental requests for numbers will be honored only if the priority date falls within the new cut-off date. Section 201 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), as amended, sets an annual minimum family-sponsored preference limit of 226,000. The worldwide level for annual employment-based immigrants effective with FY 1992 is at least 140,000. Section 202, as amended, prescribes that the foreign state per-country limit for preference immigrants is set at 7% of the total annual family-sponsored and employment-based preference limits, i.e., a minimum of 25,620. The dependent area limit is set at 2%, or a minimum of 7,320. The limit for Hong Kong is set at 10,000 through FY 1993, after which the regular foreign state limit will apply to Hong Kong. Section 203 of the INA, as amended, prescribes preference classes for allotment of immigrant visas as follows: FAMILY-SPONSORED PREFERENCES First: Unmarried Sons and Daughters of Citizens: 23,400 plus any numbers not required for fourth preference. Second: Spouses and Children, and Unmarried Sons and Daughters of Permanent Residents: 114,200, plus the number (if any) by which the worldwide family preference level exceeds 226,000, and any unused first preference numbers: A. Spouses and Children: 87,934 minimum, i.e., 77% of the overall second preference limitation, of which 75% are exempt from the per-country limit; B. Unmarried Sons and Daughters (21 years of age or older): 26,266 minimum, i.e., 23% of the overall second preference limitation. Third: Married Sons and Daughters of Citizens: 23,400, plus any numbers not required by first and second preferences. Fourth: Brothers and Sisters of Adult Citizens: 65,000, plus any numbers not required by first three preferences. EMPLOYMENT-BASED PREFERENCES First: Priority Workers: 28.6% of the worldwide employment-based preference level, plus any numbers not required for fourth and fifth preferences. Second: Members of the Professions Holding Advanced Degrees or Persons of Exceptional Ability: 28.6% of the worldwide employment-based preference level, plus any numbers not required by first preference. Third: Skilled Workers, Professionals, and Other Workers: 28.6% of the worldwide level, plus any numbers not required by first and second preferences, not more than 10,000 of which to "Other Workers". Fourth: Certain Special Immigrants: 7.1%, not more than 5,000 of which to the Religious Workers described in INA Section 101(a)(27)(C)(ii)(II) and (III). Fifth: Employment Creation: 7.1% of the worldwide level, not less than 3,000 of which reserved for investors in a targetted rural or high-unemployment area. INA Section 203(e) provides that family-sponsored and employment-based preference visas be issued to eligible immigrants in the order in which a petition in behalf of each has been filed. Section 203(d) provides that spouses and children of preference immigrants are entitled to the same status, and the same order of consideration, if accompanying or following to join the principal. The visa prorating provisions of Section 202(e), as revised by the Immigration Act of 1990, will apply to allocations for a foreign state or dependent area in any fiscal year when visa demand exceeds the per-country limit. These provisions apply at present to the following oversubscribed chargeability areas: CHINA-mainland born, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, INDIA, MEXICO, and PHILIPPINES. SPOUSES AND CHILDREN OF LEGALIZATION BENEFICIARIES: Section 112 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649) provides 55,000 immigrant visas during each of fiscal years 1992, 1993 and 1994 to spouses and children of persons legalized under the three programs established by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-603). The total available for each fiscal year must be reduced, however, by the extent to which immediate relative immigration in the previous year exceeds 239,000. (This category is indicated below by the symbol "LB".) On the chart below, the listing of a date for any class indicates that the class is oversubscribed (see paragraph 1); "C" means current, i.e., numbers are available for all qualified applicants; and "U" means unavailable, i.e., no numbers are available. PREFERENCES All Charge- ability Areas CHINA-Except Those mainland DOMINICAN Listed born REPUBLIC INDIA MEXICO PHILIPPINES Family 1st C C C C 15NOV91 23MAY85 2A Exempt 08JUL90 08JUL90 08JUL90 08JUL90 08JUL90 08JUL90 from per-country limit 2A Subject 01AUG90 01AUG90 01AUG90 01AUG90 U 01AUG90 to per- country limit LB 08DEC90 08DEC90 08DEC90 08DEC90 08DEC90 08DEC90 2B 15SEP89 15SEP89 08JAN88 15SEP89 08AUG89 01APR86 3rd 01FEB91 01FEB91 01FEB91 01FEB91 08JUL84 26OCT82 4th 15AUG83 15AUG83 15AUG83 15OCT82 15SEP80 27APR77 All Charge- ability Areas CHINA- Except Those mainland DOMINICAN Listed born REPUBLIC INDIA MEXICO PHILIPPINES Employment- Based 1st C C C C C C 2nd C 08JUN91 C 15AUG91 C C 3rd C 01MAY91 C 01JUN91 C 01MAR88 Other 15OCT87 15OCT87 15OCT87 15OCT87 15OCT87 15OCT87 Workers 4th C C C C C 15JUL92 Certain C C C C C 15JUL92 Religious Workers 5th C C C C C C Targeted C C C C C C Employment Areas The Department of State has available a recorded message with visa availability information which can be heard at: (area code 202) 663-1541. This recording will be updated in the middle of each month with information on cut-off dates for the following month. B. TRANSITION IMMIGRANT VISA CATEGORY FOR EMPLOYEES OF CERTAIN UNITED STATES BUSINESSES OPERATING IN HONG KONG Section 124 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649) provides 12,000 immigrant visas during each of fiscal years 1991, 1992, and 1993 for employees of certain United States businesses operating in Hong Kong, and their spouses and children. Any numbers unused in fiscal years 1991 or 1992 are to be added to the limit for the succeeding year. At the present time immigrant numbers in this category are available to qualified applicants on a "CURRENT" basis. C. TRANSITION IMMIGRANT (AA-1) CATEGORY FOR NATIVES OF CERTAIN "ADVERSELY AFFECTED" FOREIGN STATES Section 132 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649) provides 40,000 immigrant visas during each of fiscal years 1992, 1993 and 1994 for natives of certain countries which had been identified as "adversely affected" for purposes of the "NP-5" immigrant program established under Section 314 of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-603). At least 40 percent of AA-1 numbers are designated for natives of the country which received the greatest number of visas under the NP-5 program (i.e., Ireland). Everyone selected for AA-1 visa status during the recent application period has been registered, and the last of the notification letters will be mailed by the end of November. (Persons who were NOT selected for registration will NOT be sent any response to their AA-1 application.) For December immigrant numbers in the AA-1 category are available to qualified applicants chargeable to all AA-1 countries on a "CURRENT" basis. ENTITLEMENT TO VISA STATUS BASED ON THE RECENT REGISTRATION PERIOD WILL LAST ONLY THROUGH SEPTEMBER 1993, AND SINCE AA-1 VISA NUMBERS COULD BE EXHAUSTED EVEN BEFORE SEPTEMBER IF RESPONSE TO VISA LETTERS IS VERY HEAVY, APPLICANTS WHO WISH TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THEIR AA-1 REGISTRATION ARE URGED TO RESPOND AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE TO THE VISA NOTIFICATION LETTER. D. TRANSITION IMMIGRANT VISA CATEGORY FOR DISPLACED TIBETANS Section 134 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-649) provides 1,000 immigrant visas over the three fiscal year period 1991 through 1993 for natives of Tibet residing in India or Nepal, and their spouses and children. The processing of applications for visas in this category, including the allocation of visa numbers under its numerical limitation, is under the control of the United States Embassy at New Delhi, India. E. AVAILABILITY OF ASYLEE NUMBERS FOR ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS CASES The following information has been provided by the Refugees, Asylum and Parole Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service: Asylees who filed their application to adjust on or before October 1, 1992 and whose names are included on the Immigration and Naturalization Service centralized computer list may be adjusted at this time. F. RECENT AMENDMENT TO THE VISA PORTION OF THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS MANUAL (FAM) Transmittal Letter (TL) No. VISA-66 dated September 30, 1992 which updates the visa portion (Vol. 9) of the FAM, is now available. VISA-66 amends Part III, Sections 42.81 Notes, Procedural Notes, and Exhibits, 42.82 Procedural Notes; and 42.83 Notes, Procedural Notes, and Exhibits. These sections have been amended primarily as a result of the Immigration Act of 1990. There is a charge of $3.00 per copy of VISA-66. A check payable to the Department of State must accompany the order. This TL may be obtained from: Distribution Services (OIS/PS/PR) Room B845 NS Department of State Washington, D.C. 20520-0845 VISA BULLETIN SUBSCRIPTION AND CHANGE OF ADDRESS INFORMATION: Additions or changes to the mailing list should be sent to: Visa Bulletin, Visa Office, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20522-0113. Only addresses within the U.S. postal system may be placed on the mailing list. Please include a recent mailing label when reporting changes or corrections of address; the Postal Service does NOT automatically notify the Visa Office of address changes. Department of State Publication 9514 CA/VO:November 6, 1992 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Medical tips marked false Medical tips Medical tips showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) Medical Information for Americans Traveling Abroad If an American becomes seriously ill or injured abroad, a U. S. consular officer, when notified of the problem, can assist in locating appropriate medical services and help in informing the next-of-kin, family or friends. If necessary, a consular officer can also assist in the transfer of funds from the United States, but payment of hospital and other expenses is your responsibility. Before going abroad, learn what medical services your health insurance will cover overseas. If your health insurance policy provides coverage outside the United States, REMEMBER to carry both your insurance policy identity card as proof of such insurance and a claim form. Although many health insurance companies will pay "customary and reasonable" hospital costs abroad, very few will pay for your medical evacuation back to the United States which can easily cost $5,000 and up, depending on your location and medical condition. THE SOCIAL SECURITY MEDICARE PROGRAM DOES NOT PROVIDE FOR PAYMENT OF HOSPITAL OR MEDICAL SERVICES OUTSIDE THE U.S.A. The American Association of Retired Persons offers foreign medical care coverage at no extra charge with its Medicare supplement plans. This coverage is restricted to treatments considered eligilble under Medicare. In general, it covers 80% of the "customary and reasonable" charges, subject to a $50 deductible for the covered care during the first 60 days. There is a ceiling of $25,000 per trip. This is a reimbursement plan so you must pay the bills first and obtain receipts for submission to the plan. To facilitate identification in case of an accident, complete the information page on the inside of your passport providing the name, address and telephone number of someone to be contacted in an emergency. The name given should not be the same as your traveling companions in case the entire party is involved in the same accident. Travelers going abroad with any preexisting medical problems should carry a letter from their attending physician. The letter should describe their condition and include information on any prescription medications, including the generic name of any prescribed drugs, that they need to take. Any medications being carried overseas should be left in their original containers and be clearly labeled. Travelers should check with the foreign embassy of the country they are visiting to make sure any required medications are not considered to be illegal narcotics. A listing of addresses and telephone numbers of U.S. embassies and consulates abroad is contained in "Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts." This booklet may be obtained through the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, for $1.75 (Publication No. 7877). An annual global rundown of disease and immunization advice and other health guidance, including risks in particular countries, by the Centers for Disease Control may also be obtained from the Government Printing Office in "Health Information for International Travelers" (Publication No. HHS-CDC 90-8280, $5.00 ). The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta also maintains a travelers hotline that can be reached by calling 404-332-4559. For detailed information on physicians abroad, the authoritative reference is the "Directory of Medical Specialists" published for the American Board of Medical Specialists and its 22 certifying member boards. This publication should be available in your local library. If abroad, a list of hospitals and physicians can be obtained from the nearest American embassy or consulate. A number of countries require foreign visitors to be tested for the AIDS virus as a requirement for entry. This applies mostly to those planning to reside overseas. Before traveling, check the latest entry requirements with the foreign embassy of the country to be visited. A listing of "Foreign Entry Requirements" is available for 50 cents from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, CO 81009. The Citizens Emergency Center maintains a travel notice on HIV/AIDS entry requirements. Call 202-647-5225 to obtain these requirements. Several private organizations will provide medical information and insurance for overseas travelers. The following is provided FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and in no way constitutes an endorsement, expressed or implied, by the Department of State: PUBLISHED MEDICAL INFORMATION BOOKS: How to Stay Healthy Abroad, Dr. Richard Dawood, Penguin U.S.A., P.O. Box 999, Bergenfield, NJ 07621 How To Stay Healthy While Traveling: A Guide For Today's World Traveler by Bob Young, M.D., Box 567, Dept. 2, Santa Barbara, CA 93102 DIABETES TRAVEL SERVICES, INC., 39 East 52nd Street, New York, NY 10022 - Worldwide information on diabetic treatments and physicians. EMERGENCY MEDICAL PAYMENT AND INFORMATION SERVICES c/o your nearest American Express Office. Available to American Express CARDHOLDERS ONLY: 1) A directory of "U.S. Certified Doctors Abroad" (Price: $3.00) 2) A health insurance plan is available through the Firemens Fund Life Insurance Company, 1600 Los Gamos Rd., San Raphael, CA 94911, Attention: American Express Card Service. IAMAT, 736 Center Street, Lewiston, NY 14092 Phone 716-754-4883 International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers: A medical directory, clinical record, and a malaria risk chart are sent without charge; however, a contribution is requested for World Climate Charts. IMMUNIZATION ALERT, P.O. Box 406, Storrs, CT 06268 Phone 203-487-0611 For $25 a traveler is provided with an up-to-date, detailed and personalized health report on up to 6 countries to be visited. It will tell you what diseases are prevalent and what precautions are recommended or advisable. AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES AERO AMBULANCE INTERNATIONAL Executive Airport Philadelphia, PA Ft. Lauderdale, FL San Juan, Puerto Rico 305-776-6800 800-443-8042 (U.S., Canada & Caribbean) Service Area: Worldwide AIR AMBULANCE NETWORK Miami, FL 305-447-0458 AIR AMBULANCE OF AMERICA Chicago, IL 800-321-4444 NATIONAL AIR AMBULANCE Ft. Lauderdale, FL 305-525-5538 Service Area: Caribbean & Central America AIR MEDIC Pittsburgh, PA 800-423-2667 Service Area: Canada & Caribbean ALPHA AVIATION, INC. Dallas, TX 214-352-4801 INTERNATIONAL SOS ASSISTANCE Philadelphia, PA 800-523-8930/215-244-1500 Service Area: Worldwide MERCY MEDICAL AIRLIFT Reston, VA 703-361-1191 (Caribbean and Canada only. Will meet commercial incoming patient flights at JFK International Airport in New York/New Jersey area and at Miami International Airport, other airports if necessary.) WORLD CARE TRAVEL ASSISTANCE 1150 S. Olive St. Suite T-2233 Los Angeles, CA 90015 800-253-1877 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mexico travel marked false Mexico travel Mexico travel showNameProp @q2q(Consular Affairs Topics) TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO MEXICO Between 4 and 6 million U.S. citizens visit Mexico each year, while more than 300,000 Americans reside there. Although the majority thoroughly enjoy their stay, some experience difficulties and serious inconvenience. The Department of State and its Foreign Service posts in Mexico offer a wide range of services to assist U.S. citizens in distress. U.S. consular officials meet regularly with Mexican authorities to promote the safety of U.S. citizens in Mexico. To keep you among the happy majority who do not experience difficulties, here are some precautions you can take. How to Have a Safe and Healthy Trip Before You Go Give your family or friends in the United States a copy of your proposed itinerary -- and keep them informed if your travel plans change. This will help them find you in an emergency. Carry a photo identification with you and include with it the name of a person to contact in the event of serious illness or other emergency. Safety begins before you leave home. Do not bring anything you would hate to lose. Leave things like unnecessary credit cards and expensive jewelry at home. Bring travelers checks, not cash. Use a money belt or concealed pouch for passport, cash, and other valuables.It is also wise to photocopy your airline or other tickets and your list of travelers checks, leave a copy with someone at home, and carry an extra copy with you. Learn about your route from an auto club, guide book, or a Mexican government tourist office. Some routes have heavy truck and bus traffic, some have poor or nonexistent shoulders, and many have animals on the loose. Also, some of the newer roads have very few restaurants, motels, gas stations, or auto repair shops. You may not be able to avoid all problems, but at least you will know what to expect if you have done some research. Caution: See page 4 for routes to avoid because of highway crime. For your safety, have your vehicle serviced and in optimum condition before you leave for Mexico. Pack a basic first-aid kit and carry an emergency water supply in your vehicle. Be aware that unleaded gasoline may not be available away from the main highways. Bring a flexible funnel to fill your gas tank because some gas stations have nozzles too large to fit unleaded gas tanks. After You Arrive -- Emergency Help In an emergency, call {91} (5) 250-0123, the 24-hour hotline of the Mexican Ministry of Tourism. The hotline is for immediate assistance, but it can give you general, nonemergency guidance as well. It is an important number to keep with you. If necessary, in an emergency, you may also call the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate or consular agency. (See addresses at the end of this pamphlet.)If you have an emergency while driving, call the Ministry of Tourism's hotline to obtain help from the "Green Angels," a fleet of radio-dispatched trucks with bilingual crews that operate daily. Services include protection, medical first aid, mechanical aid for your car, and basic supplies. You will not be charged for services, only for parts, gas and oil. The Green Angels patrol daily, from dawn until sunset. If you are unable to call them, pull well off the road and lift the hood of your car; chances are good that they will find you. Safety Tips As a visitor to Mexico, be alert to your new surroundings. Hazards in Mexico may be different from those you are used to, and safety regulations and their enforcement are generally not equivalent to U.S. standards. By Foot Watch out for irregular pavement and open manholes.In large cities, take the same precautions against assault, robbery, or pickpockets that you would take in any large U.S. city. Avoid dark alleys, crowds, and marginal areas. Be aware that women and small children, as well as men, can be pickpockets or purse snatchers. Keep your billfold in an inner front pocket; carry your purse tucked securely under your arm; and wear the shoulder strap of your camera or bag across your chest. To guard against thieves on motorcycles, walk away from the curb and carry your purse away from the street. By Car and, if at all possible, do not drive at night. Loose livestock can appear at any time. Construction sites or stranded vehicles are often unmarked by flares or other warning signals. Sometimes cars have only one headlight; bicycles seldom have lights or reflectors. Be prepared for a sudden stop at any time. Mexican driving conditions are such that, for your safety, you must drive more slowly than you do at home.. In Mexico, a blinking left turn signal on the vehicle in front of you could mean that it is clear ahead and you may pass, or it could mean the driver is making a left turn. An outstretched left arm may mean an invitation for you to pass. When in doubt, do not pass.An oncoming vehicle flashing its headlights is a warning for you to slow down or pull over because you are both approaching a narrow bridge or place in the road. The custom is that the first vehicle to flash has the right of way and the other must yield.C to a crawl. Freshly wet roads are dangerous because oil and road dust mix with water and form a lubricant. Until this mixture washes away, driving is extremely hazardous. Beware of sudden rains. Stop, or go extremely slowly, until conditions improve. To avoid highway crime, try not to drive at night and never drive alone at night. Never sleep in vehicles along the road. If your vehicle breaks down, stay with it and wait for the police or the Green Angels. Do not, under any circumstances, pick up hitchhikers who not only pose a threat to your physical safety, but also put you in danger of being arrested for unwittingly transporting narcotics or narcotics traffickers in your vehicle. Your vehicle can be confiscated if you are transporting marijuana or other narcotics. There are checkpoints and temporary roadblocks where vehicles are checked. Beware of Highway 15 in the state of Sinaloa and of Highway 40 between the city of Durango and the Pacific coast, areas that are particularly dangerous and where a number of criminal assaults have occurred. Avoid express Highway 1 (limited access) in Sinaloa altogether -- even in daytime -- because it is remote and subject to bandits. On Public Transport Be vigilant in bus and train stations and on public transport. Do not accept beverages from other passengers. On occasion, tourists have been drugged and robbed while they slept. On Streets and Highways Be aware of persons representing themselves as Mexican police or other local officials. Some Americans have been the victims of harassment, mistreatment, and extortion by criminals masquerading as officials. Mexican authorities are concerned about these incidents and have cooperated in investigating such cases. You must, however, have the officer's name, badge number, and patrol car number to pursue a complaint. Make a note of this information if you are ever involved with police or other officials. Do not be surprised if you encounter several types of police in Mexico. The Preventive Police, the Transit Police, and the Federal Highway Police all wear uniforms. The Judicial Police who work for the public prosecutor are not uniformed. At the Pool or Beach Do not leave your belongings on the beach while you are swimming. Keep your passport and other valuables in the hotel safe. Carefully assess the risk potential of recreational activities. Sports equipment that you rent or buy may not meet the safety standards to which you are accustomed. For example, unless you are certain that scuba diving equipment is up to standard, do not use it. Inexperienced scuba divers should beware of dive shops that promise to "certify" you after a few hours instruction. Safe diving requires lengthy training. Do not use pools or beaches without lifeguards, or, if you do, exercise extreme caution. Do not dive into unknown bodies of water because hidden rocks or shallow depths can cause serious injury or death. Some Mexican beaches, such as those in Cancun, have warning signs about undertow; take them seriously. Be aware that the newer resorts may lack comprehensive medical facilities. Reporting a Crime If You are in Danger Call the Mexican Ministry of Tourism's emergency hotline,{91} (5) 250- 0123, for immediate assistance. Or, in Mexico City, dial 06 for police assistance. If You Have Been the Victim of a Crime. Immediately contact the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. consulate or consular agency. For addresses and telephone numbers, see the end of this pamphlet. Also, immediately report the crime to the local police. If you have difficulty filing this report, the Mexican police have a complement to the Green Angels, called the Silver Angels. This group helps tourists who are victims of crime file a police report. Call the Silver Angels on (5) 588-5100. Avoiding Legal Problems Tourists who commit illegal acts have no special privileges and are subject to full prosecution under the Mexican judicial system. Mexico rigorously prosecutes drug cases. Under Mexican law, possession of and trafficking in illegal drugs are federal offenses. For drug trafficking, bail does not exist. Mexican law does not differentiate between types of narcotics: heroin, marijuana, and amphetamines, for example, are treated the same. Offenders found guilty of possessing more than a token amount of any narcotic substance are subject to a minimum sentence of seven years, and it is not uncommon for persons charged with drug offenses to be detained for up to one year before a verdict is reached. Remember, if narcotics are found in your vehicle, you are subject to arrest and your vehicle can be confiscated. Avoid Public Drunkeness It is against the law in Mexico. Certain border towns have become impatient with teenaged (and older) Americans who cross the border to drink and carouse. This behavior can lead to fights, arrests, traffic accidents, and even death. Do not bring firearms or ammunition of any kind into Mexico unless you have first obtained a consular firearms certificate from a Mexican consulate. To hunt in Mexico, you must obtain a hunting permit , also available from the consulate. Travelers carrying guns or ammunition into Mexico without a Mexican certificate have been arrested, detained, and sentenced to stiff fines and lengthy prison terms. The sentence for clandestine importation of firearms is from 6 months to 6 years. If the weapon is greater then .38 caliber, it is co0nsidered of military type, and the sentence is from 5 to 30 years. When you enter Mexico, make certain that Mexican customs officials check both the firearms and your certificate. When you reach your destination, register your firearms with the appropriate military zone headquarters. Be aware that, even when you enter Mexican waters on your private boat, you are subject to the ban on importing firearms. NOTE: Before you leave the United States, you must register your firearms and ammunition with U.S. Customs if you wish to bring them back with you. In some areas of Mexico, it is not wise to carry anything that might be construed as a weapon. Some cities, such as Nuevo Laredo, have ordinances prohibiting the possession of knives and similar weapons. Tourists have even been arrested for possessing souvenir knives. Most arrests for knife possession occur in connection with some other infraction, such as drunk and disorderly behavior. Failure to pay hotel bills or failure to pay for other services rendered is considered fraud under Mexican law. Those accused of these offenses are subject to arrest and conviction with stiff fines and jail sentences. Be Cautious When Purchasing Real Estate. There are various restrictions on foreigners purchasing property in Mexico. Before you invest money, be certain that you are in compliance with Mexican law and that you are dealing with a reputable developer, time-share company, or real estate agent. For information and for names of Mexican lawyers, contact the American Society of Mexico or the American Chamber of Commerce. You may also obtain a list of Mexican lawyers from the U.S. Embassy or a U.S. Consulate or from the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Inter-American Division, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, (202) 647-3712. If your investment in Mexican property is illegal, you risk confiscation by the government of Mexico. Be aware that most time-share condo companies are not registered in the U.S. and do not abide by U.S. rules. For instance, there is no day or two "remorse period" in which you can change your mind and back out of a contract that you have signed. To Avoid Disputes With Merchants, Ba a Careful Shopper. Make sure the goods you buy are in good condition and always get a receipt. There is a federal consumer protection office, the Procuraduria Federal del Consumidor, to assist you if you have a major problem with a faulty product or service. However, if the problem is with a service of the tourist industry, you should bring the matter to the Mexican Government Tourist Office (Secretaria de Turismo). Staying Healthy In some places, particularly at resorts, medical costs can be as high or higher than in the United States. If your insurance policy does not cover you in Mexico, it is strongly recommended that you purchase a policy that does. There are short-term health insurance policies designed specifically to cover travel. Medical facilities in Mexico differ from those in the United States, and treatment for some types of illnesses or injuries may be only remedial. Some remote areas or coastal islands may have few or no medical facilities. For these reasons, in addition to medical insurance that you can use in Mexico, consider obtaining insurance or joining a membership organization that will cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of an accident or serious illness. As part of the coverage, medical evacuation companies usually offer emergency consultation by telephone. They may refer you to the nearest hospital or call directly for help for you; they may translate your instructions to a health care worker on the scene. The cost of medical evacuation coverage can be as low as $50 for a trip of 30 days. On the other hand, escorted medical evacuation can cost in the tens of thousands of dollars. If your travel agent cannot direct you to a medical evacuation company, look for information on them in travel magazines. The U.S. government cannot pay to have you medically evacuated to the United States. Immunizations are recommended against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, typhoid, and hepatitis A. For visitors coming directly from the United States, no vaccinations are required to enter Mexico. If you are traveling from an area known to be infected with yellow fever, a vaccination certificate is required. Malaria is found in some rural areas of Mexico, particularly those near the southwest coast. Travelers to malarial areas should consult their physician or the U.S. Public Health Service and take the recommended dosage of chloroquine. Although chloroquine is not considered necessary for travelers to the major resort areas on the Pacific and Gulf coasts, travelers to those areas should use insect repellent and take other personal protection measures to reduce contact with mosquitoes, particularly from dusk to dawn when malaria transmission is most likely. Drink Only Bottled Water or Water That Has Been Boiled for 20 Minutes. Avoid ice cubes. Vegetables and fruits should be peeled or washed in a purifying solution. A good rule of thumb is, if you can't peel it or cook it, don't eat it. Medication to prevent travelers' diarrhea is not recommended. If symptoms present themselves and persist, seek medical attention because diarrhea is potentially dangerous. Air pollution in Mexico City is severe. It is the most dangerous during thermal inversions which occur most from in December to May. Air pollution plus Mexico City's high altitude are a particular health risk for the elderly and persons with high blood pressure, anemia, or respiratory or cardiac problems. If this applies to you, consult your doctor before traveling to Mexico City. In high altitude areas, such as Mexico City, most people need a short adjustment period. Spend the first few days in a leisurely manner, with a light diet and reduced intake of alcohol. Avoid strenuous activity -- this includes everything from sports to rushing up the stairs. Reaction signs to high altitude are lack of energy, a tendency to tire easily, shortness of breath, occasional dizziness, and insomnia. U.S. Assistance in Mexico Where to Turn If You Have Serious Legal, Medical or Financial Difficulties Legal Problems. If you find yourself in serious difficulty while in Mexico, contact a consular officer at the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. Consulate for assistance. U.S. consular officers cannot serve as attorneys or give legal assistance. They can, however, provide lists of local attorneys and advise you of your rights under Mexican laws. Worldwide, Mexico has the highest number of arrests of Americans abroad -- over 2,000 per year -- and the highest prison population of U.S. citizens outside of the United States -- about 425 at any one time. If you are arrested, ask permission to notify the U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. Consulate. Under international agreements and practice, you have the right to contact an American consul. Although U.S. consuls are restricted by Mexican law on what they can do to assist you in legal difficulties, they can monitor the status of detained U.S. citizens and make sure they are treated fairly under local laws. They will also notify your relative or friends upon request. An individual is guaranteed certain rights under the Mexican constitution, but those rights differ significantly from U.S. constitutional guarantees. The Mexican judicial system is based on Roman and Napoleonic law and presumes a person accused of a crime to be guilty until proven innocent. There is no trial by jury nor writ of habeas corpus in the Anglo-American sense. Trial under tthe Mexican system is a prolonged process based largely on documents examined on a fixed date in court by prosecution and defense counsel. Sentencing usually takes 6 to 10 months. Bail can be granted after sentencing if the sentence is less than 5 years. Pre-trial bail exists but is never granted when the possible sentence upon conviction is greater than 5 years. Medical or Financial Problems. If you become seriously ill, U.S. consular officers can assist in finding a doctor and in notifying your family and friends about your condition. Consular officers can also help arrange the transfer of emergency funds to you if you become destitute as a result of robbery, accident, or other emergency. Advice on Dual Nationality U.S. law recognizes that Americans may also be citizens of other countries. Under Mexican law, an individual born in Mexico of an American parent or parents may acquire both nationalities at birth. Also, a U.S. citizen born in the United States of a Mexican father -- or after December 26, 1969, of a Mexican mother -- may have dual nationality. If you are a U.S.-Mexican dual national, you must have evidence of your U.S. citizenship with you when you travel between the United States and Mexico. Such evidence can be a U.S. passport, naturalization certificate, consular report of birth abroad, certificate of citizenship, or a certified copy of your U.S. birth certificate. If you are a dual national, be aware that you could lose your U.S. nationality if you obtain a Certificate of Mexican Nationality. The Mexican Government recognizes a child's dual nationality from birth to age 18 without requiring an oath of allegiance. Starting at age 18, in order to obtain a Mexican passport or to obtain other benefits such as the right to own property in a restricted zone, to pay a favorable resident tuition rate at a Mexican university, or to vote in a Mexican election, a dual national is required by Mexican law to obtain a Certificate of Mexican Nationality (CMN). To obtain a CMN, a person must complete an application in which he or she subscribes to an oath of allegiance to Mexico and renounces any other nationality that he or she might possess. Under U.S. law, subscribing to this oath and obtaining a CMN normally results in the loss of U.S. nationality. If you contemplate obtaining a CMN, it is strongly recommended that you first consult the U.S. Embassy or the nearest U.S. Consulate. A Guide to Entry and Exit Regulations Getting Into Mexico U.S. citizens visiting Mexico for no more than 72 hours and remaining within 20 kilometers of the border do not need a permit to enter. Those transiting Mexico to another country need a transit visa which costs a nominal fee and is valid for up to 30 days. Tourist Cards. All U.S. citizens visiting Mexico for tourism or study for up to 180 days need a document, called a tourist card in English or FMT in Spanish, to enter and leave Mexico. The tourist card is free and may be obtained from Mexican consulates, Mexican tourism offices, Mexican border crossing points, and from most airlines serving Mexico. If you fly to Mexico, you must obtain your tourist card before boarding your flight ; it cannot be obtained upon arrival at an airport in Mexico. The tourist card is issued upon presentation of proof of citizenship such as a U.S. passport or a U.S. birth certificate, plus a photo I.D. such as a driver's license. Tourist cards are issued for up to 90 days with a single entry, or if you present proof of sufficient funds, for 180 days with multiple entries. Upon entering Mexico, retain and safguard the pink copy of your tourist card so you may surrender it to Mexican immigration when you depart. You must leave Mexico before your tourist card expires or you are subject to a fine. A tourist card for less than 180 days may be revalidated in Mexico by the Mexican immigration service (Direccion General de Servicios Migratorios). Visas. If you wish to stay longer than 180 days, or if you wish to do business or conduct religious work in Mexico, contact the Mexican Embassy or the nearest Mexican consulate to obtain a visa or permit. Persons conducting religious work on a tourist card are subject to deportation. Residing or Retiring in Mexico. If you plan to live or retire in Mexico, consult a Mexican consulate on the type of long-term visa you will need. As soon as possible after you arrive in the place you will live, it is a good idea to register with the U.S. Embassy or nearest U.S. consulate or consular agent. Bring your passport or other identification with you. Registration makes it easier to contact you in an emergency. (Registration information is confidential and will not be released to inquirers without your express authorization.) Travel Requirements for Children A child under age 18 traveling with only one parent must have written, notarized consent from the other parent to travel, or must carry, if applicable, a decree of sole custody for the accompanying parent or a death certificate for the other parent. A child traveling alone or in someone else's custody must have notarized consent from both parents to travel, or if applicable, notarized consent from a single parent plus documentation that that parent is the only custodial parent. Driving Your Car to Mexico Permits. When you drive to Mexico, you must obtain a temporary vehicle import permit. You must show: your proof of ownership or notarized authorization from the owner to bring the car into Mexico, a valid driver's license, proof of auto liability insurance, and current registration and plates. The permit is issued free at border entry points and is generally valid for the same period of time as your tourist card (up to 180 days). You must remove your motor vehicle from Mexico before the permit expires or have the permit extended by the Temporary Importation Department of a Mexican customs office. If you do not do so, your motor vehicle may be confiscated. You may not sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of a motor vehicle brought into Mexico on a temporary importation permit, nor may you leave Mexico without the vehicle. In case of emergency, or following an accident where the vehicle cannot be removed, the owner may request permission to depart Mexico without the vehicle through the Mexican Customs Office in Mexico City, or the local office of the Treasury Department (Hacienda) in other cities. If you bring spare auto parts to Mexico, declare them when you enter the country. When you leave, be prepared to show that you are taking the unused parts with you or that you have had them installed in Mexico. Save your repair receipts for this purpose. If you wish to authorize another person to drive your car, record the authorization with Mexican officials when you enter Mexico -- even if you expect to be a passenger when the other person drives. Do not, under any circumstances, allow an unauthorized person to drive your vehicle when you are not in the car. Such a person could have to pay a fine amounting to a substantial percentage of the vehicles's value, or your vehicle could be confiscated. Insurance. Mexican auto insurance is sold in most cities and towns on both sides of the border. U.S. automobile liability insurance is not valid in Mexico nor is most collision and comprehensive coverage issued by U.S. companies. Therefore, when you cross the border, purchase auto insurance adequate for your needs in Mexico. A good rule of thumb is to buy coverage equivalent to that which you carry in the U.S. Motor vehicle insurance is invalid in Mexico if the driver is found to to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Regardless of whether you have insurance, if you are involved in an accident, you will be taken into police custody until it can be determined who is liable and whether you have the ability to pay any judgment. If you do not have Mexican liability insurance, you are almost certain to spend some time in jail until all parties are satisfied that responsibility has been assigned and adequate financial satisfaction has been received. There may also be criminal liability assigned if the injuries or damages are serious. Rental Cars Renting in the United States. Many car rental companies in the U.S. have clauses in their contracts which prohibit drivers from traveling out of the country. The Mexican police are aware of these regulations, and will sometimes impound rental vehicles driven from the United States. When renting a vehicle in the United States, check with the company to see if your contract allows you to drive it into Mexico. Renting a Car in Mexico. The standard insurance included with many car rental contracts in Mexico provides only nominal liability coverage, often as little as the equivalent of $200. Because Mexican law permits the jailing of drivers after an accident until they have met their obligations to third parties and to the rental company, renters should read their contracts carefully and purchase additional liability and comprehensive insurance if necessary. Bringing Your Own Plane or Boat to Mexico Private aircraft and boats are subject to the same Mexican customs regulations as are motor vehicles. When you arrive at a Mexican port in your private boat, you can obtain a temporary import permit for it similar to the one given for motor vehicles. Flying your own plane to Mexico, however, is more complicated. Well before your trip, inquire about private aircraft regulations and procedures from a Mexican consulate or Mexican Government Tourist Office. Operation of Citizen's Band (CB) Equipment American tourists are permitted to operate CB radios in Mexico. You may obtain a 180 day permit for a nominal fee by presenting your U.S. citizen's band radio authorization at a Mexican consulate or Mexican Government Tourist Office. This permit cannot be obtained at the border. Transmissions on CB equipment are allowed only on channels 9, 10, and 11, and only for personal communication and emergency road assistance. Any device which increases transmission power to over 5 watts is prohibited. CB equipment may not be used near radio installations of the aeronautical and marine services. Continued.... Mexico travel (more) marked false Mexico travel (more) Mexico travel (more) showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO MEXICO++ Continued... What You May Bring Into Mexico Customs Regulations. Tourists should enter Mexico with only the items needed for their trip. Entering with large quantities of an item a tourist might not normally be expected to have, particularly expensive appliances, such as televisions, stereos, or other items, may lead to suspicion of smuggling and possible confiscation of the items and arrest of the individual. Unless you prepare ahead, you may have difficulty bringing computers or other expensive electronic equipment into Mexico for your personal use. To prevent being charged an import tax, write a statement about your intention to use the equipment for personal use and to remove it from Mexico when you leave. Have this statement signed and certified at a Mexican consulate in the United States and present it to Mexican customs as you enter Mexico. Land travelers should verify from Mexican customs at the border that all items in their possession may be legally brought into Mexico. You will be subject to a second immigration and customs inspection south of the Mexican border where unlawful items may be seized, and you could be prosecuted regardless of whether or not the items passed through the initial customs inspection. Firearms. Do not bring firearms or ammunition into Mexico without first obtaining a permit from a Mexican consulate in the United States. See the previous section concerning firearms for more information Currency. In 1982, the Mexican government lifted currency controls and modified its exchange rate system, permitting tourists to exchange dollars for pesos at the fluctuating free market rate. There are no restrictions on the import or export of bank notes and none on the export of reasonable quantities of ordinary Mexican coins. However, gold or silver Mexican coins may not be exported. Take travelers checks with you because personal U.S. checks are rarely accepted by Mexican hotels or banks. Major credit cards are accepted in many hotels, shops, and restaurants. An exchange office (casa de cambios) usually gives a better rate of exchange than do stores, hotels, or restaurants. Pets. U.S. visitors to Mexico may bring a dog, cat, or up to four canaries by presenting the following certificates at the border: (1) a pet health certificate signed by a registered veterinarian in the United States and issued not more than 72 hours before the animal enters Mexico; and (2) a pet vaccination certificate showing that the animal has been treated for rabies, hepatitis, pip, and leptospirosis. Certification by Mexican consular authorities is not required for the health or vaccination certificate. A permit fee is charged at the time of entry into Mexico. Shopping - Some Things To Beware of Buying Wildlife and Wildlife Products. Beware of purchasing souvenirs made from endangered wildlife. Mexican markets and stores abound with wildlife and wildlife products, almost all of it prohibited from international traffic. You risk confiscation and a possible fine by U.S. Customs if you attempt to import virtually any wildlife from Mexico. In particular, watch out for and avoid: --All products made from sea turtles, including such items as turtle leather boots, tortoise-shell jewelry, and sea turtle oil cosmetics. --Fur from spotted cats. --Mexican birds, stuffed or alive, such as parrots, parakeets, or birds of prey. --Crocodile and caiman leather. --Black coral jewelry. --Wildlife curios, such as stuffed iguanas. When driving across state lines within Mexico, you can expect to be stopped at agricultural livestock inspection stations. Antiques. Mexico considers all pre-Columbian objects are the "inalienable property of the Nation" and considers the unauthorized export of such objects as theft and is punishable by arrest, detention, and judicial prosecution. Under U.S. law, to import pre-Columbian monumental and architectural sculpture and murals, you must present proof that they were legally exported from the country of origin. U.S. law does not prohibit the import of nonmonumental or nonarchitectural artifacts from Mexico. Glazed Ceramics. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, it is possible to suffer lead poisoning if you consume food or beverages that have been stored or served in improperly glazed ceramicware. Analysis of many ceramic pieces from Mexico has shown them to contain dangerous levels of lead. Unless you have proof of their safety, use glazed ceramics purchased in Mexico for decorative purposes only. Returning to the United States You must present the pink copy of your tourist card at your point of departure from Mexico. If you are returning to the United States by motor vehicle, you will need to show your registration certificate when you cross the border. At the time of publication, the airport departure tax is $10 or the equivalent in Mexican currency for those returning by commercial airline. The U.S. Customs Service currently permits U.S. citizens returning from international travel to bring back $400 worth of merchandise, including 1 liter of alcohol, duty free. The next $1000 worth of items brought back is subject to a duty of 10%. In addition to U.S. customs regulations, be aware that some U.S. border states (most notably, Texas) have imposed state restrictions on liquor, wine, and beer imports from Mexico. If you are planning to bring back alcoholic beverages, inquire about these restrictions from the liquor control office of the state through which you plan to return. Mideast/North Africa travel marked false (Consular Affairs Topics) Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa Foreword One of the pleasures of traveling to the Middle East or North Africa is the chance to be introduced to ancient civilizations rich in history and traditions. Depending upon your destination, you can see peoples whose language, dress, and customs vary greatly from those of the United States. The information in this pamphlet has been gathered for you by our consular officers, both here in the Department of State and at our posts in the Middle East and North Africa, to help steer you through what may be unfamiliar territory. We hope our tips will help make your trip safe and enjoyable. Most trips are. Remember, however, that whenever and wherever you are abroad, if you come into serious difficulties, contact the U.S. consul at the nearest United States embassy or consulate. Elizabeth M. Tamposi Assistant Secretary Bureau of Consular Affairs How to Prepare for a Safe Trip The policies of the countries in the Middle East and North Africa toward foreign visitors vary greatly from country to country. Some countries encourage tourism and put very few restrictions on visitors. Other countries do not allow tourism and carefully regulate business travel. Some areas in the region have experienced military conflict over an extended period of time. A little planning and knowledge will go a long way toward making your trip to the Middle East and North Africa go smoothly. If you learn about the countries you will visit and obey the laws and respect the customs of those places, you can make your stay as pleasant and incident-free as possible. Consular Information Sheets For travel information on any country, see the Department of State's Consular Information Sheet for the country. Consular Information Sheets cover such matters as health conditions, unusual currency and entry regulations, crime and security conditions, drug penalties, and areas of instability. In addition, there are a number of Travel Warnings which advise Americans to defer travel to particular countries. Travel Warnings are under continuous review by the Department of State. Before you depart for a country that has a Travel Warning, make certain that you have the most recent revision of the warning. There are several ways to access Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings. You can listen to them 24-hours a day by calling 202-647- 5225 from a touchtone phone. You can receive copies of them by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4800, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520-4818. (Write the name of the requested country or countries on the outside of the envelope.) You can also find Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings at the l3 regional passport agencies and at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. They can also be accessed through an airline or travel agent's computer reservation system or through many computer bulletin boards, including the Consular Affairs Bulletin Board (CABB). You may call the CABB on modem number 202-647-9225. Set your communications software to: no parity, 8 bits, one stop bit (N-8-1). Registration As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan more than a short stay in one place, or if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or a natural disaster, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Remember to leave a detailed itinerary with a friend or relative in the United States in case of an emergency. Your U.S. Passport Make a record or photocopy of the data from your passport's identification page and from your visas. Also make a copy of the addresses and telephone numbers of the U.S. embassy and consulates in the countries you will visit (see pages 35-36). Put this information along with two passport photos in a place separate from your passport to be available in case of loss or theft of your passport. Visa and Other Entry Requirements A U.S. passport is required for travel to all countries in the region. U.S. citizens are not required to have visas for tourist or business travel to Israel, Morocco, or Tunisia, but may need to supply proof of sufficient funds for the trip and proof of onward or round trip travel arrangements. All other countries in the Middle East and North Africa require U.S. citizens to have visas. If you plan to travel extensively in the region, entry and exit stamps could quickly fill the pages of your passport. Before you go, you may wish to ask the nearest passport agency to add extra pages to your passport. Or, if applying for a new passport, you can request one with 48 pages instead of the usual 24. Each country has its own set of entry requirements. For authoritative visa information, contact the embassy or consulate of the country you plan to visit. See the end of this document for a list of foreign embassies in the United States. When you make inquiries, ask about the following: Visa price, length of validity, number of entries. Financial requirements/proof of sufficient funds and proof of onward/return ticket. Immunization requirements. Yellow fever immunization is often required if arriving from a yellow fever infected area. Currency regulations. Import/export restrictions and limitations. Several countries prohibit the import and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Departure tax. Be sure to keep enough local currency to be able to depart as planned. Some Arab countries will not allow travelers to enter if their passports show any evidence of previous or expected travel to Israel. This is not currently the case for Egypt, Kuwait, Morocco, and Tunisia. Other Arab countries apply the ban inconsistently, sometimes refusing and at other times allowing entry when a passport shows evidence of travel to Israel. The U.S. government has informed the members of the Arab League that it objects to restrictive policies regarding U.S. passports containing Israeli markings. If passport restrictions imposed by other countries may be a problem for you, contact the nearest U.S. passport agency, embassy, or consulate for guidance. Some Arab countries also refuse to admit persons with passports indicating travel to South Africa. Again, consult a U.S. passport agency, embassy, or consulate for guidance if this applies. Several Arab countries ask visa applicants to state their religious affiliation. The U.S. government is opposed to the use of this information to discriminate against visa applicants, and has made its views known to the governments concerned. In turn, the United States has received assurances that visa applications are not denied on the basis of religious affiliation. Special Entry Requirements for Countries That Permit No Tourists Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia do not permit tourism. All business visitors must be sponsored by a company in the country to be visited. Private visitors must be sponsored by a relative or friend native to the country. To visit a foreigner working in a country where tourism is not permitted, you must be sponsored by the same local company that sponsors the person you are visiting. Entry is by visa or the non-objection certificate (NOC) system. An NOC is obtained by a visitorUs sponsor and filed with the appropriate foreign government authorities before the planned visit. For more information, see the individual country sections later in this document. Exit Permits Countries that require visitors to be sponsored usually also require them to obtain exit permits from their sponsors. U.S. citizens can have difficulty obtaining exit permits if they are involved in business disputes. A U.S. citizen who is the wife or child of the local sponsor needs the sponsor's permission to leave the country. Do not accept sponsorship to visit a country unless you are certain you will also be able to obtain an exit permit. U.S. Citizens Married to Foreign Nationals In many Islamic countries, even those that give tourist visas and do not require sponsorship, a woman needs the permission of her husband, and children need the permission of their father, to leave the country. If you travel or allow your children to travel, be aware of the laws of the country you plan to visit. The Department of State is aware of many American citizen children who have been abducted to, or wrongfully retained in countries of the Middle East and North Africa notwithstanding a U.S. custody order. Although some of these children were taken abroad illegally by one of their parents, many originally traveled abroad with the consent of both parents. Do not visit or allow your children to visit unless you are completely confident that you and they will be allowed to leave. Once overseas, you are subject to the laws of the country where you are; U.S. law cannot protect you. Dual Nationality Some countries in the Middle East and North Africa do not recognize acquisition of U.S. citizenship by their nationals. Unless the naturalized U.S. citizen renounces his or her original nationality at an embassy or consulate of the country of origin, he or she may still be considered a citizen of that country. A person born in the United States with a parent who was a citizen of another country may also be considered a citizen of that country. If arrested, a dual national may be denied the right to communicate with the U.S. embassy or consulate. Another consequence could be having to serve in the military of oneUs former country. If you are a naturalized U.S. citizen, a dual national, or have any reason to believe another country may claim you as their national, check with the embassy of that country as to your citizenship status and any obligations you may have while visiting. Dual nationals who have not researched their citizenship status before traveling have sometimes, to their surprise, encountered difficulties, such as not being allowed to depart. Even countries that recognize acquired U.S. citizenship may consider their former citizens as having resumed original citizenship if they take up residence in their country of origin. This can happen even if the embassy of the country of origin stamps a visa in the U.S. passport of its former citizen. Dual nationals may find that they are required to use a passport from their country of origin in order to enter or leave that country. The U.S. government does not object to the use of a foreign passport by a dual national to enter or depart a foreign country in compliance with the requirements of that country. U.S. regulations require, however, that U.S. citizens, including dual nationals, use a U.S. passport to depart from and enter the United States. If you have any questions about dual nationality or the use of foreign passports, contact the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Room 48l7, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818, (202-647-3926) before you travel. Recorded information on dual nationality and other citizenship matters is available 24-hours a day by calling 202-647- 3444. Currency and Customs Regulations Some countries in the region have no restrictions on currency imports or exports. Some prohibit Israeli currency. Most countries in the Middle East and North Africa, however, have detailed currency regulations, including a requirement to declare all currency, including travelers checks, upon entry. In those countries, the export of foreign currency is limited to the amount that was imported and declared. Be sure to make the required currency declaration, have it validated, and retain it for use at departure. Buy local currency only at banks or other authorized exchange places and retain your receipts for use at departure. Currency not accounted for may be confiscated. Several countries prohibit the import and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Most countries restrict the entry of products containing pork as well as any literature, videotapes, and cassette tapes deemed pornographic. Also, some countries will not permit the import of books or other goods from Israel. Shopping-Be Wary of Antiques Americans have been arrested in some countries in the region for the unauthorized purchase of antiques or other important cultural artifacts. If you purchase such items, always insist that the seller provide a receipt and the official museum export certificate required by law. Travelers have also been detained at customs for possessing reproductions of antiques. The safest policy is to purchase copies of antiques from reputable stores and have them documented as such. Obtain receipts for all such purchases. Health Immunizations Information on immunizations and health precautions for travelers can be obtained in the United States from local health departments, private doctors, or travel clinics. Information is also available from the Centers for Disease Control's 24-hour hotline on 404-332-4559 and from the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $6.00 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Depending on your destination, immunization may be recommended against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, typhoid, and hepatitis A. Chloroquine prophylaxis against malaria is recommended for travel to some areas of the region. An increasing number of countries have established regulations regarding AIDS testing, particularly for long-term residents and students. Check with the embassy or consulate of the country you plant to visit for the latest information. Review Your Health Insurance Policy If your health insurance does not provide coverage overseas, consider buying temporary insurance that does. In addition, consider obtaining insurance to cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of an illness or for the return of remains in case of death. Insurance companies and some credit card and travelers check companies offer short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. Medical facilities vary in the region; in some countries they are similar to U.S. standards. U.S. embassies or consulates can furnish you with a list of recommended local hospitals and English- speaking physicians. Precautions In the hot and dry climates that prevail in the Middle East and North Africa, it is important to avoid water depletion and heat stroke. Safe tap water is available in many areas. In some places, however, it is highly saline and should be avoided by persons on sodium-restricted diets. In many rural and some urban areas, tap water is not potable, and travelers should drink only boiled or chemically treated water or bottled carbonated drinks. In these areas, avoid fresh vegetables and fruits unless they are washed in a purifying solution and peeled. Diarrhea is potentially serious. If it persists, seek medical attention. Schistosomiasis (or bilharzia) is present in the area of the Nile and in several other areas in North Africa and the Middle East. These parasites are best avoided by not swimming or wading in fresh water in endemic areas. Drug Offenses Drug enforcement policies in the region are strict. Possession of even small amounts of narcotics, including substances such as marijuana or amphetamines, can lead to arrest. If found guilty, drug offenders are subject to lengthy prison sentences. Because what is considered to be 'narcotics' varies from country to country, learn and obey the laws in the places you will visit. Keep all prescription drugs in their original containers clearly labeled with the doctorUs name, pharmacy and contents. In addition, if you take an unusual prescription drug, carry a letter from your doctor explaining your need for the drug and a copy of the prescription. Dress and Local Customs Islam The Islamic religion is the pre-eminent influence on local laws and customs in much of the Middle East and North Africa. The extent of this influence varies. Some Islamic countries have secular governments, but in certain other countries, particularly those in the Arabian peninsula, Islam dictates a total way of life. It prescribes the behavior for individuals and society, codifying law, family relations, business etiquette, dress, food, personal hygiene, and much more. Among the important values is a family-centered way of life, including a protected role for women and clear limits on their participation in public life. In traditional societies, Muslims believe open social relations between the sexes result in the breakdown of family life. Contact between men and women, therefore, is rigidly controlled in traditional societies. In the traditional societies of the region, it is considered rude to face the soles of oneUs feet toward other people. At traditional meals, the left hand is not used for eating. Apparel Western street clothing (except for shorts) is appropriate in most areas. In more traditional societies, however, attire for women should be more conservative, garments should have sleeves, and dress length should be below the knee. On the other hand, in some areas of the region visited by many tourists Q for example, the beaches of Israel and Morocco Q attire similar to that worn in the United States is acceptable. The Workweek In many countries in the Middle East and North Africa, the weekend is either Thursday/Friday or Friday/Saturday. Workweek information is included in the list of U.S. embassies at the end of this document. Mideast/North Africa travel NshowNameProp Mideast/North Africa travel Older Americans travel tips marked false Older Americans travel tips Older Americans travel tips showNameProp o(Consular Affairs Topics) TRAVEL TIPS FOR OLDER AMERICANS International travel can be a rich and rewarding adventure. Whether you have waited a lifetime to take the perfect trip or are an experienced world traveler, we would like to offer some advice to help you plan a safe and healthy trip. American consuls at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad are there to help if you encounter serious difficulties in your travels. They are happy to meet you if you come in to register your passport at the consular section of the U.S. embassy or consulate. But it is also their duty to assist American citizens abroad in times of emergency--at hospitals or police stations, for instance. This pamphlet is written in the hopes that it will help you to prevent such emergencies from arising. Preparation for Your Trip Start Early. Apply for your passport as soon as possible. Three months before your departure date should give you plenty of time. See the section, "Passports and Visas," on page 6 for details on how to apply. Learn About the Countries You Plan to Visit. The countries you visit will seem like old friends if, before you go, you read up on their culture, people, and history. Bookstores and libraries are good resources. Travel magazines and the travel sections of major newspapers tell about places to visit and also give advice on everything from discount airfares to international health insurance. Many travel agents and foreign tourist bureaus provide free information on travel abroad. Travel Advisories. The Department of State issues travel advisories concerning serious health or security conditions that may affect U.S. citizens. If you are traveling to an area where there may be problems, you may contact the nearest U.S. passport agency or the Department of State's Citizens Emergency Center on (202) 647-5225 to learn whether there are travel advisories in effect for the countries you plan to visit. Charter Flights. Before you pay for a charter flight or travel package, read your contract carefully and see what guarantee it gives that the company will deliver the services that it is trying to sell you. Tour operators sometimes go out of business in the middle of a season, leaving passengers stranded, holding unusable return tickets and unable to obtain a refund for the unused portion of their trip. Unless you are certain a company is reputable, check its credentials with your local Better Business Bureau (BBB). The BBB maintains complaint files for a year. You can also check with the consumer affairs office of the American Society of Travel Agents, 1101 King Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, tel. (703) 739-2782 to learn if a travel company has a complaint record. Trip Insurance. One sure way to ruin a vacation is to lose money because an emergency forces you to postpone or cancel your trip. Except for tickets on regularly scheduled airlines, almost any travel package you purchase will have a penalty for cancellation and some companies will give no refund at all. Regularly scheduled airlines usually give a refund if an illness or death in the family forces you to cancel. They require a note from the doctor or a death certificate. Take careful note of the cancellation penalty for any other large travel purchase you make such as a tour package, charter flight, or cruise. Unless you can afford to lose that amount, protect yourself by buying trip insurance. If you invest in trip insurance, make sure your policy covers all reasonable possibilities for your having to cancel. For instance, if an emergency with a family member would force you to cancel, insure against that as well. Some trip insurance policies will also give a refund if the company goes out of business or otherwise does not make good on its offering. The best insurance against company default is to choose a reputable company that guarantees a refund if they do not deliver the goods. If, however, you are tempted to purchase a tour at a great bargain price and you can't find a guarantee of delivery in the fine print, protect yourself by purchasing trip insurance that covers company default. Shop around for the trip insurance policy that offers the most benefits. Some credit card and traveler's check companies offer travel protection packages for an additional fee. Benefits may even include accident and illness coverage while traveling. Health Insurance. The Social Security Medicare program does not provide for payment of hospital or medical services obtained outside the U.S. However, some Medicare supplement plans offer foreign medical care coverage at no extra cost for treatments considered eligible under Medicare. These are reimbursement plans. You must pay the bills first and obtain receipts in order to submit them later for compensation. Many of these plans have a dollar ceiling per trip. Review your health insurance policy. Obtaining medical treatment and hospital care abroad can be expensive. If your Medicare supplement or other medical insurance does not provide protection while traveling outside the United States, we strongly urge you to buy coverage that does. There are short-term health and emergency assistance policies called medical assistance programs that are designed specifically for travelers. Medical Assistance Programs. One strong advantage of medical assistance programs is that they also cover the exorbitant cost of medical evacuation in the event of an accident or serious illness. As part of the coverage, these companies usually offer emergency consultation by telephone. They may refer you to the nearest hospital or call directly for help for you. If you need an interpreter, they may translate your instructions to a health care worker on the scene. Another benefit that is normally part of such coverage is payment for the return of remains to the United States in case of death. If your regular health insurance already covers you for medical expenses abroad, you can buy a medical assistance program that offers all the consultative and evacuation services listed above except for the health insurance itself. The cost of medical assistance coverage can be as low as $25 for a 2-week trip without health insurance coverage or $49 for the complete medical assistance program including health insurance. On the other hand, escorted medical evacuation can cost thousands of dollars. If your travel agent cannot direct you to a medical assistance company, look for information on such services in travel magazines. Once you have adequate coverage, carry your insurance policy identity cards and claim forms with you when you travel. Medication. If you require medication, bring an ample supply in its original containers. Because of strict laws concerning narcotics throughout the world, bring along copies of your prescriptions and, if you have an unusual prescription, carry a letter from your physician explaining your need for the drug. As an extra precaution, carry the generic names of your medications with you because pharmaceutical companies overseas may use different names from those used in the United States. If you wear eyeglasses, take an extra pair with you. Pack medicines and extra eyeglasses in your hand luggage so they will be available in case your checked luggage is lost. To be extra secure, pack a backup supply of medicines and a third pair of eyeglasses in your checked luggage. If you have allergies, reactions to certain medications, foods, or insect bites, or other unique medical problems, consider wearing a "medical alert" bracelet. You may also wish to carry a letter from your physician explaining desired treatment should you become ill. Immunizations. Information on immunizations and health precautions for travelers can be obtained from local health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, private doctors, or travel clinics. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel. To order this book, see page 12. Passport. Pack an "emergency kit" to help you get a replacement passport in case yours is lost or stolen. To make a kit: photocopy the data page at the front of your passport; write down the addresses and telephone numbers of the U.S. embassies and consulates in the countries you plan to visit; and put this information along with two passport-size photographs in a place separate from your passport. Leave a Detailed Itinerary. Give a friend or relative your travel schedule. Include: names, addresses, and telephone numbers of persons and places to be visited; your passport number and the date and place it was issued; and credit card, traveler's check, and airline ticket numbers. Keep a copy of this information for yourself in a separate place from your purse or wallet. If you change your travel plans--for example, if you miss your return flight to the United States or extend your trip--be sure to notify relatives or friends at home. Don't Overprogram. Allow time to relax and really enjoy yourself. Even if this is your once-in-a-lifetime trip, don't feel you have to fill every available minute. If you are visiting a country such as China, where physical activity can be quite strenuous and sudden changes in diet and climate can have serious health consequences for the unprepared traveler, consult your physician before you depart. What to Pack. Carefully consider the clothing you take. Don't pack more than you need and end up lugging around heavy suitcases. Wash-and-wear clothing and sturdy walking shoes are good ideas. Consider the climate and season in the countries you will visit and bring an extra outfit for unexpectedly warm or cool weather. A sweater or shawl is always useful for cooler evenings and air-conditioned planes and hotels. Dress conservatively--a wardrobe that is flashy or too causal may attract the attention of thieves or con artists. Include a change of clothing in your carry-on luggage. Otherwise, if your bags are lost, you could be wearing the same clothes you were traveling in during the entire time it takes to locate your luggage--an average of 72 hours. Do not pack anything that you would hate to lose such as valuable jewelry, family photographs, or objects of sentimental value. PASSPORTS AND VISAS Passports. It is a good idea to apply 3 months before you plan to travel. If you also need visas, allow more time as you must have a valid passport before applying for a visa. If this is your first passport, you must apply in person, bringing with you proof of U.S. citizenship (usually a certified copy of your birth certificate, a naturalization certificate, or a consular report of birth abroad); 2 identical recent front-view photos (2" x 2"); a completed passport application (Form DSP-11); proof of identity such as a valid driver's license or other photo or physical-description I.D.; and the fee of $42 for a passport valid for 10 years. You may apply at any passport agency (see list at the end of this pamphlet) or at one of the many clerks of court or post offices designated to accept passport applications. Your birth certificate or other documents will be returned to you by mail, along with your new passport. You may be eligible to apply for a passport by mail. If you have had a full-validity passport issued within the past 12 years and you are able to mail the passport with your application, you can use Form DSP-82, "Application for Passport by Mail," to apply. Obtain this form from any office that accepts passport applications or from your travel agent. Follow the instructions on the back of the form. The renewal passport fee is $35. When you receive your passport, be sure to sign it on page 1 and to pencil in on page 4 the requested information. This wi1l help us notify your family or friends in case of an accident or other emergency. Do not designate your traveling companion as the person to be notified in case of an emergency. Visas. Many countries require a visa--an endorsement or stamp placed in your passport by a foreign government that permits you to visit that country for a specified purpose and a limited time. Many countries require you to obtain a visa from their consular office nearest to your residence. The addresses of foreign consular offices can be found in telephone directories of large cities or in the Congressional Directory, available in most libraries; or you may write to the appropriate embassy in Washington, D.C. and request the address of their consulate that is nearest to you. Apply for your visa directly to the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit or ask your travel agent to assist you with visas. U.S. passport agencies cannot obtain visas for you. An increasing number of countries are establishing entry requirements regarding AIDS testing, particularly for long-term residents and students. Check with the embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit for the latest information. MONEY AND VALUABLES Don't Take Your Money in Cash. Bring most of your money in traveler's checks. Have a reasonable amount of cash with you, but not more than you will need for a day or two. Convert your traveler's checks to local currency as you use them rather than all at once. You may also wish to bring at least one internationally-recognized credit card. Before you leave, find out what your credit card limit is and do not exceed it. In some countries, travelers who have innocently exceeded their limit have been arrested for fraud. Leave unneeded credit cards at home. If you must take jewelry or other valuables, use hotel security vaults to store them. It is wise to register such items with U.S. Customs before leaving the United States to make customs processing easier when you return. It is a violation of law in some countries to enter or exit with that country's currency. Check with a travel agent or the embassy or consulate of the countries you plan to visit to learn their currency restrictions. Before departing from the U.S., you may wish, if allowed, to purchase small amounts of foreign currency and coins to use for buses, taxis, telephone calls, and other incidentals when you first arrive in a country. You may purchase foreign currency from some banks or from foreign exchange dealers. Most international airports also have money exchange facilities. Once you are abroad, local banks generally give more favorable rates of exchange than hotels, restaurants, or stores for converting your U.S. dollars and traveler's checks into foreign currency. YOUR TRIP Driving. U.S. auto insurance is usually not valid outside of the United States and Canada. When you drive in any other country, be sure to buy adequate auto insurance in that country. When renting a car abroad, make certain that adequate insurance is part of your contract; otherwise, purchase additional coverage in an amount similar to that which you carry at home. Flying. On long flights, break up long periods of sitting. Leave your seat from time to time and also do in-place exercises. This will help prevent your arriving tired and stiff-jointed. Also, get some exercise after a long flight. For example, take a walk or use your hotel's exercise room. Reconfirm. Upon arrival at each stopover, reconfirm your onward reservations. When possible, obtain a written confirmation. International flights generally require confirmation 72 hours in advance. If your name does not appear on the reservation list, you could find yourself stranded. Register. If you plan to be in a location for 2 weeks or more or in an area where there is civil unrest or any other emergency situation, register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. This will help in locating you, should someone in the United States wish to confirm your safety and welfare or need to contact you urgently. Practical Safety Tips Respect the Local Laws and Customs. While abroad, you are subject to the laws and regulations of your host country and are not protected by the U.S. Constitution. If you should be detained by local authorities, ask them to notify a U.S. consular officer. Under international agreements and practice, you have a right to contact an American consul. Although U.S.consuls cannot act as your attorney or get you out of jail, they can provide you with a list of local attorneys and inform you of your rights under local laws. They will also monitor the status of detained Americans and make sure they are treated fairly under local laws. Guard your Passport. Your passport is the most valuable document you carry abroad. It confirms that you are an American citizen. Do not carry your passport in the same place as your money, use it as collateral for a loan, or pack it in your luggage. Remember to keep your passport number in a separate location in case it is lost or stolen. In some countries, you may be required to leave your passport overnight or for several days with the hotel management. This may be local practice--do not be concerned unless the passport is not returned as promised. If your passport is lost or stolen abroad, immediately report it to the local police, obtain a copy of the report, and contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to apply for a new passport. Be Alert. Move purposefully and confidently. If you should find yourself in a crowded area, such as in an elevator, subway, marketplace, or at a parade, exercise special caution to avoid theft. Robbery. Help prevent theft by carrying your belongings securely. Carry purses tucked under an arm and not dangling by a strap. Carry valuables in an inside front pocket or in a money belt, not in a hip pocket. You may wish to wrap your wallet with rubber bands to make it more difficult for someone to slip it from your pocket unnoticed. Money belts or pouches that fit around your shoulder or waist are available through travel magazines and at some luggage shops and department stores. Assistance From U.S. Embassies and Consulates Emergencies. If you encounter serious legal, medical, or financial difficulties or other problems abroad, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for assistance. Although, as mentioned above, consular officers cannot serve as attorneys, they can help you find legal assistance. Consular officers cannot cash checks, lend money, or act as travel agents. However, in an emergency, they can help you get in touch with your family back home to inform them on how to wire funds to you and to let them know of your situation. They can also provide you with the latest travel advisories to alert you to adverse conditions abroad. Nonemergencies. Consular officers can also provide nonemergency services such as information on absentee voting and acquisition or loss of U.S. citizenship. They can arrange for the transfer of Social Security and other benefits to Americans residing abroad, provide U.S. tax forms, notarize documents, and advise U.S. citizens on property claims. Safeguarding Your Health. If you are injured or become seriously ill abroad, a U.S. consular officer will assist you in finding a physician or other medical services, and, with your permission, will inform your family members or friends of your condition. If needed, consular officers can assist your family in transferring money to the foreign country to pay for your treatment. Death Abroad. Each year, about 6,000 Americans die abroad. Two thirds of them are Americans who live overseas, but approximately 2,000 Americans per year die while traveling abroad. Consular officers will contact the next of kin in the United States and will explain the local requirements. It is a worthwhile precaution to have insurance that covers the cost of local burial or shipment of remains home to the United States (see information on medical assistance programs on page 3). Otherwise, this cost must be borne by next of kin and can be extremely expensive. The U.S. Government cannot pay for shipment of remains to the United States. Shopping--Some Things to Avoid Beware of purchasing souvenirs made from endangered wildlife. Much wildlife and wildlife products are prohibited either by U.S. or foreign laws from import into the United States. You risk confiscation and a possible fine if you attempt to import such things. Watch out for and avoid purchasing the following prohibited items: -- All products made from sea turtles. -- All ivory, both Asian and African. -- Furs from spotted cats. -- Furs from marine mammals. -- Feathers and feather products from wild birds. -- All live or stuffed birds from Australia, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, and some Caribbean countries. -- Most crocodile and caiman leather. -- Most coral, whether in chunks or in jewelry. When You Return Be Prepared. On arrival in the United States, have your passport ready when you go through immigration and customs controls. Keep receipts for any items you purchased abroad. U.S. citizens may bring back and orally declare $400 worth of merchandise duty free. The next $1000 is taxed at a flat rate of 10%. Check with U.S. Customs for further information. Currency. There is no limit on the amount of money or negotiable instruments which can be brought into or taken out of the United States. However, any amount over $10,000 must be reported to U.S. Customs on Customs Form 4790 when you depart from or enter into the United States. Don't bring home any fresh fruits or vegetables. Such items will be confiscated. Useful Travel Publications For the official word on immunizations, customs, and what you can legally bring into the United States, you may order one of the following U.S. Government publications: Health Information for International Travel is a comprehensive listing of immunization requirements of foreign governments. In addition, it gives the U.S. Public Health Service's recommendations on immunizations and other health precautions for the international traveler. Copies are available for $4.75 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238. Know Before You Go, Customs Hints for Returning U.S. Residents gives detailed information on U.S. Customs regulations, including duty rates. Single copies are available free from any local Customs office or by writing to the Department of the Treasury, U.S. Customs Service, P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C. 20044. Travelers Tips on Bringing Food, Plant, and Animal Products Into the United States lists the regulations on bringing these items into the United States from most parts of the world. Fresh fruits and vegetables, meat, potted plants, pet birds, and other items are prohibited or restricted. Obtain the publication free from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 732 Federal Bldg., 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782. The following publication is prepared by the World Wildlife Fund: Buyer Beware! tells about restrictions on importing wildlife and wildlife products. For a free copy, write to the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240; (202) 343-5634. The following three publications from the Department of State may be ordered for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238: Your Trip Abroad provides basic travel information -- tips on passports, visas, immunizations, and more. It will help you prepare for your trip and make it as and trouble-free as possible. A Safe Trip Abroad gives travel security advice for any traveler, but particularly for those who plan trips to areas of high crime or terrorism. Tips for Americans Residing Abroad is prepared for the more than 2 million Americans who live in foreign countries. The following three publications are also from the Department of State (see ordering information below): Foreign Entry Requirements lists visa and other entry requirements of foreign countries and tells you how to apply for visas and tourist cards. Order this publication for 50 from the Consumer Information Center, Dept. 438T, Pueblo, CO 81009. Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts gives addresses and telephone, telex, and FAX numbers for all U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. (NOTE: When writing to a U.S. embassy or consulate, address the envelope to the appropriate section, such as Consular Section, rather than to a specific individual.) This publication is updated 3 times a year and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238. Background Notes are brief, factual pamphlets on each of 170 countries. They give current information on each country's people, culture, geography, history, government, economy, and political condition. They also include a factual profile, brief travel notes, a country map, and a suggested reading list. For information on their price and to order copies contact: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238. Passport Agencies APPLY EARLY FOR YOUR PASSPORT! Boston Passport Agency Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building, Room 247 10 Causeway Street Boston, Massachusetts 02222 *Recording: 617-565-6998 Public Inquiries: 617-565-6990 Chicago Passport Agency Kluczynski Federal Building, Suite 380 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60604-1564 *Recording: 312-353-5426 Public Inquiries: 312-353-7155 or 7163 Honolulu Passport Agency New Federal Building, Room C-106 300 Ala Moana Boulevard P.O. Box 50185 Honolulu, Hawaii 96850 *Recording: 808-541-1919 Public Inquiries: 808-541-1918 Houston Passport Agency Concord Towers 1919 Smith Street, Suite 1100 Houston, Texas 77002 *Recording: 713-653-3159 Public Inquiries: 713-653-3153 Los Angeles Passport Agency 11000 Wilshire Boulevard, Room 13100 Los Angeles, California 90024-3615 *Recording: 213-209-7070 Public Inquiries: 213-209-7075 Miami Passport Agency Federal Office Building, 16th Floor 51 Southwest First Avenue Miami, Florida 33130-1680 *Recording: 305-536-5395 (English) 305-536-4448 (Spanish) Public Inquiries: 305-536-4681 New Orleans Passport Agency Postal Services Building, Room T-12005 701 Loyola Avenue New Orleans, Louisiana 70113-1931 *Recording: 504-589-6728 Public Inquiries: 504-589-6161 New York Passport Agency Rockefeller Center, Room 270 630 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10111-0031 *Recording: 212-541-7700 Public Inquiries: 212-541-7710 Philadelphia Passport Agency Federal Office Building, Room 4426 600 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-1684 *Recording: 215-597-7482 Public Inquiries: 215-597-7480 San Francisco Passport Agency 525 Market Street, Suite 200 San Francisco, California 94105-2773 *Recording: 415-974-7972 Public Inquiries: 415-974-9941 Seattle Passport Agency Federal Office Building, Room 992 915 Second Avenue Seattle, Washington 98174-1091 *Recording: 206-442-7941 Public Inquiries: 206-442-7945 Stamford Passport Agency One Landmark Square Broad and Atlantic Streets Stamford, Connecticut 06901-2767 *Recording: 203-325-4401 Public Inquiries: 203-325-3538 or 3530 Washington Passport Agency 1425 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20524-0002 *Recording: 202-647-0518 Public Inquiries (M-F 8-4:45): 202-647-0518 *Twenty-four hour recording includes general passport information, passport agency location, and hours of operation. Where Do You Plan to Go Next? The following area or country pamphlets may be ordered for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; tel. (202) 783-3238: * Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa * Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean * Tips for Travelers to Central and South America * Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China * Tips for Travelers to Cuba * Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia * Tips for Travelers to Mexico * Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa * Tips for Travelers to South Asia * Tips for Travelers to the USSR OSAC organization marked false OSAC organization OSAC organization showNameProp (Special Topics) OSAC COUNTRY COUNCILS 09/14/92 ST00002 COUNTRY COUNCILS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE FOLLOWING LOCATIONS: AMMAN, JORDAN MADRID, SPAIN ANKARA, TURKEY MANAMA, BAHRAIN ATHENS, GREECE MANILA, PHILIPPINES BANGKOK, THAILAND MILAN, ITALY BONN, GERMANY PARIS, FRANCE BRUSSELS, BELGIUM RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL CAIRO, EGYPT RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA GUATEMALA CITY, GUATEMALA SANTIAGO, CHILE ISTANBUL, TURKEY SAO PAOLO, BRAZIL LIMA, PERU SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA LISBON, PORTUGAL VIENNA, AUSTRIA LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT THE REGIONAL SECURITY OFFICER (RSO) AT THE APPROPRIATE U.S. EMBASSY OR CONSULATE. 19921218*** Residing abroad marked false Residing abroad Residing abroad showNameProp f(Consular Affairs Topics) TIPS FOR AMERICANS RESIDING ABROAD FOREWORD The Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs has prepared this publication for Americans considering residence abroad as well as for those U.S. citizens who are currently residing in a foreign country. Our primary goal is to provide assistance to and protect the welfare of American citizens who live abroad. Before taking up a foreign residence, there are many details that you will need to consider. This brochure will acquaint you with the wide range of services provided to American citizens by U.S. embassies and consulates worldwide. We are committed to providing prompt, courteous, and effective assistance. There are approximately two million private U.S. citizens living overseas worldwide. We strongly recommend this publication to all Americans living or planning to reside abroad. Any additional guidance not specifically addressed in this publication may be obtained from the Bureau of Consular Affairs in the Department of State or from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate if you are living overseas. BEFORE YOU GO LEARN ABOUT THE HOST COUNTRY Read as much as possible about the country where you plan to reside. Learning about a nation's culture, customs, people, and history will make your stay more meaningful. Libraries, bookstores and tourist bureaus are good resources for this information. Keep abreast as well of the international news for the latest political developments in the country where you will live. Although English is spoken in many countries, learning the language of the nation in which you plan to reside will make the transition to your new environment easier. One of the best ways to learn about living in a foreign country is to get advice from U.S. citizens already residing there. Countries with large numbers of U.S. expatriates often have a U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a bicultural organization, or an American women's club that could give you information on living in that country. In countries with fewer U.S. residents, you may be able to meet fellow expatriates through a local international club. The consular section of the U.S. embassy or consulate may be able to assist you in finding these organizations. Background Notes The Department of State publishes Background Notes on countries around the world. These are brief, factual pamphlets with information on each country's people, culture, geography, history, government, economy, and political conditions. They are available for about 170 countries worldwide and often include a reading list, travel notes, and maps. Single copies are $1. A 1-year subscription for all updated issues is $16. To obtain copies write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 or call (202) 783-3238. Travel Advisories The Department of State issues travel advisories to alert U.S. citizens traveling or residing overseas to potential problems that could adversely affect them. The advisories are available through U.S. passport agencies, travel agents' computer reservation systems, major airlines, and American embassies and consulates abroad. If you are contemplating establishing residence in a country where there may be concern about existing conditions, contact the nearest U.S. passport agency or the Department of State's Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4800, Washington, D.C. 20520 at (202)647-5225 to learn if there is a travel advisory in effect. You can call this number 24 hours a day to hear recorded travel advisories. Tips for Travelers The Department of State publishes a series of pamphlets on travel to specific regions of the world. The brochures cover topics such as entry requirements, currency and customs regulations, import and export controls, dual nationality, and photography restrictions. The following publications are available for $1 each from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Tips for Travelers to Central and South America Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China Tips for Travelers to Cuba Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia Tips for Travelers to Mexico Tips for Travelers to the Middle East and North Africa Tips for Travelers to South Asia Tips for Travelers to the USSR REQUIRED DOCUMENTS Passports U.S. citizens should have a valid passport before taking up residence abroad. Once living overseas, Americans should continue to maintain a valid passport. Applying in Person for a Passport In the United States, application for a U.S. passport may be presented in person at a passport agency or at one of the several thousand Federal or state courts or post offices which accept passport applications. If you are overseas, you may apply at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. U.S. citizens who must appear in person need to bring a certified copy of their birth certificate, a Certificate of Naturalization, or a previous U.S. passport. This should be accompanied by a completed DSP-11, Passport Application, two recent 2x2 inch identical photographs, proof of identity (a valid driver's license or other valid photo i.d. will suffice), and the $42 application fee. For more information on obtaining a U.S. passport, you may wish to obtain a copy of the publication Your Trip Abroad. This brochure provides basic information on preparation and travel overseas, and is available for $1 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Passports-by-Mail You can apply for a passport by mail (without a personal appearance) if you meet the following requirements: l You have had a passport issued within 12 years prior to the date of a new application; l You are able to submit your most recent U.S. passport with your new application; and l Your previous passport was issued on or after your 16th birthday. For further information and to obtain Form DSP-82, Application for Passport by Mail, contact the nearest U.S. passport agency or, if you are overseas, consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Not all embassies and consulates abroad are authorized to accept passport applications by mail or via a third party courier. Contact the U.S. embassy or consulate in your consular district to find out if it accepts passport applications by mail or via a third party courier. Your previous passport, two identical photographs (2"x2"), and the $35 passport fee must accompany your application. Since it may take several days to prepare and mail your new passport to you, do not wait until it expires to apply for it. Visas All governments require foreigners to have an appropriate visa in order to reside in their country. This endorsement or stamp placed in your passport by a foreign government permits you to enter that country for a specified purpose. If you are planning to reside in a country for an indefinite period of time, most countries will require you to seek residence status. See the section on Citizenship to learn what effect this may have on your U.S. citizenship. Applying for a Visa In most instances you must obtain the necessary visa before you leave the United States. Apply for your visa directly from the embassy or nearest consulate of the country in which you plan to reside. The publication Foreign Consular Offices in the United States lists all foreign diplomatic offices in the United States and is for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 for $6.50. The Department of State cannot help you obtain visas or work permits. HEALTH MATTERS Health Insurance The Social Security Medicare Program does not cover hospital or medical services outside the United States. The Department of Veterans Affairs will only pay for hospital and medical service outside the United States if you are a veteran with a service-related disability. When considering medical insurance, first find out how citizens of the country where you will reside pay their medical bills and if the same coverage is available to resident foreigners. Some countries have government-sponsored health insurance that may also provide coverage to foreign residents, while others have a dual system with national health supplemented by private insurance. In countries where many American expatriates reside, such as Mexico, you may find that local private international health insurance companies will offer coverage to U.S. citizen residents. Once you arrive, check with organized groups in the American community to learn about these companies. Wherever possible, try to get the best medical insurance available. If good coverage is not available where you will live, you may have to rely on a U.S. medical insurance company. Before taking up residence abroad, learn which U.S. medical services or health insurance plans provide coverage for Americans living overseas. Check with the insurance company on whether the coverage offered abroad includes both routine and emergency medical treatment, hospitaliza-tion, and medical evacuation should it be necessary. Once you obtain health insurance, remember to carry your policy's identity card and to keep a supply of insurance claim forms handy. The U.S. Government cannot pay for hospital or medical services for Americans overseas and cannot pay to evacuate you for treatment in the United States. There are a number of emergency medical assistance companies operating internationally who offer urgent medical treatment for their member travelers. Although the service is designed primarily for tourists who encounter a medical or personal emergency while on vacation, some companies offer yearly memberships which may be available to Americans residing overseas. To learn about these emergency assistance companies contact a travel agent. Medication For your protection, leave all medicines in their original, labeled containers. If you require medication containing habit-forming drugs or narcotics, carry a copy of the doctor's prescription attesting to that fact. These precautions will make customs processing easier and also will ensure you do not violate the laws of the country in which you live. If you have allergies, reactions to certain medicines, or other unique medical problems, consider wearing a medical alert bracelet or carrying a similar warning at all times. Immunizations Under the International Health Regulations adopted by the World Health Organization, some countries require International Certificates of Vaccination against yellow fever from international travelers. A few countries still require a certificate of cholera immunization as well. A helpful guide to immunizations and preventive measures for international travel is the booklet, Health Information for International Travel. It is available for $5.00 from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Specific information may also be obtained from local and state health departments, physicians, or travel clinics that advise international travelers. You may also call the U.S. Public Health Service's Quarantine division on (404) 639-2572 for immunization recommendations. AIDS Testing Many countries require long-term foreign residents and students to submit proof that they are free of the HIV virus. Some of the countries that require this proof may accept certified test results from the United States. Consult the embassy of the country you will be residing in on whether an AIDS test is required and if test results from the United States are accepted. If not, check on the type of test to be performed and if it is permissible to supply your own disposable needle. If you are overseas, consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for information and advice, keeping in mind that you are in a foreign country and are subject to its laws and requirements. PRACTICAL MATTERS Federal Benefits If you are receiving monthly benefits from a Federal or state agency (Social Security, Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Personnel Management, etc.), contact the appropriate agency prior to your departure from the United States to advise them of your residence abroad and to inquire about the procedures for having your benefits checks sent overseas. Customs Hints The pamphlet Know Before You Go contains information about U.S. Customs regulations and procedures. Single copies are available from any U.S. Customs office abroad or by writing to U.S. Customs, P.O. Box 7407, Washington, D.C. 20044. Taking A Pet Overseas If you decide to bring your pet with you overseas, check specific requirements with the country's embassy. Many countries have strict health, quarantine, agriculture, wildlife, and customs requirements and prohibitions. LIVING OVERSEAS HELP FROM THE U.S. GOVERNMENT Assistance From American Consuls U.S. consular officers are located in over 250 foreign service posts abroad. They are available to advise and help you, especially if you are in any kind of serious trouble. In addition, consular agents in approximately 35 foreign cities without U.S. consulates provide a limited range of emergency and other consular services. Consular officers are responsive to the needs of Americans traveling or residing abroad. However, the majority of their time is devoted to assisting Americans who are in serious legal, medical, or financial difficulties. They can provide the names of local doctors, dentists, medical specialists, and attorneys, and give you information about travel advisories. Consular officers also perform non-emergency services, including information on absentee voting, selective service registration, and acquisition and loss of U.S. citizenship. They can arrange for the transfer of Social Security and other U.S. Government benefits to beneficiaries residing abroad, provide U.S. tax forms, and notarize documents. They may also provide information on how to obtain foreign public documents. Because of the limited number of consular officers and the growing number of U.S. tourists and residents abroad, consuls cannot provide tourism or commercial services. For example, consuls cannot perform the work of travel agencies, lawyers, information bureaus, banks, or the police. They cannot find you jobs, get residence or driving permits, act as interpreters, search for missing luggage, or settle commercial disputes. Registration at U.S. Embassies or Consulates As soon as you arrive abroad, you should register in person or by telephone with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration will make your presence and whereabouts known in case it is necessary to contact you in an emergency. In accordance with the Privacy Act, information on your welfare or whereabouts may not be released to inquirers without your express authorization. If you register in person, you should bring your U.S. passport with you. Your passport data will be recorded at the embassy or consulate, thereby making it easier for you to apply for a replacement passport should it be lost or stolen. Missing Persons When a U.S. citizen abroad loses contact with friends or relatives in the United States, the U.S. consul is often requested to give information about that individual's welfare and whereabouts. Similar requests often come from American private and official welfare organizations attempting, for example, to track down an errant parent who failed to make child support payments. The U.S. consul tries to comply with such requests after determining carefully the reasons for the inquiry. If the consul has the address of the U.S. citizen about whom the inquiry is being made, the consul will inform the American of the inquirer's interest in getting in touch with them and pass on any urgent messages. Consistent with the Privacy Act, the consul then reports back to the inquirer the results of their search efforts. Except in emergency situations, the consul will not release any details about a U.S. citizen's welfare and whereabouts without the citizen's expressed consent. Arrests Legal Aid for Americans Arrested Abroad When living abroad, you are subject to local i.e. foreign laws. If you experience difficulties with the local authorities, remember American officials are limited by foreign laws, U.S. regulations, and geography as to what they can do to assist you. The U.S. Government cannot fund your legal fees or other related expenses. Should you find yourself in a dispute that may lead to police or legal action, consult the nearest U.S. consular officer. Although consular officers cannot get you out of jail, serve as your attorneys or give legal advice, they can provide lists of local attorneys and help you find legal representation. However, neither the Department of State nor U.S. embassies or consulates can assume any responsibility for the caliber, competence, or professional integrity of these attorneys. If you are arrested, immediately ask to speak to the consular officer at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Under international agreements and practice, you have a right to get in touch with the U.S. consul. If you are turned down, keep asking politely, but persistently. If unsuccessful, try to have someone get in touch for you. Consular officers will do whatever they can to protect your legitimate interests and ensure that you are not discriminated against under local law. Upon learning of your arrest, a U.S. consular officer will visit you, provide a list of local attorneys and, if requested, contact family and friends. In cases of arrest, consuls can help transfer money, food, and clothing from your family and friends to you. They also try to get relief if you are held under inhumane or unhealthful conditions or being treated less equitably than others in the same situation. Drug Arrests Despite repeated warnings, drug arrests and convictions of American citizens are still a problem. If you are caught with any type of narcotics overseas, you are subject to local not U.S. laws. Penalties for possession or trafficking are often the same. If you are arrested, you will find the following: l Few countries provide a jury trial. l Most countries do not accept bail. l Pre-trial detention, often in solitary confinement, may last many months. l Prisons may lack even minimal comforts bed, toilet, washbasin. l Diets are often inadequate and require supplements from relatives and friends. l Officials may not speak English. l Physical abuse, confiscation of personal property, degrading or inhumane treatment, and extortion are possible. If you are convicted, you may face one of the following sentences: l Two to ten years in most countries. l A minimum ofsix year's hard labor and a stiff fine. l The death sentence in some countries. Learn what the local laws are and obey them. Marriage Abroad Consular officers abroad cannot perform a marriage for you. Marriages abroad are generally performed by local civil or religious officials. Once your marriage is performed overseas, U.S. consular officers can authenticate your foreign marriage documents for a fee (currently $36). A marriage which is valid under the laws of the country where the marriage was performed is generally recognized by most states in the United States. If you are married abroad and need confirmation that your marriage will be recognized in the United States, consult the Attorney General of your state of residence in the United States. Marriages abroad are subject to the residency requirements of the country where the marriage is performed. There is almost always a lengthy waiting period. Some countries require that the civil documents which are presented to the marriage registrar abroad be translated and authenticated by a foreign consular official in the United States. This process can be time consuming and expensive. Unlike in the United States, civil law countries require proof of legal capacity to enter into a marriage contract. If it is necessary to obtain this proof overseas, you can execute an affidavit of eligibility to marry at a U.S. embassy or consulate for a small fee (currently $4). There are also individual requirements which vary from country to country, i.e. parental consent and blood tests. Before going abroad, check with the embassy or tourist information bureau of the country where you plan to marry to learn of any specific requirements. In addition, the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 has some general information on marriage in a number of countries overseas. If you are already abroad, consult with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Divorce Abroad The validity of divorces obtained overseas will vary according to the requirements of an individual's state of residence. Consult the authorities of your state of residence in the United States for these requirements. Birth Abroad of a U.S. Citizen Most children born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents acquire U.S. citizenship at birth. As soon as possible after the birth, the U.S. citizen parent should contact the nearest American embassy or consulate. When it is determined that the child has acquired U.S. citizenship, a consular officer prepares a Report of Birth Abroad of a Citizen of the United States of America. This document is recognized by U.S. law as proof of acquisition of U.S. citizenship and is acceptable evidence of citizenship for obtaining a passport, entering school, and most other purposes. Death of a U.S. Citizen Abroad When a U.S. citizen dies abroad, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate should be notified as soon as possible. Upon notification, the consular officer, in accordance with local laws, may do the following: l Require proof of the decedent's citizenship (for example, U.S. passport, birth certificate, or naturalization certificate). l Report the death to the next of kin or legal representative. l Obtain instructions and funds from the family to make arrangements for local burial or return of the body to the United States. l Obtain the local death certificate and prepare a Report of Death of an American Citizen Abroad (Form OF-180) to forward to the next of kin or legal representative. (This document may be used in U.S. courts to settle estate matters.) l Serve as provisional conservator of a deceased American's estate and arrange for disposition of those effects. Because the costs for local burial or transporting a deceased body back to the United States can be quite expensive, you may wish to obtain insurance to cover this cost. Otherwise, your relative or next of kin must bear these expenses. The U.S. Government cannot pay to have your body buried overseas or returned to the United States. Federal Benefits Services Abroad Federal agency monthly benefits checks are generally sent from the Department of the Treasury to the U.S. embassies or consulates in the countries where the beneficiaries are residing. When you move overseas, report your change of residence to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The usual procedure is for the embassy or consulate to then forward the check through the local mail system to you. It may be possible to make arrangements to have your check deposited directly into a bank account located in the United States or in the country where you reside. Check with the benefits paying agency or the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for further information. If your check does not arrive or you have other questions about your benefits, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. If they cannot answer your inquiry, they will contact the appropriate paying agency, such as the Social Security Administration, and make inquiries on your behalf. If you move, notify the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate at least 60 days before the move. This will enable the Federal agency to update its records so your checks are sent to the correct address. Assistance In Voting in U.S. Elections Americans who reside abroad are usually eligible to vote by absentee ballot in all Federal elections and may also be eligible to vote in many state and local U.S. elections. Eligibility depends upon the laws and regulations of your state of residence in the United States. To vote absentee, you must meet state voter registration requirements and apply for the ballot as early as possible from the state of your last domicile. Should your state ballot not arrive in sufficient time, you may be eligible to use a Federal write-in ballot known as a F.W.A.B. You should consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for additional information. Selective Service Registration Section I-202 of the Presidential Proclamation of July 2, 1980, reinstituting registration under the Military Selective Service Act, states: Citizens of the United States who are to be registered and who are not in the United States on any of the days set aside for their registration, shall present themselves at a U.S. embassy or consulate for registration before a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States or before a registrar duly appointed by a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States. Continued... Residing abroad (more) marked false U(Consular Affairs Topics) TIPS FOR AMERICANS RESIDING ABROAD Continued... FAMILY MATTERS Adopting A Child Overseas If you plan to adopt a child overseas, you should be aware that the U.S. Government considers foreign adoptions to be a private legal matter within the judicial sovereignty of the nation where the child is residing. U.S. authorities have no right to intervene on behalf of American citizens in the courts in the country where the adoption takes place. However, there are a number of ways that U.S. embassies and consulates can assist prospective parents. The U.S. embassy or consulate can provide you with information on the adoption process in the country where you reside. Consular officers can make inquiries on your behalf regarding the status of your case in the foreign court and will assist in clarifying documentary requirements if necessary. Embassies and consulates will also ensure that as an American you are not being discriminated against by foreign courts and will provide you with information on the visa application process for your adopted child. Because children in foreign adoptions are considered to be nationals of the country of origin, prospective parents must comply with local laws. One way to achieve this is by dealing only with a reputable international adoption agency experienced in handling adoptions in the country where you are living. In the case of a private adoption, you should hire a local attorney with expertise in adoptions. Because of the potential for fraud in international adoptions, you need to be aware of the pitfalls. The U.S. embassy or consulate can offer you advice on what problems you might encounter. Foreign children adopted overseas by U.S. citizens can gain U.S. citizenship if the adoptive parents apply for the child's naturalization after they return to the United States. In most cases, the adoptive parents would merely apply for a Certificate of Citizenship from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) after the adoption. However, until they return to the United States, the adopted child remains a national of their country of origin. Before returning to the United States with your adopted child, you will need to petition the INS for your child's immigrant visa. For further information on adoption procedures, obtain INS Form M-249 entitled, The Immigration of Adopted and Prospective Adoptive Children. You can also contact the Department of State, Office of Citizens Consular Services, Washington, D.C. 20520 to learn more about U.S. citizenship requirements and adoption procedures. International Child Custody Disputes For parents involved in a child custody dispute, there are limits on the assistance that U.S. authorities can provide. In cases where an American child is abducted overseas by a parent, the U.S. Government's role is confined to helping the remaining parent locate the child, monitoring the child's welfare, and providing general information about child custody laws and procedures in the country where the abduction took place. Consular officers overseas can issue a U.S. passport to a child involved in a custody dispute if the child appears in person at the U.S. embassy or consulate and there is no court order issued by the foreign court of that country which bars the child's departure from the country. U.S. consuls cannot take custody of a child, force the child's return to the United States, or attempt to influence child custody proceedings in foreign courts. If the parents cannot work out an amicable settlement of a child custody dispute, the only recourse is usually court action in the country where the child is residing. A custody decree originating in the United States is not automatically recognized overseas. On the contrary, foreign courts will decide custody in accordance with the laws of that country. If you are involved in a custody dispute, you will need to obtain a foreign attorney to represent you in court. You can obtain a list of such attorneys from the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where your child has been taken. If you are a parent involved in a custody battle overseas find out whether the country you are in is a party to the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Under the Hague Convention, a child who has been wrongfully removed may be returned to his or her place of habitual residence. For further information on the Hague Convention contact the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Department of State, Room 4817, Washington, D.C. 20520. That office also has copies of the booklet International Parental Child Abduction which contains helpful information on what U.S. citizen parents can do to prevent their child from becoming a victim of parental child abduction. If you are overseas and would like information on this subject, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for guidance. PRECAUTIONS Safeguarding Your Passport Your passport is a valuable document which should be carefully safeguarded. When living overseas, the Department of State recommends that you keep your passport at home in a safe, secure place. Although a passport kept at an available storage facility outside the home might offer maximum security, keep in mind that an emergency requiring immediate travel may make it difficult or impossible to obtain your passport before departure. In such a case, it may not be possible to obtain a replacement or temporary passport in time to make the intended travel. Loss or Theft of a U.S. Passport If your passport is lost or stolen abroad, report the loss immediately to the nearest foreign service post and to local police authorities. If you can provide the consular officer with the information in the passport, it will facilitate issuance of a new passport. Therefore, you should photocopy the data page of your passport and keep it in a separate place where it can be easily retrieved. Passport Fraud Multiple and fraudulent U.S. passports are used in many types of criminal activity, including illegal entry into the United States. In processing lost passport cases, the Department of State must take special precautions that may delay the issuance of a new passport. If you suspect a U.S. passport is being used fraudulently, do not hesitate to contact the nearest passport agency in the United States or American foreign service post overseas. Glazed Ceramic Purchases Be careful when purchasing ceramic tableware and clay pottery while overseas. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has determined that there are dangerous levels of lead found in the glazes of some ceramic dinnerware and pottery sold abroad. Because there is no way of knowing whether a particular item is safe, the Food and Drug Administration recommends that you use such wares for decorative purposes only. CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY U.S. Citizenship and Residence Abroad U.S. citizens who take up residence abroad or who are contemplating doing so frequently ask whether this will have any effect on their citizenship. Residence abroad, in and of itself, has no effect on U.S. citizenship. However, a person who becomes a U.S. citizen through naturalization and then takes up a permanent residence abroad within 1 year thereafter is subject to possible revocation of naturalization on the grounds that he/she did not intend to reside permanently in the United States when the petition for naturalization was filed. Each particular case is judged on its own merits. Clearly, some persons may have intended to reside in the United States but due to unexpected circumstances, it became necessary for them to take up residence abroad. Revocation of naturalization is the responsibility of the court where the naturalization occurred. The initial steps leading to revocation are taken by the Departments of State and Justice. Contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate if you have any questions about nationality. Acquisition and Loss of Citizenship U.S. citizenship may be acquired by birth in the United States or by birth abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents. However, there are certain residency or physical presence requirements that U.S. citizens may need to fulfill before the child's birth in order to transmit citizenship to their child born overseas. A child born abroad in wedlock to one citizen parent and one alien parent acquires U.S. citizenship only if the citizen parent was physically present in the United States for 5 years prior to the child's birth, at least 2 years of which were after the age of 14. Living abroad in military service or U.S. Government employment, or as an unmarried dependent in the household of someone so employed, can be considered as presence in the United States. A child born out of wedlock to a U.S. citizen mother acquires citizenship if the mother was physically present in the United States for 1 year. A child born out of wedlock to a U.S. citizen father must establish a legal relationship to the father before age 18 or be legitimated before reaching age 21, depending on the date of birth, if he/she is to acquire U.S. citizenship through the father. For further information on these legal requirements, consult the nearest foreign service post. Citizenship may also be acquired subsequent to birth through the process of naturalization (see previous page). Loss of citizenship can occur only as the result of a citizen's voluntarily performing an act of expatriation as set forth in the Immigration and Nationality Act with the intent to relinquish citizenship. Such acts most frequently performed include the following: l Naturalization in a foreign state; l Taking an oath or making an affirmation of allegiance to a foreign state; l Service in the armed forces of a foreign state; l Employment with a foreign government; or l Taking a formal oath of renunciation of allegiance before a U.S. consular or diplomatic officer. If you have any question about any aspect of loss of nationality, contact the nearest foreign service post or the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520. Dual Nationality A foreign country might claim you as a citizen of that country if: l You were born there. l Your parent or parents are or were citizens of that country. l You are a naturalized U.S. citizen but are still considered a citizen under that country's laws. If you are in any of the above categories, consult the embassy of the country where you are planning to reside or are presently living. While recognizing the existence of dual nationality, the U.S. Government does not encourage it as a matter of policy because of the problems it may cause. Claims of other countries upon dual-national U.S. citizens often place them in situations where their obligations to one country are in conflict with U.S. law. Dual nationality may hamper efforts by the U.S. Government to provide diplomatic and consular protection to individuals overseas. When a U.S. citizen is in the other country of their dual nationality, that country has a predominant claim on the person. If you have any question about dual nationality, contact the nearest foreign service post or the Office of Citizens Consular Services at the address on the previous page. FINANCIAL AND BUSINESS MATTERS U.S. Taxes U.S. citizens must report their worldwide income on their Federal income tax returns. Living or earning income outside the United States does not relieve a U.S. citizen of responsibility for filing tax returns. However, U.S. citizens living and/or working abroad may be entitled to various deductions, exclusions, and credits under U.S. tax laws, as well as under international tax treaties and conventions between the United States and a number of foreign countries. Consult the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for further information. For information on taxes and locations of IRS offices overseas, contact any office of the IRS or write to the Forms Distribution Center, Post Office Box 25866, Richmond, Virginia 23289. That office also has copies of Publication 54, Tax Guide for U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad, Publication 901, U.S. Tax Treaties, Publication 514, Foreign Tax Credit for Individuals and Publication 520, Scholarships and Fellowships. The IRS has also put together a package of forms and instructions (Publication 776) for U.S. citizens living abroad. You can get the package by writing to the Forms Distribution Center at the address on page 22. During the filing period, you can usually obtain the necessary Federal income tax forms from the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Foreign Country Taxes If you earn any income while you are overseas, you may be required to pay tax on that income. You should check the rules and regulations with that country's embassy or consulate before you leave the United States, or consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate abroad. Bank Accounts Some countries will permit you to maintain a local bank account denominated in dollars or in another foreign currency of your choice. This may be a good idea if the U.S. dollar is strong and the local currency in the country you reside in is weak. If that country does not permit you to maintain U.S. dollar bank accounts, another idea would be to keep your dollars in a bank in the United States. That way you could convert them to the local currency as you need them rather than all at once. This would protect you in the event that the country you are living in devalues its currency. Wills To avoid the risk of running afoul of foreign laws, if you own property or other assets both in the United States and overseas, consider the idea of having two wills drawn up. One should cover your assets in your adopted country and the other your U.S. assets. Each will should mention the other. Having two wills should ensure that your foreign property is disposed of in accordance with your wishes in the event of your death. Property Investment A major decision that you will have to face when you live abroad is whether or not to purchase a home or property. Because prices in many foreign countries may seem like a bargain compared to the United States, there may be some merit to investing in real estate. However, you will need to keep several things in mind. First, check to see whether the country where you plan to invest permits foreigners to own property. Many foreign countries do not permit foreigners without immigrant status to buy real estate. Also, there may be restrictions on areas in which you may buy property and on the total number of foreigners who may purchase property in any one year. One way for a foreigner to purchase real estate overseas may be to set up a bank trust and then lease the property. For your protection, you should first consult with a local real estate agent and then hire a reputable attorney. Check with the U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where you plan to purchase property to obtain a list of lawyers. A good lawyer will provide you with information about having your real estate contract notarized, registered, and if necessary, translated. Your attorney should also be able to advise you on protection against unscrupulous land deals. Before you make a real estate purchase, learn the customs and laws of the foreign government with regard to real estate. In the event of a dispute, you will have to abide by local and not U.S. laws. A good rule to follow is that before you invest in any real estate take the same precautions which you normally would take before you make a sizeable investment in the United States. RETURNING TO THE U.S. U.S. IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS If you leave the U.S. for purposes of traveling, working, or studying abroad, and return to resume U.S. residence, you are considered a returning U.S. resident by the U.S. Customs Service. When you go through immigration and customs at the port of entry, have your passport ready. Where possible, pack separately the articles you have acquired abroad to make inspection easy. Have your receipts handy in case you need to sup port your customs declaration. If you took other documents with you, such as an International Certification of Vaccination, a medical certificate, or a customs certificate of registration for foreign-made personal articles, have them ready also. If you are returning to the U.S. by car from either Mexico or Canada, a certificate of vehicle registration should be available. Articles acquired abroad and brought back with you are subject to duty and internal revenue tax. As a returning U.S. resident, you are allowed to bring back $400 worth of merchandise duty free. However, you must have been outside the United States for at least 48 hours, and you must not have used this exemption within the preceding 30-day period. The next $l,000 worth of items you bring back with you for personal use or gifts are dutiable at a flat 10% rate. Restrictions on Products Entering the U. S. Fresh fruit, meat, vegetables, plants in soil, and many other agricultural products are prohibited from entering the United States because they may carry foreign insects and diseases that could damage U.S. crops, forests, gardens, and livestock. Other items may also be restricted, so be sure to obtain details of regulations before departing for your trip back to the U.S. These restrictions also apply to mailed products. Prohibited items confiscated and destroyed at U.S. international postal facilities have almost doubled in recent years. For more information and to request the pamphlet, Travelers Tips on Prohibited Agricultural Products contact the agricultural affairs office at the nearest U.S. embassy or con-sulate, or write to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agri-culture, 613 Federal Building, 6505 Belcrest Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782. Importing A Car If you plan to bring a car back with you, before pur chasing it, make sure it conforms to U.S. emission standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). If your vehicle does not conform to standards, it may be banned from enter ing the country. For further information, obtain the pamphlet, Buying a Car Overseas? Beware! from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Information Center, PM-211B, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460. Wildlife and Wildlife Products While you were overseas, if you purchased any ar ticles made from endangered animals and plants or any live wild animals to bring back as pets, you need to be aware that U.S. laws and international treaties make it a crime to bring many wildlife souvenirs into the United States. Some prohibited items include those made from sea turtle shell, most reptile skins, crocodile leather, ivory, furs from endangered cat species, and those from coral reefs. Do not buy wildlife souvenirs if you are un sure of being able to bring them legally into the United States. The penalties you risk are severe and your purchases could be confiscated. To learn more about endangered wildlife and guidelines governing restrictions on imports into the United States, you can obtain the pamphlet, Buyer Beware! For a free copy, contact the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Additional information on the import of wildlife and wildlife products can be obtained through TRAFFIC (U.S.A.), World Wildlife Fund U.S., 1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION U.S. Embassies and Consulates Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts : Guide for Business Representatives has names of key officers and addresses for U.S. embassies, consulates, and missions abroad. Updated 3 times a year; a 1-year subscription is $5. Order from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Older Americans Travel Tips for Older Americans provides general information on passports, visas, health, currency, and other travel tidbits for elderly U.S. citizens planning to travel overseas. Copies are available for $1 from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Safe Travel A Safe Trip Abroad contains helpful precautions to minimize the chance of becoming a victim of terrorism and also provides other safety tips for Americans traveling overseas. To obtain a copy, send $1 to the U.S. Government Printing Office. Crisis Abroad Crisis Abroad What the State Department Does summarizes the work by the State Department during a crisis and its efforts to obtain reliable information from local authorities abroad for concerned relatives and friends of Americans located in the disaster area. Copies are free from CA/PA, Room 5807, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520. The Citizens Emergency Center The Citizens Emergency Center contains information about the assistance that office provides in four major categories: deaths, arrests, welfare/whereabouts inquiries, and financial-medical emergencies. The leaflet is free from CA/PA at the address above. Residing abroad (more) VshowNameProp Residing abroad (more) Russian travel marked false Russian travel Russian travel showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) Tips for Travelers to Russia -- including information useful for: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan Introduction In December 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved. In its place emerged 12 independent countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The information in this pamphlet is mainly on Russia. However, much of the information and particularly the sections on health, safety, and travel planning is applicable to the other former Soviet republics. Consular Information Sheets To find specific travel information for any country you plan to visit, see the Department of State Consular Information Sheet for the country. Consular Information Sheets contain information on such matters as the location and telephone number of the nearest U.S. embassy, crime problems, and health or security problems that may affect travel. In addition to Consular Information Sheets, Travel Warnings may also be issued about certain countries. Travel Warnings advise Americans to defer travel to all or part of a country. There are several ways to access Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings. You can listen to them 24 hours a day by calling 202-647-5225 from a touchtone phone. You can receive copies of them of by sending a self-addressed, stamped envelope to the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4800, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520-4818. (Write the name of the requested country or countries on the outside of the envelope.) You can also find Consular Information Sheets and Travel Warnings posted at the 13 regional passport agencies and at American embassies and consulates abroad. They can also be accessed through an airline or travel agent's computer reservation system or by computer through many electronic bulletin boards. Geography Russia is the largest country that emerged from the former U.S.S.R. It stretches from the Baltic Sea, across the northern Eurasian landmass, to the Bering Strait where a Russian island lies only three miles from an island that is part of Alaska. Russia and the other republics of the former Soviet Union are going through profound political and economic changes. At present, the tourism industry, like other industries that were strictly regulated in the former USSR, is undergoing a transformation that can be confusing to customers as well as to the industry itself. Throughout the entire former Soviet region, major structures of civil authority and service organizations are either being replaced by new bodies or are withering away without replacement. In addition to Consular Information Sheets, a good source of information on current conditions is Intourist, telephone 212-757-3884. Before 1991, Intourist was the official and only Soviet tour operator. It is now a non-governmental body and is still by far the largest tour operator in Russia and the other 11 former Soviet republics. Intourist has contracts with a large network of hotels and restaurants, but it must now compete with other Russian tour operators such as Sputnik and Intratours. There are also a number of specialized tour operators. For example, the Host Family Association and Wild World specialize in, respectively, stays with families and adventure tours. You can book travel with Russian tour operators through U.S. travel agents. Before You Go Visas A U.S. citizen must have a valid U.S. passport and a visa to travel to any country of the former USSR. At present, only Russia and Ukraine are issuing visas. At the time of publication, the other countries of the former USSR had either not established embassies in the United States or, in the case of Armenia and Belarus, had opened embassies but were not yet issuing visas. To travel to a country of the former USSR that is not yet issuing visas, a Russian visa is still required, and it is valid for all such countries. At present, travel between countries that require a Russian visa is still considered internal travel by local authorities, and passports are not normally checked upon arrival or departure. You may obtain a visa for Ukraine from the Ukrainian Embassy (see page 23). All of the following visa information pertains to Russian visas. Travelers arriving without a visa in a country that requires a Russian visa cannot register at a hotel and must leave the country immediately by the same route they entered. Even for a brief transit, you must have a visa. If possible, obtain your Russian visa in the United States, because a Russian visa can be difficult and time-consuming to obtain abroad. In some countries like Ukraine, Estonia, and Lithuania, you cannot obtain a Russian visa. Visas are valid for specific dates. Before starting on your trip, be sure your visa is valid for the dates of your planned entry and departure. Delays caused by illness or changes in plans must be approved in advance by the office that issued your visa. The categories of Russian visa that a U.S. citizen can apply for are transit, tourist, business, or, for a private visit to friends or relatives, a visitor or 'homestay' visa. Tourist, Business, and Transit Visas Most travelers to Russia and the other countries of the former USSR arrange for their visas and accommodations through an American travel agent. A business visa requires a letter of invitation from your foreign business contact. A transit visa requires a copy of your confirmed ticket and visa (if required) to your onward destination. Visitor or 'Homestay' Visas Visas for private trips to stay in a private home are issued by the consular division of either the Russian Embassy in Washington, DC or the Russian Consulate General in either San Francisco or New York (see page 23). You may request application forms by mail. The person you wish to visit must also apply for permission well in advance of your visit. In larger cities, your host can apply at the local visa office (called OVIR, an acronym for Otdel Viz i Registratsii). In smaller towns, your host can apply to the local police. OVIR or police consideration of these applications can be a slow process. Upon approval of your application, your host will be issued a notification of permission (izveshcheniye) for your visit. Your host should send this notification to you. Private Visits During Group Tours An American traveling on a group tour may request permission to visit local acquaintances or take short individual excursions away from the group itinerary to places of personal interest. Arrangements for side trips should be made through your American travel agent and, if possible, before you leave the United States. On your visa application, include the names and addresses of those citizens of countries of the former USSR whom you hope to visit. How to Obtain Visa Information You can obtain visa information from your travel agent. However, authoritative information on visas can only be obtained from the embassies or consulates of the countries you plan to visit. Whatever your source, make certain that your visa information is up to date, because, during this period of transition, visa requirements will change frequently. When you inquire about visas, ask about price, length of validity, and the number of entries that are permitted. Your U.S. Passport Theft of U.S. passports continues to increase rapidly. Stolen passports are reportedly sold for large sums of hard currency. The theft or loss of a passport, particularly when the nearest U.S. consular office is hundreds or thousands of miles away, is a major source of inconvenience and expense to travelers in Russia and the other countries of the former USSR. Before starting your trip, make a record or photocopy of the data from your passport's identification page and from your visa(s). Also make a copy of the addresses and telephone numbers of the U.S. embassies and consulates in the countries you will visit (see page 24). Put this information along with two passport photos in a place separate from your passport to be available in case of loss or theft. Leave a second copy of your passport information and your itinerary with a relative or friend in the U.S. Complete the address page of your passport in pencil and update it as necessary. While in the former Soviet Union, you may be asked to turn over your passport to hotel personnel or a tour leader for short periods of time for registration with police or for other purposes. Your passport should be returned within two or three days. Be sure to safeguard your passport at all other times, as its loss can cause you delays and problems. If your passport is lost or stolen, you must apply for a replacement passport at a U.S. embassy or consulate and then obtain a new or duplicate visa from the nearest visa office (OVIR). If you are with a tour, your guide can assist you with the visa. Planning Your Trip Many geographic names throughout the region are being changed. Try to obtain maps before your trip, but keep in mind that some names of places may be out of date. You may need to correct city names and even some street names. In these countries, if your street sign does not agree with your map, you may not be lost, you may just be dealing with a new name. Previously, in the former Soviet Union, departure and arrival times for planes, trains, and boats were quoted in Moscow time. In the post- Soviet period, that practice has changed, and timetables for travel in and between former Soviet countries usually use local time. Within Russia itself, however, you may still find Moscow time in useQregardless of which of the 11 time zones you are in. Whenever you make reservations or purchase tickets, learn which time zones the schedule refers to and, as you travel, confirm all departure and arrival times. Air Travel Within Russia Aeroflot still dominates air travel in Russia and the region. Although many international airlines have flights to Russia and the other former Soviet republics, and some, like Turkish Airlines, even have flights between a few of the countries, the domestic service of Aeroflot is still the major carrier in and between the countries of the former USSR. Since late 1991, domestic Aeroflot flights have been delayed for hours or days and sometimes canceled because of jet fuel shortages. Travelers should be prepared for long waits or for the possibility that their itineraries will have to be changed with little or no advance notice. In the United States, booking domestic Aeroflot flights can be difficult. You may discover, once you are in Russia or another country of the former USSR, that a domestic Aeroflot flight you booked does not exist, or at least does not exist on the day you are confirmed to go. Or, before you leave the U.S., you may be told flights do not exist to a certain city, when in fact they do. Because of the difficulty in using Aeroflot's domestic service, it is advisable to use international carriers, including Aeroflot, wherever possible when planning your itinerary. While Aeroflot is in transition to meet international standards, flexibility and patience are the keys to successful air travel in Russia and all countries of the former USSR. Overland Travel It is a good idea when traveling by train or automobile in former Soviet countries to bring food and water with you. If you travel overland between Central European countries and countries of the former USSR, be certain that you have visas for all countries through which you will pass. For example, the train from Warsaw, Poland to Vilnius, Lithuania passes through Grodno, Belarus, and transit visas are not available on the train. On occasion, Americans have been required to leave the train in Grodno and return to their point of departure to obtain a Russian visa for Belarus. (There is a direct rail route, however, that does not pass through Belarus. It goes to Sestokai, Lithuania via Suwalki, Poland.) Auto Travel Driving conditions in Russia and the other former Soviet republics are more rugged than in Western Europe, service stations are few, and fuel may be scarce at those stations. Adhere to all local driving regulations. They are strictly enforced and violators are subject to legal penalties. All tourists entering Russia by automobile are required to sign an obligation guaranteeing the re-export of their automobiles. This obligation also applies to damaged vehicles. Auto Insurance Your automobile should be fully insured under a policy valid for Russia and for any other country you will enter. Insurance policies may be purchased from Lloyds of London or from Ingosstrakh, Kuybyshev Street 11/10, Moscow, a Russian organization that insures foreigners. Auto insurance obtained in Russia is still accepted in some of the other former Soviet republics. Be aware that Russian law allows the company to refuse compensation for damage if a driver is pronounced by the authorities to be under the influence of alcohol at the time of an accident. Such determinations can be made without the benefit of any tests. Health Precautions Travel in the former USSR can be strenuous, particularly for the elderly and individuals with special health problems. When you plan your trip, be careful not to overschedule; leave time for rest and relaxation. Tourists in frail health are strongly advised not to visit. Immunizations No immunizations are required for travelers to the former Soviet Union. However, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, typhoid, and gamma globulin are recommended for the region and in particular for the Central Asian countries. Review Your Health Insurance Policy If your insurance does not cover you abroad, consider purchasing temporary insurance that does. In addition to medical insurance, consider obtaining insurance to cover evacuation in the event of an accident or serious illness. Because conditions in many hospitals are not adequate to ensure recovery, medical evacuation is frequently necessary for illnesses or injuries which could be treated locally in other countries. Minimum cost from Moscow to New York on a stretcher is more than $10,000. Medical evacuation by hospital aircraft on the same route approaches $100,000. Insurance companies as well as some credit card and travelers check companies offer short-term health and emergency assistance policies designed for travelers. Ask your travel agent about them or look for ads in travel publications. Bring Your Own Medicines Bring with you any necessary medications and keep them in their original, labeled containers in your hand luggage. Because of strict laws on narcotics, carry a letter from your physician explaining your need for any prescription drugs in your possession. Also bring along any toiletries and personal hygiene items that you will need. These items can be difficult to find in major cities and even more scarce elsewhere. About Medical Care in the Region Medical care in the former Soviet Union does not meet Western standards. There is a severe shortage of basic medical supplies, including disposable needles, anesthetics, common medications, and antibiotics. X-rays are of poor quality, and advanced diagnostic equipment, such as CAT scan machines, is not widely available. Patient support services, including basic hygiene measures, are inadequate, and travelers may expect the length of hospitalization to exceed the duration of stay they would expect in Western facilities. In addition, full, frank, and empathic discussions between doctor and patient are hampered by language barriers as well as the lack of a tradition of patient rights. If you need medical care, ask your hotel or tour guide to direct you to an appropriate facility. You may also contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for a list of local medical services. Drinking Water The U.S. Public Health Service warns that many U.S. visitors to Russia, particularly to St. Petersburg, have returned to the United States infected with the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. This infection is probably contracted by drinking tap water. Some travelers to Russia and surrounding countries bring drinking water with them in their luggage. If you cannot import your drinking water, drink only bottled carbonated drinks or beverages that have been boiled for at least five minutes. Avoid ice cubes, use bottled water for brushing teeth, and avoid salads or uncooked vegetables and fruits which cannot be peeled. In addition, carry iodine tablets to disinfect drinking water. Travelers returning from the region who develop a diarrheal illness lasting more than five days should consult a physician and have a stool specimen examined for parasites. The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident of April 1986 Recent tap water samples from Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kiev show no detectable radiation. Background radiation levels in areas outside the immediate accident site and fallout path have been tested periodically and are considered to be within acceptable ranges. Access to the Chernobyl zone is strictly controlled by Ukrainian authorities. Currency Russia, like the other 11 countries of the former Soviet Union, has a cash-only economy. During periodic cash shortages, it can be difficult to impossible to cash travelers checks for dollars, for other convertible (hard) currency, or even for rubles. The fee to cash travelers checks may be high (for example, 5 %). In Moscow, cash may be available at Dialogbank or American Express. In St. Petersburg, rubles may be available but not hard currency. In Kiev, cash may be available at the Agroprombank, Export/Import Bank, or Bank Ukraina. Some travelers avoid a number of the difficulties of the currency shortage by taking a prepaid tour that includes all meals and hotels. Travelers find it useful to bring major credit cards because they are accepted at some hotels and restaurants, particularly those in Moscow. Most travelers, however, solve the problem of the currency shortage by coming to Russia and the other former Soviet republics with a sufficient supply of hard currency to cover their obligations in the country. Some hotel restaurants and shops will accept payment only in dollars or other hard currency. Beware! Make it your practice to keep your excess cash in the hotel safe. Before you leave home, check with your credit card and travelers check companies to learn where these instruments can be used in the former Soviet Union. Customs and currency laws are strict. When you arrive, make an accurate and complete customs declaration of all money, travelers checks, and valuables in your possession. Include all personal jewelry, such as wedding rings and watches. Have your customs declaration stamped by the authorities and keep it with you until you leave the country. Keep your exchange receipts in order to account for your expenditures. Without these records, customs officials could confiscate your cash and valuables upon departure. The Russian ruble is still the currency of the 12 former Soviet republics. In Ukraine, 'coupons' have been introduced in preparation for issuing a national currency. The coupons are used in Ukraine along with the Russian ruble, but cannot be used outside of the country. Customs Regulations Attempts to bring any of the following articles into the former Soviet Union have caused difficulties for U.S. citizens in the past: Narcotics - Drug laws are strict. U.S. citizens have received long sentences for trying to enter or transit with illegal narcotics. Pornography - Magazines with sexually explicit photographs, that may be considered commonplace in Western countries, may be regarded as pornography and are often confiscated. Gifts for Persons in the Former USSR - A high rate of customs duty may be assessed on gifts that you bring into a foreign country. U.S. citizens have had to abandon gifts at the airport because they lacked funds to pay the customs duty. Video Cassettes - Customs regulations allow for the import and re- export of a limited number of blank or commercially recorded video cassettes for personal use. Some travelers with a large number of cassettes have had them confiscated upon departure. Travelers are advised to leave blank video cassettes sealed in their wrappers when entering a country. Customs regulations prohibit the import or export of personally recorded video cassettes. To avoid confiscation of valuable travel memories, travelers should either leave those cassettes some place outside of the country to be picked up later or mail them home before entering the country. Legal Matters Dual Nationality Russia's new citizenship law that went into effect February 6, 1992, recognizes dual nationality only if there is an agreement between the two countries that covers dual nationality. At this time, the United States and Russia do not have a dual nationality agreement. This means that if you are a dual national and encounter problems in Russia, you may not be permitted to leave and the ability of a U.S. consul to assist you may be limited. The U.S. government has notified the governments of the Soviet successor states that the U.S. government considers the U.S.-USSR consular convention of 1968 to be still in force. The United States recognizes as an established principle of international law that every sovereign state has the right to decide under the provisions of its own laws who is and who is not its citizen. The Department of State maintains the following: U.S. citizens, whether by birth or naturalization, possess full American citizenship and its accompanying benefits and responsibilities despite any additional entitlement to other citizenships. A U.S. citizen entering a country of the former USSR with a U.S. passport and a valid visa is to be regarded as a U.S. citizen by that country for purposes of the visit, regardless of whether the foreign government might also consider them to be their citizen. U.S. citizens cannot lose their U.S. citizenship because of automatic acquisition of foreign citizenship. However, if a U.S. citizen contemplates voluntarily accepting dual nationality in connection with assuming duties as a government official in one of the Soviet successor states, he or she should first consult with the Department of State's Office of Citizens Consular Services on 202-647-3445 or with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. The countries of the former USSR generally do not prevent a U.S. citizen possessing a U.S. passport and appropriate visas from visiting those countries and returning to the United States, or to his or her country of permanent residence, even if under foreign laws he or she is considered a citizen of a Soviet successor state. Any dual national U.S. citizen traveling in Russia or any other country of the former Soviet Union should contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate immediately if any question arises about his or her U.S. or foreign citizenship. To avoid any possible inconvenience or uncertainty, the Department of State urges any U.S. citizen who is or believes they may be a citizen of a country of the former USSR to consider formally renouncing that citizenship before visiting any of the former Soviet republics. For information on how to renounce foreign citizenship, contact, in the United States, the embassy or consulate of the country concerned before traveling. In any case, possible dual nationals who travel to Russia or any of the other countries of the former Soviet Union should register upon arrival in writing or in person at the Consular Section of the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Give your full name, passport number, date and place of birth, occupation, hotel and room number, phone number, purpose and dates of your visit, home address, and the name, address, and telephone number of any relatives that you have in the countries of the former Soviet Union. Permanent legal U.S. residents should travel with appropriate documentation of their legal permanent residence status in the U.S. Those who are citizens of a country of the former Soviet Union should ensure that they have the correct entry/exit permission from the Russian or other appropriate embassy in the United States before they travel. Adopting A Child Abroad Current law allows adoptions in Russia and Ukraine, although U.S. citizens report the process in these republics to be long and difficult. The status of adoptions in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan remains uncertain. Russia has established a quasi-governmental bureaucratic structure in an attempt to regulate foreign adoptions. The agency, "Rights of the Child" (Pravo Rebyonka), was formed to coordinate international adoptions, ensure that Russian legal procedures are followed, and establish a centralized data bank for information on Russian children adoptable by foreigners. U.S. citizens interested in adopting a child from one of the countries of the former Soviet Union are encouraged to contact the U.S. embassy or consulate in that country, or, in the United States, the Department of State's Office of Citizens Consular Services on 202-647-3444 to obtain information on the adoption process in that country. While You Are Abroad Registration All U.S. citizens who visit Russia or any of the other countries of the former Soviet Union are encouraged to register in writing or in person at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate (see directory, page 24). Registration is especially important if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or a natural disaster, if you are going to a place where communications are poor, or if you plan to stay for any length of time. Registration takes only a few moments, and it may be invaluable in case of an emergency. If your passport is lost or stolen, having previously registered at an embassy or consulate can make it easier to issue you a new passport without a delay. Safety Tips Against Crime In Russia and much of the rest of the former USSR, crimes such as robbery, mugging, and pickpocketing are an increasing problem for tourists, particularly in cities and around major tourist sites. Crimes are perpetrated not only by adults, but also by adolescents or even children, often operating in groups. Crime aboard trains has also increased. For example, travelers have been drugged without their knowledge and robbed on the train from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Crime is also a problem on trains between Moscow and Warsaw and armed robberies have occurred on the trains between Moscow and Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. On some trains, thieves have been able to open locked compartment doors. Although officials in Russia have expressed willingness to cooperate with U.S. officials in emergencies involving U.S. citizens, communications and transportation can be slow and difficult, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate may be more than a day's travel away. To reduce the risk of becoming a victim of crime, exercise the same precautions that you would in any large city and follow these tips: Safety begins when you pack. Leave expensive jewelry, unnecessary credit cards, and anything you would hate to lose at home. Never display large sums of money when paying a bill. Conceal your passport, cash, and other valuables on your person. Do not trust waist packs or fanny packs because pickpockets have learned that is where the valuables are. Do not leave valuables in your hotel room, have them locked in the hotel safe. Be vigilant on public transport and at tourist sites, food markets, flea markets, art exhibitions, and all places where crowds gather. Even slight intoxication is noted by professional thieves. Therefore, if you drink in a public place, do so only with a trusted friend who has agreed to remain sober. If you are the victim of crime, report it immediately to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. It is worthwhile to report a theft, because stolen items are sometimes retrieved. Continued.... Russian travel (more) marked false Russian travel (more) Russian travel (more) showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) Tips for Travelers to Russia Continued.... Russian Law How to Avoid Legal Problems While in a foreign country, a U.S. citizen is subject to its laws and regulations. Laws in the countries of the former Soviet Union can differ significantly from those in the United States and do not afford the protections available to the individual under U.S. law. Exercise caution and carefully obey local laws. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offenses. Persons violating the law, even unknowingly, may have difficulties with the authorities and may be expelled and forced to forfeit the unused part of a prepurchased tour. Serious transgressions of the law can lead to arrest and imprisonment. Under Article 12 of the U.S.-USSR Consular Convention of 1968 (which the U.S. considers to still be in force, see page 16), government authorities in the Soviet successor states are required to immediately inform the U.S. Embassy or consulate of the arrest or detention of a U.S. citizen and to permit, without delay, communication with the detained citizen. If you are detained by authorities, ask that a U.S. consular officer be informed and that you be allowed to meet with a U.S. consular officer without delay. Avoid breaking the law. Never take 'souvenirs' from local hotels, no matter how insignificant in value they may appear. Pay for your souvenirs, handicrafts, or artwork in local currency, because most vendors do not have permission to accept dollars or other hard currency. Travelers have been arrested by plainclothes police after paying for a souvenir with hard currency. The traveler is usually released after several hours of detention, but both the hard currency and the item purchased are usually confiscated. Only special tourist stores, usually found in large hotels, are permitted to accept hard currency. Marriage Abroad Americans contemplating marriage to a citizen of the former Soviet Union should contact the Consular Section of the nearest American embassy or consulate before the marriage takes place. Consular officers cannot perform marriages, but can provide information about local regulations concerning marriage. Photography Restrictions Regulations on photography are strict, particularly regarding military installations. Because of unwitting violations of these regulations, U.S. citizens have had film confiscated, have been temporarily detained or interrogated, and have even been asked to leave the country. Be sure that your photographs do not contain forbidden subjects, not even in the background. When in doubt, ask your tour guide or someone else in authority. 1. Photographs are permitted of architectural monuments; cultural, educational, and medical buildings; theaters; museums; parks; stadiums; streets and squares; and living quarters and landscape scenes which do not include subjects listed below under item 3. 2. If prior permission is obtained from officials of the institution concerned, photographs may be taken of industrial enterprises which manufacture non-military products, farms, railroad stations, airports, river ports, and governmental, educational, and social organizations. 3. All photographs are prohibited within the 25-kilometer-wide border zones, except in those portions not closed to foreigners. Photographs of the following are forbidden: all military objects, institutions, and personnel; storage facilities for combustibles; seaports; hydroelectric installations (sluices); pumping stations; dams; railroad junctions; railroad and highway bridges; industrial, scientific, and research establishments; electric, telephone, and telegraph stations; and radio facilities. Photographs from airplanes and panoramic shots of industrial cities are prohibited. 4. Foreigners may not mail exposed film out of Russia. Shopping-Be Wary of Antiques Artwork, souvenirs, and handicrafts purchased at special stores for tourists may be taken out of Russia and the other former Soviet republics. However, antiques (defined as virtually anything which may be deemed of historical or cultural value) and artifacts, including samovars, purchased at regular stores and secondhand shops often may not be taken out of these countries without inspection by local cultural authorities and payment of substantial export duty. This procedure is almost prohibitively cumbersome and time consuming. Samovars not purchased at tourist stores and not cleared by cultural authorities are normally confiscated at pre-departure customs inspections. Foreign Embassies and Consulates in the United States Embassy of ARMENIA 122 C Street, NW Suite 360 Washington, DC 20001 (202) 628-5766 Embassy of BELARUS 1511 K Street, NW Suite 619 Washington, DC 20005 (202) 638-2954 Embassy of RUSSIA Consular Division 1825 Phelps Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-8907/11/13/18 Russian Consulate General 9 East 91 Street New York, NY 10128 (212) 348-0926 Russian Consulate General 2790 Green Street San Francisco, CA 94123 (415) 202-9800 Embassy of UKRAINE 1828 L Street, NW Suite 711 Washington, DC 20036 (202) 296-6960 U.S. Embassies and Consulates Abroad ARMENIA American Embassy 18 General Bagramian Street Yerevan, ARMENIA Tel. (7-8852) 151-122; 151-144 AZERBAIJAN American Embassy Hotel Intourist 77 Prospekt Neftyanikov Baku, AZERBAIJAN Tel. (7-8922) 926-306/7/8 BELARUS American Embassy Starovilenskaya Ulitsa 46 Minsk, BELARUS Tel. (7-0172) 347-642 GEORGIA American Embassy 25 Atoneli Street Tbilisi, GEORGIA Tel. (7-8832) 989-967/8 kazakhstan American Embassy 551 Seyfullina Alma Ata, KAZAKHSTAN Tel. (7-3272) 631-375 kyrgyzstan American Embassy Erkindik 66 (old name: Derzhinskiy) Bishkek, KYRGYZSTAN Tel. (7-3312) 222-693 moldova American Embassy 103 Strada Alexei Mateevich Chisinau, MOLDOVA Tel. (7-0422) 233-494; 233-698 RUSSIA American Embassy Novinskiy Bulvar 19/23 (old name: Chaykovskogo) Moscow, RUSSIA Tel. (7-095) 252-2451 to 9; after hours: 252-1898; 255-5123 American Consulate General Ulitsa Furshtadskaya 15 (old name: Ul. Petra Lavrova) St. Petersburg, RUSSIA Tel. (7-812) 274-8235 tajikistan American Embassy Hotel Independence (old name: Oktyabrskaya) 39 Ainii Street Dushanbe, TAJIKISTAN Tel. (7-3772) 248-233 Turkmenistan American Embassy Yubilenaya Hotel Ashgabat TURKMENISTAN Tel. (7-3632) 244-925 Ukraine American Embassy 10 Yuria Kotsyubinskoho 252053 Kiev 53, UKRAINE Tel. (7-044) 244-7349; 244-7354 Uzbekistan American Embassy Chilanzarskaya 82 Tashkent, UZBEKISTAN Tel. (7-3712) 776-986 Safe trip tips marked false Safe trip tips Safe trip tips showNameProp O(Consular Affairs Topics) A SAFE TRIP ABROAD Forward Foreign travel can be a rich and rewarding experience and the odds are very much in your favor for an incident-free trip. The individual traveler's chances of having to face the trials and tribulations of losing valuables or coping with an unexpected illness or injury far from home are considerably greater, for instance, than of becoming involved a victim of violence. You can narrow the chances of becoming involved in an unpleasant incident or in a dangerous situation even further with an increased awareness of potential problems and careful planning. We hope the following suggestions will help. BEFORE YOU GO - Learn about the places you plan to visit. Familiarize yourself with local laws and customs in those areas. (Consult your library, a travel agent, airline, or the tourist bureaus of the specific countries you plan to visit.) Keep track as well of what is being reported in the media about any recent developments. - Don't take anything you would hate to lose. Leave at home all unnecessary credit cards, expensive jewelry or irreplaceable family objects. - Pack an extra set of eye glasses. Carry these and any medicines you need in your carry-on luggage. Take along a copy of the prescription for necessary medicines and the generic name of the drug. Keep medicines in their original labeled container to make customs processing easier. If any medications contain narcotics, carry with you a letter from your physician attesting to your need to take the drug in question. - Lock your luggage, and put your name and address inside each piece. - Make photocopies of your airline tickets, passport identification page, driver's license and the credit cards you take with you. Leave one set at home and keep another with you in a separate place from these valuables. Leave a copy of the serial numbers of your travelers checks at home; take another with you separate from the checks themselves and, as you cash in the checks, keep a tally of which ones remain unredeemed. - Leave a copy of your medical and dental records with your family or other contact person - Have your affairs at home in order: an up-to-date will, insurance documents and a power of attorney left with your family, so you can feel secure about traveling and are prepared for any emergency that may occur while you are away. Consider guardianship arrangements for your children. - Leave a copy of your itinerary with family or friends at home should they need to contact you in an emergency. - Find out from your credit card company what your credit limit is and be sure not to charge over that amount on your trip. Americans have been arrested in some countries for innocently exceeding their limit. - Find out whether your own insurance will cover you for loss or theft abroad and in case of accident or illness. If not, consider taking out additional insurance. PRECAUTIONS WHILE TRAVELING Normal common sense should prevail when traveling abroad, just as it would at home. Be especially cautious in, or avoid situations or areas where you are more likely to be victimized such as crowded subways, train stations, elevators, market places and festivals. Do not, for instance, get on an elevator alone if there is a suspicious-looking individual inside. You may wish to consider staying in larger hotels that have more elaborate security. Find out about local rules and obey them. American citizenship cannot protect you if you break the laws of the foreign country you are visiting. In addition to these common-sense suggestions, keep track of the news to be aware of any potential problems in areas where you may travel. Your own state of alertness and the precautions you take should increase as you travel in areas where the potential for violence or terrorism is greater. Before continuing on to such areas, inquire at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate whether there are any adverse conditions of which you should be aware. Ask for the American Citizens Service Unit in the consular section. (For general information on travel advisories, see the concluding section of this publication.) In short, assess your situation and surroundings, and try to remain in that healthy gray area between complacency and paranoia. GUARDING YOUR VALUABLES - Carry travelers checks instead of cash. Change some checks for local currency before you leave or upon arrival. Don't flash large amounts of money when paying a bill. Only counter sign travelers checks in front of the person who will cash them, and be sure your credit card is returned to you after each transaction. - Make sure you receive a claim check for each piece of luggage you check. - Instead of keeping all your money, airline tickets, passport, and other valuables in your wallet, conceal them in several places to prevent easy theft. Keep them in your accompanying hand-luggage, on your person, or in a hotel safety deposit box. Do not leave them in your room while you are out. - Don't leave your bags unattended. (Traveling light will help.) - Women should carry handbags in a secure manner to prevent snatch-and-run type thievery and men should place their wallets in their inside jacket pockets. To guard against thieves on motorcycles, walk on the inside of sidewalks and carry your purse on the side away from the street. Wrapping rubber-bands around your wallet or keeping it in a zipped portion of a handbag makes it more difficult for a pickpocket to remove. - Be wary of con artists. They exist around the world. - Keep hotel and car keys on your person. - Be alert to the possibility of street gangs operating in large cities abroad. - If confronted by superior force, don't fight attackers: give up valuables. - If any of your possessions are lost or stolen, report the loss immediately to the police and other appropriate authorities. Keep a copy of the police report for insurance claims and as an explanation of your plight. Also report the loss of: - travelers checks to the nearest office of the issuing company or its agent. - airline tickets to the airline company or travel agent. - passport to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. PERSONAL SECURITY - Keep a low profile. Dress and behave conservatively, Avoiding flashy dress, jewelry, luggage, rental cars or conspicuous behavior which would draw attention to you as a potentially wealthy or important foreigner. - Be polite and low-key. Avoid loud conversations and arguments. - Avoid dangerous areas; don't use short cuts, narrow alleys or poorly-lit streets. Try not to travel alone at night. - Let someone know when you expect to return, especially if out late at night. - Don't give your room number to persons you don't know well. Meet visitors in the lobby. - Keep your hotel door locked at all times. - Remember when you are in a foreign country, you are subject to its laws and are not protected by the U.S. Constitution. Penalties for drug violations, including possession of small amounts of marijuana or cocaine, are severe in many foreign countries and rigorously enforced. - Deal only with authorized agents when you exchange money, buy airline tickets, or purchase souvenirs; don't make exchanges for local currency at black market rates. In many countries travelers should refrain from photographing police and military personnel and installations, border areas, and transportation facilities. Be wary about selling personal effects such as clothing or jewelry. The penalties you risk may be severe. - If possible, book a room between the second and seventh floors - above ground level to prevent easy entrance from outside and low enough for fire equipment to reach. - Read the fire safety instructions in your hotel room, know how to report a fire and make sure you know where the nearest fire exit and an alternate are. Count the doors between your room and the nearest exit - this could be a life-saver if you have to crawl through a smoke-filled corridor. - Make note of emergency telephone numbers you may need: police, fire, your hotel, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Know how to use a pay telephone and have the proper change or token on hand. - Learn a few phrases in the local language so you can signal your need for help, the police, or a doctor. VEHICLE SECURITY - Drive the more common kinds of locally available cars; if there are not many American cars in use, don't insist on an American model. - Make sure the car is in good repair. - Keep car doors locked at all times. - Wear seatbelts. - Don't park your car on the street overnight if the hotel has a garage or secure area. If you must park it on the street, select a well-lit area. Don't leave valuables in the car. - Never pick up hitchhikers. - Don't get out of the car if there are suspicious individuals nearby. Drive away. PROTECTING YOURSELF AGAINST THE POSSIBILITY OF TERRORISM Terrorist acts occur in a random and unpredictable fashion which makes it impossible to protect oneself absolutely. The first and best way is to avoid travel to unsafe areas - areas where there have been a persistent record of terrorist attacks or kidnappings. The vast majority of foreign states have a good record of maintaining public order and protecting residents and visitors within their borders from terrorism. Most terrorist attacks are the result of long and careful planning. Just as a car-thief will first be attracted to an unlocked car with the key in the ignition, terrorists are looking for undefended, easily accessible targets who follow predictable patterns. The chances that a tourist, traveling with an unpublicized program or itinerary, would be the victim of terrorism are slight: the random possibility of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. In addition, many terrorist groups, seeking publicity for political causes within their own country or region, are not looking for American targets. Nevertheless, the pointers below may help you avoid becoming an American "target of opportunity". They should be considered as adjuncts to the tips listed in the previous section for ways to protect oneself against the far greater likelihood of falling prey to ordinary criminal activity. The following are additional reasonable precautions which may provide some degree of protection, and can serve as practical and psychological deterrents to would-be terrorists. -- Schedule direct flights if possible and avoid stops in high-risk airports or areas. Consider all of your options for traveling, such as trains. -- Be aware of what you discuss with strangers, or what may be overheard by others. -- Try to minimize the time spent in the public area of an airport, which is a less protectable area. Move quickly from the check-in counter to the secured areas. On arrival, leave the airport as soon as possible. -- Avoid luggage tags, dress, and behavior which may identify you as an American. While sweatshirts and T-shirts with American university logos are commonly worn throughout Europe, leave other obvious U.S. logos or apparel at home. -- Keep an eye out for suspicious abandoned packages or briefcases. Report them to airport security or other authorities and leave the area promptly. -- Avoid obvious terrorist targets and places where Americans and westerners are known to congregate. HIGH-RISK AREAS If you must travel in an area where there has been a history of terrorist attacks or kidnappings, also make it a habit to: - Discuss with your family what they would do in case of an emergency, in addition to making sure your affairs are in order before leaving home. - Register with the U.S. Embassy upon arrival. - Remain friendly, but be cautious about discussing personal matters, your itinerary or program. - Leave no personal or business papers in your hotel room. - Watch for people following you or "loiterers" observing your comings and goings. - Keep a mental note of safehavens, such as police stations, hotels, hospitals. - Let someone else know what your travel plans are. Keep them informed if you make any changes. - Avoid predictable times and routes of travel, and report any suspicious activity to local police, and the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. - Select your own taxi cabs at random - don't take a cab which is not clearly identified as a taxi. Compare the the face of the driver with the one posted on his license. - If possible, travel with others. - Be sure of the identity of visitors before opening the door of your hotel room. Don't meet strangers at unknown or remote locations. - Refuse unexpected packages. - Formulate a plan of action for what you will do if a bomb explodes or there is gunfire nearby. - Check for loose wires or other suspicious activities pertaining to your car. - Be sure your vehicle is in good operating condition in case you need to resort to high-speed or evasive driving. - Drive with the windows closed in crowded streets; bombs can be thrown through open windows. - If you are ever in a situation where somebody starts shooting, drop to the floor or get down as low as possible and don't move until you are sure the danger has passed. Do not attempt to help rescuers and do not pick up a weapon. If possible shield yourself behind or under a solid object. If you must move, crawl on your stomach. HIJACKING/HOSTAGE SITUATION While every hostage situation is different and the chance of becoming a hostage is remote, some considerations are important. The U.S. Government's policy not to negotiate with terrorists is firm - doing so only increases the risk of further hostage-taking by terrorists. When Americans are abducted overseas, we look to the host government to exercise its responsibility under international law to protect all persons within its territories and to bring about the safe release of the hostages. We work closely with these governments from the outset of a hostage-taking incident to ensure that our citizens and other innocent victims are released as quickly and safely as possible. The most dangerous phases of most hijacking or hostage situations are the beginning and, if there is a rescue attempt, the end. At the outset, the terrorists typically are tense, high-strung and may behave irrationally. It is extremely important that you remain calm and alert and manage your own behavior. - Avoid resistance, sudden or threatening movements. Do not struggle or try to escape unless you are certain of being successful. - Make a concerted effort to relax. Breathe deeply and prepare yourself mentally, physically and emotionally for the possibility of a long ordeal. - Try to remain inconspicuous, avoid direct eye contact and the appearance of observing your captors' actions. - Avoid alcoholic beverages. Consume little food and drink. - Consciously put yourself in a mode of passive cooperation. Talk normally. Do not complain, avoid belligerency, and comply with all orders and instructions. - If questioned, keep your answers short. Don't volunteer information or make unnecessary overtures. - Don't try to be a hero, endangering yourself and others. - Maintain your sense of personal dignity, and gradually increase your requests for personal comforts. Make these requests in a reasonable low-key manner. - If you are involved in a lengthier, drawn-out situation, try to establish a rapport with your captors, avoiding political discussions or other confrontational subjects. - Establish a daily program of mental and physical activity Don't be afraid to ask for anything you need or want - medicines, books, pencils, papers. - Eat what they give you, even if it does not look or taste appetizing. A loss of appetite and weight is normal. - Think positively; avoid a sense of despair. Rely on your inner resources. Remember that you are a valuable commodity to your captors. It is important to them to keep you alive and well. TRAVEL ADVISORIES The Department of State tries to alert American travelers to adverse conditions abroad--including violence--through the travel advisory program. In consultation with our embassies and consulates overseas, and various bureaus of the Department of State, the Office of Overseas Citizens Services in the Bureau of Consular Affairs issues travel advisories about conditions in specific countries. Advisories generally do not pertain to isolated international terrorist incidents since these can occur anywhere and at any time. The majority of these advisories deal with short-term or temporary difficulties which Americans may encounter when they go abroad. Some mention conditions of political or civil unrest which could pose a threat to personal safety. These types of advisories may sometimes be short-term in nature, e.g. at the time of a military or political coup. Such advisories are either lifted or amended when the situation no longer poses a threat to travelers. There are only a few advisories in effect which advise avoiding all travel to a particular country because of a high incidence of terrorism within the region or because a long-term problem exists. Most of the security-related advisories do not recommend against travel to an entire country but suggest avoiding specific areas within a country where unrest is endemic. Ask about current travel advisories for specific countries at any of the 13 regional U.S. passport agencies and at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. Travel advisories are also widely disseminated to interested organizations, travel associations, and airlines. Assistance Abroad U.S. consular officers are located at American embassies and consulates in most countries abroad. Consular officers can advise you of any adverse conditions in the places you are visiting and can help you in emergencies. If you plan more than a short stay in one place or if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, it is advisable to register with nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. This will make it easier should someone at home need to locate you urgently or in the unlikely event that you need to be evacuated due to an emergency. It will also facilitate the issuance of a new passport should yours be lost or stolen. Should you find yourself in any legal difficulty, contact a consular officer immediately. Consular officers cannot serve as attorneys or give legal advice but they can provide lists of local attorneys and help you find legal representation. Consular officers cannot get you out of jail. However, if you are arrested, ask permission to notify a consular official -- it is your right. American consular officials will visit you, advise you of your rights under local laws, ensure that you aren't held under inhumane conditions, and contact your family and friends for you if you desire. They can transfer money, and will try to get relief for you, including food and clothing in countries where this is a problem. If you become destitute overseas, consular officers can help you get in touch with your family, friends, bank, or employer and inform them how to wire funds to you. Additional Information The booklet, "Your Trip Abroad" contains some valuable information on loss and theft of a passport as well as other travel tips. To obtain a copy, write to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. The single copy purchase price is $1. Country Information Notices provide advice on travel to specific areas of the world. Notices include topics such as currency and customs regulations, entry requirements, dual nationality, import and export controls, vaccination requirements, and drug warnings. Copies of the following publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 for $1.00 each. Tips for Travelers to the Caribbean Tips for Travelers to Cuba: A U.S. Government Warning Tips for Travelers to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia Tips for Travelers to Mexico Tips for Travelers to the Middle East Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China Tips for Travelers to Saudi Arabia Tips for Travelers to the USSR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- South Asia travel marked false South Asia travel South Asia travel showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) TIPS FOR TRAVELERS TO SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka General Information Your trip to South Asia can be a rich and rewarding experience -- there are ancient cultures and artistic traditions to appreciate and a wealth of natural wonders to see -- all of this co-existing with modern societies. However, the customs and local conditions can be as distant from home as the miles, and travelers should plan their trips carefully. The Department of State issues travel advisories when appropriate concerning serious health or security conditions which may affect Americans. Current advisories are available at the 13 regional passport agencies in the United States, at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad or from the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520 (Tel. 202-647-5225). Travelers to areas where conditions are unsettled or communication is poor are encouraged to register at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate (see list at end of book). All travelers are encouraged to leave a detailed itinerary and their passport numbers at home in case of an emergency. Visa and other Entry Requirements A U.S. passport is required for travel to all countries in the region. India, Pakistan, and most other South Asian countries also require entry visas. Travel to certain areas of many South Asian countries is restricted and special permits may be required for these areas in addition to the entry visa. Prospective travelers should contact the embassy or consulate of the country they plan to visit for specific information (see list of foreign embassies at end of book). All South Asian countries require travelers who have been in yellow- fever infected areas within the last six days to show valid yellow- fever immunization certificates. Yellow fever is found in some African and some Latin American countries. If you plan to travel from Africa or Latin America directly to South Asia, check with the embassy of the South Asian country where you are going to see if your itinerary makes the yellow-fever certificate required. If the certificate is required and you do not have it, you will be refused entry unless you are inoculated and kept in quarantine for up to six days. Customs and Currency Regulations Most South Asian countries require that foreign currency and valuables be declared upon entry as a means of enforcing restrictions on the importation of items such as gold, electronic equipment, firearms, and prescription drugs. Failure to make an accurate declaration or other violations of these restrictions can lead to high fines and/or imprisonment. Shopping for Antiques Most South Asian countries have strict regulations against the unlicensed export of antiquities. Items that are antique, or even appear to be, may be confiscated by customs officials unless the traveler has proof of authorization from the appropriate government office to export the antique, or proof that the item is not an antique. U.S. Wildlife Regulations The United States prohibits importation of Asian ivory because Asian elephants are an endangered species. Most lizardskin and many snakeskin products cannot be brought into the United States. The penalty for importing products derived from endangered species is seizure of the product and a substantial fine. Health In the United States, local health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, private doctors, and travel clinics can provide information on health precautions for travelers to South Asia. Depending on your destination, immunization is recommended against cholera, diptheria/tetanus, hepatitis, Jap anese B encephalitis, meningitis, polio, and typhoid. Drug prophylaxis against malaria may also be necessary. General guidance may also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service booklet, "Health Information for International Travel," which is available for $4.25 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or from local and state health departments. Travelers should be careful to drink only boiled water (or bottled drinks), to avoid ice cubes in beverages and unpeeled fruits and vegetables, to take precautions against mosquitos, and to guard against overexertion at high altitudes. Trekkers and mountain climbers, in particular, should take precautions to avoid frostbite, hypothermia, and altitude sickness. The latter two can be fatal if not detected in time. Modern health facilities are not always available, particularly in rural areas. Prospective travelers should review their health insurance policies to see if they provide coverage while overseas, including medical evacuation service. Afghanistan All of Afghanistan is effectively a "war zone" in view of the continuing conflict between Soviet occupation forces and the Afghan resistance fighters. All American citizens are urged to avoid travel to Afghanistan. The U.S. Embassy can provide only limited assistance to American citizens in distress in the capital city of Kabul, and no assistance outside the Kabul city limits. Bangladesh No visa is required for a tourist stay of up to two weeks if you have an onward ticket; all business travelers must have visas, however. Bangladesh is an Islamic country, and visitors should dress modestly -- shorts are considered inappropriate. Travelers should pay special attention to preventive health measures because medical facilities, especially in rural areas, are not always available. River ferries are necessary for travel thoughout much of Bangladesh, but travelers should exercise caution when using them, bearing in mind that accidents frequently occur from overcrowding and from hazardous navigation during poor weather. Trekkers may not go to the Chittagong Hill Tracts, which are off-limits to foreigners. Kingdom of Bhutan While Bhutan and the United States do not have formal diplomatic relations, informal contact is maintained through the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi. Tourism to Bhutan is restricted; tourists are admitted only in groups by prearrangement with the Ministry of Tourism in Thimphu. Entry must be via India. For information, contact the Bhutan Travel Service, 120 East 56 Street, New York, NY 10022 (tel. 212-838-6382). India India is the South Asian country most frequently visited by U.S. citizens. Visas must be obtained before arrival. Persons arriving without visas must leave on the next plane. If you plan to travel from India to Nepal or another country and return to India, be sure to request a multiple entry visa. Tourist visas are issued for a maximum of 90 days. Once in India, visitors who wish to extend their stay must apply to a Foreigners Regional Registration Office. Extensions, if granted, may not bring the total visit to more than six months. Customs regulations prohibiting the importation of gold or Indian currency, and regulating importation of electronics, foreign currency, and firearms are strictly enforced. Offenders of these regulations may be jailed, fined and/or charged duty at rates exceeding 300 percent of the item's value. Laws against drug smuggling carry heavy penalties, including a ten-year prison term. Due to the threat of political or ethnic violence, security conditions pose some danger in the State of Punjab and in several other areas. Whether dangerous or not, many areas of India have been declared off- limits to foreigners by the Indian authorities. Permits are required for: Punjab, Sikkim, all of India east of West Bengal, all island territories, and parts of the states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. Persons of Indian origin can usually obtain permits to visit relatives in restricted areas. Other visitors may have to wait a long time for a permit or be unable to obtain one. Consult the latest Department of State travel advisory on which areas are restricted. Once in India, consult the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for information on restricted areas and advice on obtaining permits to visit them. With the exception of the Golden Temple, in the Punjab, none of the popular tourist sites in India are in restricted areas. Republic of Maldives The islands of the Maldives have long been popular vacation sites. Diplomatic relations are maintained and consular services are provided through the U.S. Embassy in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In emergency situations there is a U.S. consular agent on the capital island of Male (for address, ask at a resort or hotel) who can help travelers communicate with the U.S. Embassy in Colombo. A no-fee visa for a tourist visit of up to 30 days is issued upon arrival at the airport. Foreign currency may be taken in or out of the Maldives without restriction. Pork foodstuffs and alcohol may not be imported. Nepal Tourism to Nepal is increasing; over 20,000 Americans visit Nepal each year. A visa valid for one week can be obtained upon arrival at the Kathmandu airport or at any authorized border-crossing point. It can be renewed for an additional three weeks at the nearest immigration office. After that, tourists may renew their month-long visa two consecutive times, allowing a total three-month visit. Departure from Nepal is mandatory at the end of a three month tourist visit. Travelers can avoid initial immigration-processing delays by obtaining a 30-day visa prior to arrival in Nepal. Nepalese customs laws, particularly those forbidding smuggling of drugs, gold and, foreign currency, are strictly enforced. The penalty for smuggling is a stiff fine and/or a prison sentence. Travelers should take adequate funds in the form of travelers checks. It is difficult to obtain additional funds through bank transfers and, except at major Kathmandu hotels, credit cards are rarely accepted. Trekking is very popular in Nepal. Tourists are cautioned to obtain a trekking permit from the Central Immigration Office, to avoid trekking alone, to be alert for signs of altitude sickness, and to obtain a meningococcal meningitis vaccination if trekking outside the Kathmandu Valley. Those wishing to climb the high peaks should write for permission to the Ministry of Tourism to the attention of the mountaineering division, well in advance of planned expeditions. Travelers should note that there are no forms of international communication in rural areas. In the event of an emergency, the U.S. Embassy may assist Americans in contacting family or friends. Americans planning to travel from Nepal to Tibet should be aware that Chinese authorities strictly regulate such trips. Additional information is contained in the State Department's travel advisory on China and in "Tips for Travelers to the People's Republic of China". Pakistan A visa must be obtained before arrival. Pakistan is an Islamic country, and visitors must respect Islamic standards of behavior. Travelers (especially women) should dress modestly, i.e., wear clothes with high necks and long sleeves; do not wear shorts. The import, manufacture, and consumption of alcohol or drugs are strictly forbidden. Major hotels have special rooms where non-Islamic foreigners may buy and drink alcoholic beverages. A special permit is required for travel to the tribal areas bordering Afghanistan, including the Khyber Pass, and to transit the tribal area of Darra Adam Khel. Persons traveling to restricted areas without a perm it are subject to arrest. Onward overland travel to India is difficult because of border crossing restrictions (see travel advisory for India). Major cities in Pakistan are safe for tourists, but travel to remote rural areas, especially in Baluchistan, Sind and the Northwest Frontier Province is not recommended. Security conditions vary; some unsafe areas are considered safe for daytime travel in groups. Because the security situation can change with little warning, visitors should check at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for up-to-date travel information. Sri Lanka The insurgency of Tamil separatists against the government in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) has caused tension and violence within the country. For this reason, Americans should avoid all travel to the northern and eastern provinces. This includes the cities of Jaffna, Batticaloa, and Trincomalee. There have been isolated incidents of violence in other parts of Sri Lanka, including Columbo. Because public transportation has often been targeted by terrorists, travel on trains and public buses should be avoided. Travel to the major tourist sites in the southern and western parts of the island has usually been safe. However, security conditions throughout the country can change quickly, and travelers should get current information from the latest travel advisory or from the U.S. Embassy in Colombo. No visa is required for a tourist stay of up to 30 days. Foreign Embassies in the United States Embassy of Afghanistan 2341 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 234-3770 Embassy of Bangladesh 2201 Wisconsin Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20007 (202) 342-8372 Bhutan Mission to the United Nations New York, NY 10017 (212) 826-1919 People's Republic of China * 2300 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 328-2500 Embassy of India 2107 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-7000 Republic of Maldives Mission to the United Nations 820 Second Avenue, Suite 800C New York, NY 10017 (212) 599-6195 Embassy of Nepal 2131 Leroy Place, N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 667-45503 Embassy of Pakistan 2315 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-6200 Embassy of Sri Lanka 2148 Wyoming Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-4025 * for travel to Tibet U.S. Foreign Service Posts AFGHANISTAN: U.S. Embassy, Wazir Akbar Khan Mina, Kabul Tel: 62230/35 or 62436 (Saturday-Wednesday workweek) BANGLADESH: U.S. Embassy, Adamjee Court Bldg. (5th Fl.), Motijheel Commercial Area, GPO Box 323, Ramna, Dhaka Tel: (880)(2) 235093/9 and 235081/9 Telex: 642319 AEDKA BJ (Workweek: Sunday-Thursday). PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (Tibet): U.S. Consulate General, Jinjiang Hotel, 180 Renmin Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan Tel: (86)(1) 24481 Telex: ACGCH CN 60128 INDIA: New Delhi: U.S. Embassy, Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021 Tel: (91)(11) 600651 Telex: 031-65269 USEM IN Bombay: U.S. Consulate General, Lincoln House, 78 Bhulabhai Desai Rd. 400026 Tel: (91)(22) 8223611/8 Telex: 011-75425 ACON IN Calcutta: U.S. Consulate General, 5/1 Ho Chi Minh Sarani 700071 Tel: (91)(33) 44-3611/6 Telex: 021-2483 Madras: U.S. Consulate General, Mount Rd. 600006 Tel: (91)(44) 473040 or 477542 MALDIVES: (See Sri Lanka) NEPAL: U.S. Embassy, Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu Tel: (977) 411179, 412718, or 411601 Telex: NP 2381 AEKTM PAKISTAN: (All posts have Sunday-Thursday workweek) Islamabad: U.S. Embassy, Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5 Tel: (92)(51) 826161/79 Telex: 825-864 Karachi: U.S. Consulate General, 8 Abdullah Haroon Rd. Tel: (009)(221) 515081 Telex: 822-611 Lahore: U.S. Consulate General, 50 Zafar Ali Rd., Gulberg 5 Tel: (92)(42) 870221/5 Peshawar: U.S. Consulate, 11 Hospital Road Tel: (92)(521) 79801/3 Telex: 52-364 SRI LANKA: U. S. Embassy, 210 Galle Rd. (P.O. Box 106), Colombo 3 Tel: (94)(1) 548007 Telex: 21305 AMEMB CE South/Central America travel marked false South/Central America travel South/Central America travel showNameProp (Consular Affairs Topics) Tips for Travelers to Central and South America Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela Travelers to Central and South America are usually welcomed with courtesy and warmth. There is great diversity in the region - you can visit some of the largest cities in the world as well as some of the most unspoiled primitive environments. You can have a wonderful trip; however, there are some precautions to take. [Please note that travel to Mexico and the Caribbean is covered in separate publications. See the last page of this pamphlet.] Travel Advisories The Department of State issues travel advisories concerning serious health or security conditions that may affect U.S. citizens. Current advisories are available at the 13 regional passport agencies in the United States and from the Citizens Emergency Center, Room 4811, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520, (202-647-5225). Advisories are also available at U.S. embassies and consulates abroad. At time of publication, travel advisories are in effect for Columbia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Suriname. Some of the dangers covered in these advisories are guerrilla or terrorist activity, banditry, and areas under control of narcotics producers. If you plan travel to one of these countries, check with the Emergency Center or the nearest passport agency to see if a travel advisory is still in effect. As you travel, keep abreast of local news coverage. If you plan more than a short stay in one place, if you plan travel to an area where communications are poor, or if you are in an area experiencing civil unrest or some natural disaster, you are encouraged to register with the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Registration takes only a few moments, and it may be invaluable in case of an emergency. Remember to leave a detailed itinerary and your passport number with a friend or relative in the United States. Getting In and Out All Central and South American countries except Guatemala require U.S. citizens to have a valid U.S. passport. (Guatemala requires proof of U.S. citizenship such as a birth certificate or passport.) Visa requirements for U.S. citizens vary from country to country: some countries do not require a visa for a tourist stay of 90 days or less; some only require that a tourist card be obtained at an airline office or at the destination airport; other countries require you to obtain a visa in advance from their embassy or consulate. Some countries have additional entry requirements such as proof of sufficient funds or proof of onward or return tickets. In addition, all South American countries and most Central American countries require a departure tax. If you are departing to a neighboring country, the tax may be small, but, if you are returning to the U.S., the tax could be as high as $20 per person, regardless of age. Be sure to have enough money at the end of your trip to be able to get on the plane! For authoritative information on a country's entry and exit requirements, contact its embassy or consulate (see list of foreign missions at the end of pamphlet). When you make your inquires, ask about: o where to obtain a tourist card or visa; o visa price, length of validity, and number of entries; o financial requirements--proof of sufficient funds, proof of onward or return ticket; o special requirements for children traveling alone or with only one parent (see below); o yellow fever immunization or other health requirements; o currency regulations--how much local or dollar currency can be brought in or out; o export/import restrictions; and o departure tax--how much and who must pay. Restrictions on Minors Many countries impose restrictions on minor children who travel alone, with only one parent, or with someone who is not their parent. A child must present written authorization for travel from the absent parent, parents, or legal guardian. If the parent or guardian traveling with the child is the sole custodian, the court order granting custody may, in some cases, serve as the authorization document. If any of this applies to you, inquire about the following at the embassy or consulate of the country your child plans to visit: o the age of majority at which the restriction no longer applies (e.g., age 15 in Argentina, age 18 in Brazil); o the type of document that can overcome the restriction (e.g., court order, statement of absent parent or parents); o whether notarizing the document is sufficient or if it must also be authenticated by the country's embassy or consulate; o whether the document must be translated. Note: in Brazil, a child may travel with its father without the mother's authorization, but, if traveling alone or with its mother, must have notarized authorization from its father. In Brazil, a woman may authorize a child's travel only when she is the sole legal parent or guardian. Bringing a Car If you plan to drive to Central or South America, contact the embassy or consulate of each country you plan to visit to learn what is required for entry and exit by private car. Besides title and ownership, at most borders you will need to show insurance coverage effective for the country you are entering. If your U.S. insurance does not cover you abroad, you can usually purchase insurance when you enter a country. In some countries, if you are involved in an accident that causes injury, you will automatically be taken into police custody until it can be determined who is liable and whether you have the insurance or financial ability to pay any judgment. There may also be criminal liability assigned if the injuries or damages are serious. If you are a visitor, you will not ordinarily have to pay import duty on your car, but you may have to post a bond or otherwise satisfy customs officials that you will not sell or dispose of the vehicle in the country. To enter some countries, you must have your car documented at the embassy or consulate of the country before you leave home. Before you get behind the wheel, be sure you are in compliance with the automobile import regulations of your destination countries. U.S. Wildlife Regulations Endangered species and products made from them may not be brought into the United States. The penalty is confiscation and a possible fine. These items are prohibited from import: virtually all birds originating in Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Venezuela; furs from spotted cats; most lizardskin products from Brazil and Paraguay; many snakeskin products from Brazil, Ecuador, and Paraguay; skins from the Orinoco crocodile; and all sea turtle products. Shopping for Antiquities Most countries in Central and South America control the export of objects from their pre-Columbian and colonial heritage. Some countries claim ownership of all such material and consider the export of antiques, without the permission of the government, to be an act of theft. In addition, under U.S. law, importers of all pre-Columbian monumental and architectrual sculpture, murals, and certain archaeological and ethnological materials are required to provide proof to the U.S. Customs Service that these artifacts are legally exported from the country of origin. Beware of purchasing artifacts unless they are accompanied by an export permit issued by the government of origin. Health Information on health precautions for travelers can be obtained from local health departments, the U.S. Public Health Service, private doctors, or travel clinics. General guidance can also be found in the U.S. Public Health Service book, Health Information for International Travel, available for $4.75 from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Depending on your destination, immunization may be recommended against diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis, polio, rabies, typhoid, and yellow fever. Malaria is found in rural areas of every country in the region except Chile and Uruguay. Malaria prophylaxis and mosquito avoidance measures are recommended. If possible, avoid contact with mosquitoes from dusk to dawn by wearing long clothing, using insect repellent on exposed skin, using a flying insect spray in living and sleeping quarters, and using a bed net. Prophylaxis should begin 2 weeks before going to an area where malaria is endemic and should continue for at least 4 weeks after leaving. Chloroquine is the malaria prophylaxis most easily tolerated by humans. However, malaria resistant to chloroquine has been reported in an area beginning east of the Panama Canal and extending through northern South America as far south as the Amazon Basin. If you plan to visit this area, consult a medical expert to work out an additional prophylaxis. Malaria may at times, however, break through any drug or drug combination. If you develop chills, fever, and headaches while taking a malaria prophylaxis, seek medical attention promptly. Early treatment of malaria can be effective, but delaying therapy could have serious consequences. Mosquito avoidance measures, if used day and night, may also help prevent other less prevalent insect-borne diseases found in parts of Central and South America such as Chagas' disease, dengue fever, leishmaniasis, and yellow fever. Throughout most of Central and South America, fruits and vegetables should be washed with care and meats and fish thoroughly cooked. Problems of food contamination are less prevalent in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, and tapwater is potable in those countries. Elsewhere water is generally not potable and should be boiled or chemically treated. Diarrhea caused by contaminated food or water is potentially serious. If it persists, seek medical attention. Certain beaches in the region, including some at Lima and at Rio de Janeiro, are dangerously polluted. Avoid swimming at beaches that might be contaminated with human sewage or dog feces. Avoid swimming in fresh water in the areas where schistosomiasis is found: Brazil, Suriname, and north-central Venezuela. Visitors in the Andes may experience symptoms of altitude sickness such as insomnia, headache, and nausea. If you become sick, wait until your symptoms disappear before you attempt to go higher. Mountaineers should learn about the symptoms of high altitude pulmonary edema, a condition that is fatal unless remedied by immediate descent. Another hazard of high altitudes is sunburn. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation increases not only as you approach the equator, but also as you ascend in altitude. Sunscreens may help prevent this. Safety Tips - Crime Like many large cities throughout the world, major cities in Central and South American experience assaults, robberies, and thefts. Visitors should take common sense precautions: o Safety begins when you pack. Leave expensive jewelry behind. Dress conservatively; a flashy wardrobe or one that is too casual can mark you as a tourist. Use travelers checks, not cash. Leave photocopies of your passport personal information page and of your airline tickets with someone at home and carry an extra set with you. o In a car, keep doors locked, windows rolled up, and valuables out of sight. A common trick is for a thief to reach through a car window and grab a watch from a person's wrist or a purse or package from the seat while you are driving slowly or stopped in traffic. o When you leave your car, try to find a guarded parking lot, lock the car, and keep valuables out of sight. o When walking, avoid marginal areas of cities, dark alleys, and crowds. Avoid being stopped or approached on the street by strangers, including street vendors and beggars. Be aware that women and small children as well as men can be pickpockets or purse snatchers. Keep your billfold in an inner front pocket, keep your hand on your purse, and wear the shoulderstap of your camera or bag across your chest. To guard against thieves on motorcycles, walk away from the curb, carrying your purse away from the street. o Do not travel alone when you can avoid it. If you visit an isolated area, go with a group or a reputable guide. o Avoid travel at night. o Do not take valuables to the beach. Any U.S. citizen who is criminally assaulted should report the incident to the local police and to the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate. Safety Tips - Civil Unrest Several countries in Central and South America have areas of instability or war zones that are off-limits to visitors without special permits. Others have simlar areas that are open but surrounded by security check points where travelers must show their passport or tourist card. Always carry your papers with you, and do not overstay the validity of your visa or tourist card. Avoid public demonstrations. American citizens have been arrested when local authorities have thought they were participating in civil demonstrations. Drug Offenses Most Central and South American countries strictly enforce laws against the use, possession, and sale of narcotics. Foreigners arrested for possession of even small amounts of narcotics are not deported, but are charged and tried as international traffickers. There is no bail, judicial delays are lengthy, and you can spend two to four years in prison awaiting trial and sentencing. If you carry prescription drugs, keep them in their original container clearly labeled with the doctor's name, pharmacy, and contents. In addition, check with the embassy of the country you plan to visit for specific customs requirements for prescription drugs. Photography Be cautious when taking pictures. Frequently local authorities consider all airports, police stations, military locations, oil installations, harbors, mines, and bridges to be security-related. Photography of demonstrations or civil disturbances is also usually prohibited. Tourists have had their film confiscated and have been detained, so, when in doubt, ask. Adopting a Child Abroad Because of continuing scandals over the illegal activities of some adoption agencies and attorneys both in the United States and abroad, U.S. citizens have recently experienced difficulties when attempting to adopt children from Central or South America. Several countries in the region have either outlawed adoptions by foreigners or have passed a law requiring formal court adoption of the child in the country before the child is permitted to immigrate to the United States. Although this has resulted in adoptions less likely to be challenged from a legal standpoint, it has made the process more difficult and time- consuming. Any U.S. citizen interested in adopting a child from a country in Central or South America is encouraged to contact either the U.S. embassy in the country, or, in the United States, the Department of State's Office of Citizen Consular Services, Inter-American Division (telephone 202-647-3712) to obtain information on the adoption process in that country. Dual Nationality Some countries in Central and South America do not recognize acquisition of U.S. citizenship unless the naturalized U.S. citizen renounces his or her original nationality at an embassy or consulate of the country of origin. A person born in the United States of a parent or parents who were citizens of another country may also be considered by that country to be their national. If arrested, a dual national may be denied the right to communicate with the U.S. embassy or consulate. Another consequence could be having to serve in the military of one's former country. If you are a naturalized U.S. citizen, a dual national, or have any reason to believe another country may consider you its national, check with the embassy of that country as to your citizenship status and any obligations you may have while visiting. Dual nationals who have not researched their citizenship status before traveling have sometimes, to their surprise, encountered difficulties, such as not being allowed to depart or being drafted for military service. Even countries that recognize acquired U.S. citizenship may consider their former citizens as having resumed original citizenship if they take up residence in their country of origin. This can happen even if the embassy of the country stamps a visa in the U.S. passport of its former citizen. Dual nationals should also be aware that they may be required to use a passport from their country of origin in order to enter or leave that country. The U.S. government does not object to the use of a foreign passport in such situations. U.S. citizens may not, however, use a foreign passport to enter or leave the United States. If you have any questions about dual nationality, contact the Office of Citizens Consular Services, Room 4817, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20520 (202-647-3712). Additional Information for Certain Countries Belize Belize enforces a strict policy of refusing admittance to persons who an immigration officer suspects of drug use. Brazil Obtain your visa in advance. Brazilian immigration authorities do not hestitate to require a traveler without a visa to leave on the next available flight. Street crime can be a major problem in large cities in Brazil. Guard against it--see "Safety Tips" on page . In Sao Paulo, if you encounter difficulties or need emergency assistance, dial 1-0, radio police patrol, from any public telephone--no coin or token is needed for the call. Chile Anyone considering scientific, technical, or mountaineering expeditions to regions in Chile classified as frontier areas or to Antarctica must apply for authorization to a Chilean embassy or consulate a minimum of 90 days prior to the beginning of the expedition. The application will be forwarded to the Chilean government for decision. Chilean authorities reserve the right to request Chilean participation in foreign expeditions, and require the submission of a post-expedition report on the activities undertaken and the results obtained. Foreign Embassies in the United States Embassy of Argentina 1600 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 939-6400 Embassy of Belize Suite 2J 3400 International Drive, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 363-4505 Embassy of Boliva 3014 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-4410 Embassy of Brazil 3006 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 745-2700 Embassy of Chile 1732 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 (202) 785-1746 Embassy of Colombia 2118 Leroy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 387-8338 Embassy of Costa Rica Suite 211 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 234-2945 Embassy of Ecuador 2535 15th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 234-7200 Embassy of El Salvador 2308 California Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265-3480 French Guiana: Embassy of France 4101 Reservoir Road, NW Washington, DC 20007 (202) 944-6000 Embassy of Guatemala 2220 R Street, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 745- 4952 Embassy of Guyana 2490 Tracy Place, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 265- 6900 Embassy of Honduras Suite 100 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 966-7700 Embassy of Nicaragua 1627 New Hampshire Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20009 (202) 387-4371 Embassy of Panama 2862 McGill Terrace, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-1407 Embassy of Paraguay 2400 Massachusetts Aveneu, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 483-6960 Embassy of Peru 1700 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036 (202) 833-9860 Embassy of Suriname Suite 108 4301 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 244-7488 Embassy of Uruguay 1918 F Street, NW Washington, DC 20006 (202) 331- 1313 Embassy of Venezuela 2445 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20008 (202) 797-3800 U.S. Embassies and Consulates Abroad Note: APO and FPO addresses may only be used for mail originating in the United States. When you use an APO or FPO address, do not include the local street address. ARGENTINA American Embassy 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires Tel: (54)(1) 774-7611 Telex: 18156 USICA AR Mailing address: American Embassy Buenos Aires APO Miami 34034 BELIZE American Embassy Gabourel Lane and Hutson Street Belize City Tel: (501) 776161 Telex: 213 AMEMBASSY BZ BOLIVIA American Embassy Banco Popular Del Peru Bldg. Corner of Calles Mercado and Colon La Paz Tel: (591)(2) 350251 Telex: AMEMB BV 3268 Mailing address: American Embassy La Paz APO Miami 34032 BRAZIL American Embassy Avenida das Nocoes, Lote 3 Brasilia Tel: (55)(6) 321-7272 Telex: 061-1091 Mailing address: American Embassy Brasilia APO Miami 34030 American Consulate General Avenida Presidente Wilson 147 Rio de Janeiro Tel: (55)(21) 292-7117 Telex: AMCONSUL 21-22831 Mailing address: American Consulate General Rio de Janeiro APO Miami 34030 American Consulate General Rua Padre Joao Manoel, 933 Sao Paulo Tel: (55)(11) 881-6511 Telex: 11-31574 Mailing address: American Consulate General Sao Paulo APO Miami 34030 American Consulate Rua Coronel Genuino, 421 (9th Fl.) Porto Alegre Tel: (55)(512) 26-4288 Telex: 051-2292 CGEU BR Mailing address: American Consulate Porto Alegre APO Miami 34030 American Consulate Rua Goncalves Maia, 163 Recife Tel: (55)(81) 221- 1412 Telex: 081-1190 Mailing address: American Consulate Recife APO Miami 34030 CHILE American Embassy Codina Bldg., 1343 Agustinas Santiago Tel: (56)(2) 710133 Telex: 240062-USA-CL Mailing address: American Embassy Santiago APO Miami 34033 COLOMBIA American Embassy Calle 38, No. 8-61 Bogota Tel: (57)(1) 285- 1300 Telex: 44843 Mailing address: American Embassy Bogota APO Miami 34038 American Consulate Calle 77 Carrera 68 Centro Comercial Mayorista Barranquilla Tel: (57)(5) 45-7088 Telex: 33482 AMCO CO Mailing address: American Consulate Barranquilla APO Miami 34038 COSTA RICA American Embassy Avenida 3 and Calle I San Jose Tel: (506) 331-155 Mailing address: American Embassy San Jose APO Miami 34020 ECUADOR American Embassy Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria Quito Tel: (593)(2) 562-890 Mailing address: American Embassy Quito APO Miami 34039 American Consulate General 9 de Octubre y Garcia Moreno Guayaquil Tel: (593)(4) 323-570 Telex: 04-3452 USICAG ED Mailing address: American Consulate General Guayaquil APO Miami 34039 EL SALVADOR American Embassy 25 Avenida Norte No. 1230 San Salvador Tel: (503) 26-7100 Mailing Address: American Embassy San Salvador APO Miami 34023 FRENCH GUIANA American Consulate General 14 Rue Blenac B.P. 561 Fort- de-France 97206 Martinique Tel: (596) 63-13-03 Telex: 912670; 912315 MR GUATEMALA American Embassy 7-01 Avenida de la Reforma, Zone 10 Guatemala Tel: (502)(2) 31-15-41 Mailing Address: American Embassy Guatemala APO Miami 34024 GUYANA American Embassy 31 Main Street Georgetown Tel: (592)(02) 54900- 9 Telex: 213 AMEMSY GY HONDURAS American Embassy Avenido La Paz Tegucigalpa Tel: (504) 32-3120 Mailing Address: American Embassy Tegucigalpa APO Miami 34022 NICARAGUA American Embassy Km. 4-1/2 Carretera Sur Managua Tel: (505)(2) 66010 Mailing Address: American Embassy Managua APO Miami 34021 PANAMA American Embassy Apartado 6959 Panama 5 Rep. de Panama Tel: (507) 27-1777 Mailing Address: American Embassy Panama APO Miami 34002 PARAGUAY American Embassy 1776 Mariscal Loipez Avenida Asuncion Tel: (595)(21) 201-041 Mailing Address: American Embassy Asuncion APO Miami 34036-0001 PERU American Embassy Consular Section Grimaldo Del Solar 346 Miraflores Lima 18 Lima Tel: (51)(14) 44-3621 Telex: 25028PE USCOMATT Mailing Address: American Embassy Lima APO Miami 34031 SURINAME American Embassy Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129 Paramaribo Tel: (597) 72900 Telex: 373 AMEMSU SN URAGUAY American Embassy Lauro Muller 1776 Montevideo Tel: (598)(2) 40- 90-51 Mailing Address: American Embassy Montevideo APO Miami 34035 VENEZUELA American Embassy Avenida Francisco de Miranda y Avenida Principal de la Floresta Caracas Tel: (58)(2) 284-7111 Telex: 25501 AMEMB VE Mailing Address: American Embassy Caracas APO Miami 34037 American Consulate Edificio Sofimara, Piso 3 Calle 77 Con Avenida 13 Maracaibo Tel: (58)(61) 84-253 Telex: 62213 USCON VE Mailing Address: American Consulate Maracaibo APO Miami 34037 Western Sahara marked false WEST_SAH :PHYSSIZE Western Sahara showNameProp Western Sahara most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText sharedText false textHeightProp Western Sahara Geography Total area: 266,000 km2 Land area: 266,000 km2 Comparative area: slightly smaller than Colorado Land boundaries: 2,046 km total; Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km Coastline: 1,110 km Maritime claims: contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue Disputes: claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered cease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991 Climate: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents produce fog and heavy dew Terrain: mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 0%; other 81% Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility; sparse water and arable land Western Sahara People Population: 201,467 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992) Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 20 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 159 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 43 years male, 45 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s); adjective - Sahrawian, Sahraouian Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber Religions: Muslim Languages: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming Organized labor: NA Western Sahara Government Long-form name: none Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September 1991 Capital: none Administrative divisions: none (under de facto control of Morocco) Leaders: none Member of: none Diplomatic representation: none Western Sahara Economy Overview: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little rainfall, has a per capita GDP of roughly $300. Pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining are the principal sources of income for the population. Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. $60 million, per capita $300; real growth rate NA% (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.) commodities: phosphates 62% partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts Imports: $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.) commodities: fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs partners: Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989) Industries: phosphate, fishing, handicrafts Agriculture: limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces Economic aid: NA Currency: Moroccan dirham (plural - dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.889 (March 1992), 8.071 (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987) Fiscal year: NA Western Sahara Communications Highways: 6,200 km total; 1,450 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth roads and tracks Ports: El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla Airports: 13 total, 13 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by microwave, tropospheric scatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV Western Sahara Defense Forces Branches: NA Manpower availability: NA Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP entryText sharedText false textHeightProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories showNameProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories Show Text objectFromPoint( bshowtext() buttonUp buttonUp bshowtext Show Text Western Samoa marked false WEST_SAM :PHYSSIZE Western Samoa showNameProp Western Samoa most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText sharedText false textHeightProp Western Samoa Geography Total area: 2,860 km2 Land area: 2,850 km2 Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island Land boundaries: none Coastline: 403 km Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: none Climate: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish Land use: arable land 19%; permanent crops 24%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and woodland 47%; other 10% Environment: subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism Note: located 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand Western Samoa People Population: 194,992 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992) Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: -4 migrants/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 4.4 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Western Samoan(s); adjective - Western Samoan Ethnic divisions: Samoan; Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood) about 7%, Europeans 0.4% Religions: Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist) Languages: Samoan (Polynesian), English Literacy: 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971) Labor force: 38,000; 22,000 employed in agriculture (1987 est.) Organized labor: Public Service Association (PSA) Western Samoa Government Long-form name: Independent State of Western Samoa Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief Capital: Apia Administrative divisions: 11 districts; A`ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa`asaleleaga, Gaga`emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa`itea, Tuamasaga, Va`a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano Independence: 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand) Constitution: 1 January 1962 Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 1 June Executive branch: chief, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal Leaders: Chief of State: Chief Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963) Head of Government: Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988) Political parties and leaders: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National Development Party (SNDP), VA'AI Kolone, chairman Suffrage: universal adult over age 21, but only matai (head of family) are able to run for the Legislative Assembly Elections: Legislative Assembly: last held NA February 1991 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) HRPP 30, SNDP 14, independents 3 Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Fili (Felix) Tuaopepe WENDT; Chancery (temporary) at suite 510, 1155 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 833-1743 US: the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa (mailing address is P.O. Box 3430, Apia); telephone (685) 21-631; FAX (685) 22-030 Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation Western Samoa Economy Overview: Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports several times export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and construction of the first international hotel is under way. exchange rate conversion - $115 million, per capita $690 (1989); real growth rate -4.5% (1990 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1990) Unemployment rate: NA%; shortage of skilled labor Budget: revenues $95.3 million; expenditures $95.4 million, including capital expenditures of $41 million (FY92) Exports: $9 million (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3% partners: NZ 28%, American Samoa 23%, Germany 22%, US 6% (1990) Imports: $75 million (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12% partners: New Zealand 41%, Australia 18%, Japan 13%, UK 6%, US 6% External debt: $83 million (December 1990 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP Electricity: 29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) Industries: timber, tourism, food processing, fishing Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams) Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $306 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million Currency: tala (plural - tala); 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene Exchange rates: tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2,4284 (March 1992), 2,3975 (1991), 2.3095 (1990), 2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988), 2.1204 (1987) Fiscal year: calendar year Western Samoa Communications Highways: 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or earth Ports: Apia Merchant marine: 1 roll-on/roll-off ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,838 GRT/5,536 DWT Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT ground station Western Samoa Defense Forces Branches: Department of Police and Prisons Manpower availability: males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP entryText "sharedText false "textHeightProp WESTERN SAMOA - Passport and onward/return ticket required. Visa not required for stay up to 30 days. For longer stays contact Embassy of Western Samoa, 115 15th Street, N.W., Suite 510, Washington, D.C. 20005 (202/833-1743). Western Samoa - Consular Information Sheet November 13, 1992 Embassy Location: The U.S. Embassy in Western Samoa is located in the John Williams Building, fifth floor, Beach Road, Apia. The Embassy is open to the public from 9:30 to 12:30 every morning and by appointment at other times. The Embassy can be reached from the U.S. c/o P.O. Box 3430 in Apia. The telephone number is (685) 21-631. Country Description: The island country of Western Samoa has a stable parliamentary democracy with a developing economy. Tourist facilities are accessible by bus, taxi, and car and are within walking distance of access roads. Daily air and ferry service is available between Apia, on the island of Upolu, and the larger island of Savai'i. Entry Requirements: A passport and onward/return ticket are required. A visa is not required for a stay of up to 30 days. The Western Samoa Mission to the U.N. can be contacted for information concerning longer stays. The address is 820 2nd Avenue, Suite 800, New York, New York 10017, tel., (212) 599-6196. Medical Facilities: Health care facilities in Western Samoa are adequate for routine medical treatment, but limited in range and availability. A national hospital is located in Apia and district hospitals are available on Savai'i and Upolu. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services. U.S. medical insurance is not always valid outside the United States. Supplemental medical insurance with specific overseas coverage has proved to be useful. The international travelers hotline of the Centers for Disease Control at (404) 332-4559 has additional useful health information. Information on Crime: Crime in Western Samoa is low. Useful information on guarding valuables and protecting personal security while traveling abroad is provided in the Department of State pamphlet, "A Safe Trip Abroad". It is available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Drug Penalties: Penalties for possession, use, or trafficking in illegal drugs are strict, and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and fines. Registration: Americans who register at the U.S. Embassy can obtain updated information on travel and security within the area. No. 92-120 Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories -showNameProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories Show Text objectFromPoint( bshowtext() buttonUp buttonUp bshowtext Show Text s with World marked false WORLD :PHYSSIZE World showNameProp World most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText sharedText false textHeightProp World Geography Total area: 510,072,000 km2 Land area: 148,940,000 km2 (29.2%) Comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US Land boundaries: 442,000 km Coastline: 356,000 km Maritime claims: range from 3 to 200 nm; 1 claim is rectangular; 112 states claim a 12 nm limit; note - boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm; 41 nations and other areas are landlocked and include Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vatican City, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe Contiguous zone: 39 states claim contiguous zone, 33 of which have 24 nm limits Continental shelf: approximately 78 states have specific continental shelf claims, the limit of 42 claims is based on depth (200 m) plus exploitability, 21 claims define the continental shelf as 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin Exclusive fishing zone: 23 claims with limits ranging from 12 nm to 200 nm Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 83 states claim an EEZ, with most limits being 200 nm Territorial sea: claims range from 3 to 200 nm, 112 states claim a 12 nm limit; note - 41 nations and miscellaneous areas are landlocked and comprise Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Byelarus, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macebia, Zimbabwe Disputes: major international land boundary or territorial diputes - Bahrain-Qatar, Chad-Libya, China-India, China-Russia, Ecuador-Peru, El Salvador-Honduras, Israel-Jordan, Israel-Syria, Japan-Russia, North Korea-South Korea, Saudi Arabia-Yemen, South China Sea Climate: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates Terrain: highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters Natural resources: the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe and the former USSR) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to address Land use: arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and woodland 31%; other 34%; includes irrigated 1.6% Environment: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion World People Population: 5,515,617,484 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992) Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 63 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 65 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1992) Literacy: 74% (male 81%, female 67%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: 2.24 billion (1992) Organized labor: NA World Government Administrative divisions: 187 sovereign nations plus 72 dependent, other, and miscellaneous areas Legal system: varies by individual country; 182 are parties to the United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ or World Court) Diplomatic representation: there are 178 members of the UN World Economy Overview: Aggregate world output in 1991 increased by 1.3%, in contrast to estimated 2% growth in 1990 and 3% growth in 1989. In 1991, the developed countries grew by 2.5% and the LDCs by 3.5%, these gains being offset by a 10-15% drop in the former Communist-dominated areas of the USSR and Eastern Europe. As usual, results among individual countries differed widely. In the developed group, Japan led with 4.5%, the West European members averaged 1.2%, and the recession-plagued United States lagged,with GDP down 0.7%. As for the 15 former Soviet republics and the seven nations of Eastern Europe, output plummeted in many economic sectors because of fundamental changes in the rules of the game and in the channels of production and exchange. China and the Four Dragons performed well in 1991 but many of the other developing countries are mired in poverty and political instability. For the world as a whole, the addition of nearly 100 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe will exacerbate the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. GWP (gross world product): purchasing power equivalent - $25 trillion, per capita $4,600; real growth rate 1.3% (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): developed countries 5%; developing countries 50%, with wide variations (1991 est.) Unemployment rate: NA% Exports: $3.34 trillion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services partners: in value, about 75% of exports from developed countries Imports: $3.49 trillion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services partners: in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries External debt: $1.0 trillion for less developed countries (1991 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1990 est.) Electricity: 2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per capita (1990) Industries: industry worldwide is dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces, and the technological gap between the industrial nations and the less-developed countries continues to widen; the rapid development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating already grim environmental problems World Economy Agriculture: the production of major food crops has increased substantially in the last 20 years. The annual production of cereals, for instance, has risen by 50%, from about 1.2 billion metric tons to about 1.8 billion metric tons; production increases have resulted mainly from increased yields rather than increases in planted areas; while global production is sufficient for aggregate demand, about one-fifth of the world's population remains malnourished, primarily because local production cannot adequately provide for large and rapidly growing populations, which are too poor to pay for food imports; conditions are especially bad in Africa where drought in recent years has exacerbated the consequences of all other factors Economic aid: NA World Communications Railroads: 239,430 km of narrow gauge track; 710,754 km of standard gauge track; 251,153 km of broad gauge track; includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and only 4,160 km in North America; fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by France's SNCF TGV-Atlantique line Ports: Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama Merchant marine: 23,596 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 386,736,000 GRT/637,493,000 DWT; includes 348 passenger-cargo, 12,441 freighters, 5,446 bulk carriers, and 5,361 tankers (January 1991) Civil air: 14,500-16,000 major transport aircraft with gross take-off weight of 9,000 kg (20,000 lbs) or more (1992 est.) World Defense Forces Branches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,400,000,000; NA fit for military service Defense expenditures: $1.0 trillion, 4% of total world output; decline of 5-10% (1991 est.) entryText 0+$+sharedText false H+textHeightProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories +showNameProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories Show Text objectFromPoint( bshowtext() buttonUp buttonUp bshowtext Show Text Yemen marked false Yemen :PHYSSIZE Yemen showNameProp Yemen most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText sharedText false textHeightProp Yemen Geography Total area: 527,970 km2 Land area: 527,970 km2; includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen) Comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming Land boundaries: 1,746 km total; Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km Coastline: 1,906 km Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: North - 18 nm; South - 24 nm Continental shelf: North - 200 meters (depth); South - edge of continental margin or 200 nm Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with Oman; there is a proposed treaty with Oman (which has not yet been formerly accepted) to settle the Yemeni-Omani boundary Climate: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east Terrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula Natural resources: crude oil, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west Land use: arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and woodland 7%; other 57%; includes irrigated NEGL% Environment: subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification Note: controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes Yemen People Population: 10,394,749 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 118 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 49 years male, 52 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Yemeni(s); adjective - Yemeni Ethnic divisions: North - Arab 90%, Afro-Arab (mixed) 10%; South - almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis, and Europeans Religions: North - Muslim almost 100% (45% Sunni and 55% Zaydi Shi`a); NEGL Jewish; South - Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu Languages: Arabic Literacy: 38% (male 53%, female 26%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: North - NA number of workers with agriculture and herding 70%, and expatriate laborers 30% (est.); South - 477,000 with agriculture 45.2%, services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%, commerce and other 9.6% (1983) Organized labor: North - NA; South - 348,200 and the General Confederation of Workers of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen had 35,000 members Yemen Government Long-form name: Republic of Yemen Type: republic Capital: Sanaa Administrative divisions: 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, `Adan, Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa`dah, San`a', Shabwah, Ta`izz Independence: Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic {Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen} and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen {Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen}; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK); the union is to be solidified during a 30-month transition period, which coincides with the remainder of the five-year terms of both legislatures Constitution: 16 April 1991 Legal system: based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990) Executive branch: five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime minister Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives Judicial branch: North - State Security Court; South - Federal High Court Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President `Ali `Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990, and Secretary General of the Yemeni Socialist Party); Presidential Council Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED; Presidential Council Member Kadi Abdul-Karim al-ARASHI; Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz ABDUL-GHANI; Prime Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-`ATTAS (since 22 May 1990, former president of South Yemen) Political parties and leaders: General People's Congress, `Ali `Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party - a coalition of National Front, Ba`th, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH; Yemen Grouping for Reform or Islaah, Abdallah Husayn AHMAR Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: House of Representatives: last held NA (next to be held NA November 1992); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (301); number of seats by party NA; note - the 301 members of the new House of Representatives come from North Yemen's Consultative Assembly (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 members), and appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members) Communists: small number in North, greater but unknown number in South Yemen Government Other political or pressure groups: conservative tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, leftist factions - pro-Iraqi Ba`thists, Nasirists, National Democratic Front (NDF) Member of: ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI; Chancery at Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 965-4760 or 4761; there is a Yemeni Consulate General in Detroit and a Consulate in San Francisco US: Ambassador Arthur H. HUGHES; Embassy at Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa (mailing address is P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa, Republic of Yemen or Sanaa - Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6330); telephone [967] (2) 238-842 through 238-852; FAX [967] (2) 251-563 Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band Yemen Economy Overview: Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen, the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. South Yemen's willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in Soviet economic support. Overview: North: The low level of domestic industry and agriculture have made northern Yemen dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade deficits have been made up for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad and foreign aid. Once self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has become a major importer. Land once used for export crops - cotton, fruit, and vegetables - has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed by Yemenis which has no significant export market. Oil export revenues started flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million. South: This has been one of the poorest Arab countries, with a per capita GNP of about $500. A shortage of natural resources, a widely dispersed population, and an arid climate have made economic development difficult. The economy has grown at an average annual rate of only 2-3% since the mid-1970s. The economy had been organized along socialist lines, dominated by the public sector. Economic growth has been constrained by a lack of incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production decisions, investment allocation, and import choices. exchange rate conversion - $5.3 billion, per capita $545; real growth rate NA% (1990 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): North: 16.9% (1988) South: 0% (1989) Unemployment rate: North: 13% (1986) South: NA% Budget: North: revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $590 million (1988 est.) South: revenues and grants $435 million; expenditures $1.0 billion, including capital expenditure of $460 million (1988 est.) Exports: North: $606 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables partners: FRG 29%, US 26%, Netherlands 12% South: $113.8 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) commodities: cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish Yemen Economy partners: Japan, North Yemen, Italy Imports: North: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988) Imports: commodities: textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement partners: Saudi Arabia 12%, France 6%, US 5%, Australia 5% (1985) South: $553.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.) commodities: grain, consumer goods, crude oil, machinery, chemicals partners: USSR, UK, Ethiopia External debt: $5.75 billion (December 1989 est.) Industrial production: North: growth rate 2% in manufacturing (1988) South: growth rate NA% in manufacturing Electricity: 700,000 kW capacity; 1,200 million kWh produced, 120 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; fishing; small aluminum products factory; cement Agriculture: North: accounted for 26% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm products - grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain South: accounted for 17% of GNP and 45% of labor force; products - grain, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock; fish and honey major exports; most food imported Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.0 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billion Currency: North Yemeni riyal (plural - riyals); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; South Yemeni dinar (plural - dinars); 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils Exchange rates: North Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1 - 12,1000 (June 1992), 12.0000 (1991), 9.7600 (1990), 9.7600 (January 1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987); South Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1 - 0.3454 (fixed rate) Fiscal year: calendar year Yemen Communications Highways: 15,500 km; 4,000 km paved, 11,500 km natural surface (est.) Pipelines: crude oil 644 km, petroleum products 32 km Ports: Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Mocha, Nishtun, Ra's Kathib, Salif Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 petroleum tanker Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft Airports: 46 total, 40 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: since unification in 1990, efforts are being made to create a national domestic civil telecommunications network and to revitalize the infrastructure of a united Yemen; the network consists of microwave, cable and troposcatter; 65,000 telephones (est.); broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 10 TV; satellite earth stations - 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; microwave to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti Yemen Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,981,710; 1,127,391 fit for military service; 130,405 reach military age (14) annually Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.06 billion, 20% of GDP (1990) entryText ;sharedText false ;textHeightProp YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC - Passport and visa required. Visa valid 30 days from date of issuance for single entry, requires 1 application form and 2 photos. For tourist visa need proof of onward/return transportation and employment and $10 fee. Visitors visa requires letter of invitation and $20 fee. Business visa requires $20, company letter stating purpose of trip and approval by telex from Foreign Ministry in Yemen. Payment by money order only and include postage for return of passport by registered mail. Entry not granted to passports showing Israeli or South African visa. Yellow fever and cholera vaccinations and malaria suppressants recommended. Check information with Embassy of the Yemen Arab Republic, Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 (202/965-4760) or Yemen Mission to the U.N., 866 United Nations Plaza, Rm. 435, New York, N.Y. 10017 (212/355- 1730). YEMEN - WARNING June 2, 1992 Summary: The Department of State advises U.S. citizens to exercise caution while in Yemen and to avoid travel in remote areas of the country. Acts of political violence, including assassinations and attempted assassinations, have recently occurred and there have been attacks against Yemeni government and U.S. and other diplomatic missions in Yemen. These incidents underscore a potential for political instability and pose a possible danger to U.S. citizens. End Summary. The Department of State advises U.S. citizens to exercise caution when traveling in the Republic of Yemen. In particular, the Department advises U.S. citizens to avoid travel to remote areas of the country, including the northern border of Yemen, south and east from Najran, Saudi Arabia, which is not defined. In addition, local tribal disputes and disputes between tribal groups and the government have occasionally led to violent incidents. Also, inter-tribal disputes have sometimes led to the kidnapping of westerners. Armed hijackings of vehicles have occurred in many parts of the country, accompanied in some instances by violence. Over recent months anti-government elements have assassinated or attempted to assassinate Yemeni government officials and other prominent political figures. Similar incidents are likely to occur in the run-up to elections due no later than November 22, 1992. While not directed against foreigners, these disturbances and violent incidents present a potential danger to U.S. citizens in Yemen. Foreign embassies and Yemeni government buildings have been the target of bombs and rockets planted or fired by unknown individuals or groups. While no casualties have yet resulted from these incidents, they are indicative of the potential for political violence and civil instability in the country. Specific written permission from the Yemen General Tourism Corporation must be obtained for any travel outside the cities of Sanaa and Aden. Specific permission is also required for the use of video cameras. Photography of military installations, equipment, or troops is forbidden, and in the past has led to the arrest of U.S. citizens. It is advisable to make travel arrangements to Yemen through a travel agency as independent travel is difficult at present. Travelers may also wish to consult their physicians before departing for Yemen due to the altitude of Sanaa (7200 feet) and lack of adequate medical facilities. All U.S. citizens are urged to contact the Embassy upon arrival to discuss the security situation and to register with the consular section. The U.S. Embassy telephone number in Sanaa is Tel: 238-842 through 238-849. Office hours are from 8:00 am - 4:00 pm Saturday through Wednesday. A duty officer is available for emergencies 24 hours a day. No. 92-117 This replaces the previous advisory, dated March 29, 1991, to include information about a series of recent assassination attempts and the potential for other acts of violence as a prelude to national elections due no later than November 1992. Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories LshowNameProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories Show Text objectFromPoint( bshowtext() buttonUp buttonUp bshowtext Show Text Photos... 4s_bmpHandle startX countX wtime "down" showPhotos(i) buttonUp buttonUp showPhotos wtime countX startX s_bmpHandle Photos... Zaire marked false ZAIRE :PHYSSIZE Zaire showNameProp Zaire most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText sharedText false textHeightProp Zaire Geography Total area: 2,345,410 km2 Land area: 2,267,600 km2 Comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of US Land boundaries: 10,271 km total; Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km Coastline: 37 km Maritime claims: Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made) Climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October Terrain: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potential Land use: arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 78%; other 15%; includes irrigated NEGL% Environment: dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands; periodic droughts in south Note: straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean Zaire People Population: 39,084,400 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992) Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 6.1 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Zairian(s); adjective - Zairian Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population Religions: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10% Languages: French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba Literacy: 72% (male 84%, female 61%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: 15,000,000; agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12%; wage earners 13% (1981); population of working age 51% (1985) Organized labor: National Union of Zairian Workers (UNTZA) was the only officially recognized trade union until April 1990; other unions are now in process of seeking official recognition Zaire Government Long-form name: Republic of Zaire Type: republic with a strong presidential system Capital: Kinshasa Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu Independence: 30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo, then Congo/Leopoldville, then Congo/Kinshasa) Constitution: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended April 1990; new constitution to be promulgated in 1992 Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965) Executive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet) Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council (Conseil Legislatif) Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) Leaders: Chief of State: President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 November 1965) Head of Government: Prime Minister Jean NGUZ a Karl-i-Bond (since 26 November 1991) Political parties and leaders: sole legal party until January 1991 - Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), Joseph ILEO; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI), NGUZ a Karl-I-Bond; and Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (MNC-L) Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 Elections: President: last held 29 July 1984 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National Conference); results - President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition Legislative Council: last held 6 September 1987 (next to be scheduled by ongoing National Conference); results - MPR was the only party; seats - (210 total) MPR 210; note - MPR still holds majority of seats but some deputies have joined other parties Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, CIPEC, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation: Ambassador TATANENE Manata; Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691 Zaire Government US: Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa (mailing address is APO AE 09828); telephone [243] (12) 21532, 21628; FAX [243] (12) 21232; the US Consulate General in Lubumbashi was closed and evacuated in October 1991 because of the poor security situation Flag: light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia Zaire Economy Overview: In 1990, in spite of large mineral resources Zaire had a GDP per capita of only about $260, putting it among the desperately poor African nations. The country's chronic economic problems worsened in 1991, with copper and cobalt production down 20-30%, inflation near 8,000% in 1991 as compared with 100% in 1987-89, and IMF and most World Bank support suspended until the institution of agreed-on changes. Agriculture, a key sector of the economy, employs 75% of the population but generates under 25% of GDP. The main potential for economic development has been the extractive industries. Mining and mineral processing account for about one-third of GDP and three-quarters of total export earnings. Zaire is the world's largest producer of diamonds and cobalt. exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion, per capita $260; real growth rate -3% (1990 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8,000% (1991) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $685 million; expenditures $1.1 billion, does not include capital expenditures mostly financed by donors (1990) Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.) commodities: copper 37%, coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil partners: US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa Imports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.) commodities: consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels partners: South Africa, US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK External debt: $7.9 billion (December 1990 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -7.3%; accounts for almost 30% of GDP (1989) Electricity: 2,580,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 160 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds Agriculture: cash crops - coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops - cassava, bananas, root crops, corn Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 million Currency: zaire (singular and plural); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta Exchange rates: zaire (Z) per US$1 - 111,196 (March 1992), 15,587 (1991), 719 (1990), 381 (1989), 187 (1988), 112 (1987) Zaire Economy Fiscal year: calendar year Zaire Communications Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of civil strife Highways: 146,500 km total; 2,800 km paved, 46,200 km gravel and improved earth; 97,500 unimproved earth Inland waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes Pipelines: petroleum products 390 km Ports: Matadi, Boma, Banana Merchant marine: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,921 GRT/30,332 DWT; includes 1 passenger cargo, 1 cargo Civil air: 45 major transport aircraft Airports: 284 total, 239 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 73 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and microwave service; broadcast stations - 10 AM, 4 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic Zaire Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, Civil Guard, Special Presidential Division Manpower availability: males 15-49, 8,521,292; 4,333,492 fit for military service Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988) entryText t0h0sharedText false 0textHeightProp ZAIRE Passport and visa required. Visa must be obtained before arrival. Transit visa for stay up to 8 days, single-entry $8; double- entry $16. Tourist visa, valid 1 month $20; 2 months $40 and 3 months $50, requires 3 photos, 3 applications, yellow fever immunization and onward/return ticket. Business visa valid 6 months, $60, need company letter accepting financial responsibility for traveler. No personal checks, send money order and enclose SASE for return of passport by mail. Apply Embassy of the Republic of Zaire, 1800 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/234-7690/1) or Permanent Mission to the U.N., 747 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017 (212/754-1966). ZAIRE - WARNING June 16, 1992 The Department of State emphatically recommends that travel to Zaire be deferred until further notice, and that U.S. citizens who were evacuated or otherwise left Zaire last year not return. The economy's continuing deterioration has led to an increase in violent street crime, especially in Kinshasa. Several expatriates have been assaulted by armed robbers in the last several weeks; one died of gunshot wounds. While vehicle theft is particularly prevalent, burglaries and other crimes are also a risk. Renewed civil unrest could occur without warning. Americans who choose to travel or reside in Zaire in spite of this warning should stay in close contact with the American Embassy in Kinshasa to ensure that their whereabouts are known. The Consular Section of the U.S. Embassy is located at Avenue D'Isiro, Mobil Building, telephone 21532, extension 2376. All U.S. citizens should be aware that the U.S. Embassy is operating with a severely reduced staff, and that dependents are prohibited from residing at post. All American staff and their dependents were evacuated from the Consulate General in Lubumbashi last year. Lubumbashi continues to operate with only a caretaker local staff. No. 92-128 This replaces the previous travel advisory dated March 6, 1992, to delete the reference to evacuation and the advice for Americans in Zaire to depart. Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories 9showNameProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories Show Text objectFromPoint( bshowtext() buttonUp buttonUp bshowtext Show Text Photos... 4s_bmpHandle startX countX wtime "down" showPhotos(i) buttonUp buttonUp showPhotos wtime countX startX s_bmpHandle Photos... n2l2l24 Zambia marked false ZAMBIA :PHYSSIZE Zambia showNameProp Zambia most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText sharedText false textHeightProp Zambia Geography Total area: 752,610 km2 Land area: 740,720 km2 Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas Land boundaries: 5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km Coastline: none - landlocked Maritime claims: none - landlocked Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potential Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 47%; forest and woodland 27%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% Environment: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification Note: landlocked Zambia People Population: 8,745,284 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992) Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: -2 migrants/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 77 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 55 years male, 59 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 6.9 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Zambian(s); adjective - Zambian Ethnic divisions: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% Religions: Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24-49%, remainder indigenous beliefs 1% Languages: English (official); about 70 indigenous languages Literacy: 73% (male 81%, female 65%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: 2,455,000; agriculture 85%; mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%; transport and services 9% Organized labor: about 238,000 wage earners are unionized Zambia Government Long-form name: Republic of Zambia Type: multiparty system; on 17 December 1990, President Kenneth KAUNDA signed into law the constitutional amendment that officially reintroduced the multiparty system in Zambia ending 17 years of one-party rule Capital: Lusaka Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia) Constitution: NA August 1991 Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964) Executive branch: president, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991) Political parties and leaders: Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; United National Independence Party (UNIP), none; elections pending Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: President: last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - Frederick CHILUBA 84%, Kenneth KAUNDA 16% National Assembly: last held 31 October 1991 (next to be held mid-1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total) MMD 125, UNIP 25 Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717 through 9721 US: Ambassador Gordon L. STREEB; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka); telephone [2601] 228-595, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603; FAX [2601] 251-578 Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag Zambia Economy Overview: The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop in copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1991 real GDP fell by 2%. An annual population growth of more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 50% over the past decade. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in recent years. exchange rate conversion - $4.7 billion, per capita $600; real growth rate -2% (1991) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 100% (1991) Unemployment rate: NA% Budget: revenues $665 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991) commodities: copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco partners: EC, Japan, South Africa, US, India Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991) commodities: machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures partners: EC, Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, US External debt: $8 billion (December 1991) Industrial production: growth rate -2% (1991); accounts for 50% of GDP Electricity: 2,775,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: copper mining and processing, transport, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer Agriculture: accounts for 17% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops - corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggs Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $4.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 million Currency: Zambian kwacha (plural - kwacha); 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 128.2051 (March 1992), 61.7284 (1991), 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987) Fiscal year: calendar year Zambia Communications Railroads: 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika Pipelines: crude oil 1,724 km Ports: Mpulungu (lake port) Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft Airports: 117 total, 104 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity microwave connects most larger towns and cities; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 5 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT Zambia Defense Forces Branches: Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,818,545; 953,718 fit for military service Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP entryText %sharedText false %textHeightProp ZAMBIA - Passport and visa required. Obtain visa in advance. Visa valid up to 6 months, requires $15 fee (cash only), 2 application forms and 2 photos. Yellow fever and cholera immunizations recommended. Allow 3 weeks for processing. Apply Embassy of the Republic of Zambia, 2419 Mass. Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 (202/265-9717-21). ZAMBIA - CAUTION February 13, 1992 The Department of State advises U.S. citizens to exercise caution and prudence while traveling in Zambia. Zambian authorities are slow to inform embassies and to allow consular access when foreign nationals are detained. U.S. citizens should use extreme caution when traveling off major roads outside of tourist areas. Restricted military zones are often unmarked and security authorities sometimes harass tourists taking pictures. Although Zambia has recently dropped most restrictions against photography, some security authorities still harass tourists taking photographs of facilities they consider military and military-related, including bridges, airports, and government buildings. Although Zambia's state of emergency was recently lifted, some roadblocks still exist and security forces continue to search vehicles. Due to uncertain security conditions, visitors should exercise extreme caution when traveling in eastern Zambia on the Great East Road along the Mozambique border and in the west near the Angolan border. However, tourist destinations, including national parks located in eastern Zambia, are considered safe; thousands of game viewers visit them annually without incident. U.S. citizens should exercise special caution along the Zambia-Zaire frontier because of police and military actions aimed at curbing smuggling. Crime is high in Zambia and travelers should take basic precautions. In Lusaka, U.S. citizens should be especially vigilant on Cairo Road and in other commercial areas, where muggings and petty theft are commonplace. Moreover, visitors should avoid travel on major city streets and main highways at night. U.S. citizens should also avoid travel at night outside of major cities because of the absence of security features and roadside services. Except for airlines, public transport is generally unreliable and unsafe. U.S. citizens should contact the American Embassy upon arrival in Zambia for current information and to register their presence. The Embassy is located at the corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues in Lusaka, tel.: 228-595. No. 92-022 This replaces the previous travel advisory dated March 12, 1991, to provide current information on problems associated with the photography of military and government buildings. Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories F1showNameProp Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories Show Text objectFromPoint( bshowtext() buttonUp buttonUp bshowtext Show Text Zimbabwe ;2<*= marked false ZIMBABWE :PHYSSIZE Zimbabwe showNameProp Zimbabwe most recent objectFromPoint( dobackup() buttonUp buttonUp dobackup Go Back escape to begin objectFromPoint( buttonUp buttonUp Go to Main countryText sharedText false textHeightProp Zimbabwe Geography Total area: 390,580 km2 Land area: 386,670 km2 Comparative area: slightly larger than Montana Land boundaries: 3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km Coastline: none - landlocked Maritime claims: none - landlocked Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and woodland 62%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% Environment: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution Note: landlocked Zimbabwe People Population: 11,033,376 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) Birth rate: 40 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: -3 migrants/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 64 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 5.4 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Zimbabwean(s); adjective - Zimbabwean Ethnic divisions: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%); white 1%, mixed and Asian 1% Religions: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, a few Muslim Languages: English (official); Shona, Sindebele Literacy: 67% (male 74%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: 3,100,000; agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, construction 10% (1987) Organized labor: 17% of wage and salary earners have union membership Zimbabwe Government Long-form name: Republic of Zimbabwe Type: parliamentary democracy Capital: Harare Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia) Constitution: 21 December 1979 Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980) Executive branch: executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament Judicial branch: Supreme Court Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990) Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE; Democratic Party (DP), Emmanuel MAGOCHE Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: Executive President: last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Robert MUGABE 78.3%, Edgar TEKERE 21.7% Parliament: last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (150 total, 120 elected) ZANU-PF 117, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1 Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation: Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 332-7100 US: Ambassador Edward Gibson LANPHER; Embassy at 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare); telephone [263] (4) 794-521 Zimbabwe Government Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle Zimbabwe Economy Overview: Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, one that on average has matched the 3% annual increase in population. Helped by an IMF/World Bank structural adjustment program, output rose 3.5% in 1991. A drought beginning toward the end of 1991 suggests rough going for 1992. exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, per capita $660; real growth rate 3.5% (1991 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1991 est.) Unemployment rate: at least 30% (1991 est.) Budget: revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $330 million (FY91) Exports: $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.) commodities: agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5% partners: Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 15%), Africa 20% (South Africa 10%, other 10%), US 5% Imports: $1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, chemicals 16%, fuels 15% partners: EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4% External debt: $2.96 billion (December 1989 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1991 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP Electricity: 3,650,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 700 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops - corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 million Currency: Zimbabwean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents Zimbabwe Economy Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 4.3066 (March 1992), 3.4282 (1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987) Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June Zimbabwe Communications Railroads: 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified Highways: 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication Pipelines: petroleum products 8 km Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft Airports: 491 total, 401 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of microwave links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station Zimbabwe Defense Forces Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe National Police (including Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police), People's Militia Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,355,965; 1,456,829 fit for military service Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $412.4 million, about 6% of GDP (FY91 est.) entryText D*8*sharedText false \*textHeightProp ZIMBABWE - Passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient funds required. Visa not required. Visitors must declare currency upon arrival. For regulations check with Embassy of Zimbabwe, 1608 New Hampshire Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 (202/332-7100). ZIMBABWE - CAUTION April 17, 1992 Summary: The Department of State advises U.S. citizens visiting Zimbabwe to exercise caution when traveling near Zimbabwe's border with Mozambique. Use of public transportation is not recommended. Zimbabwe enforces stringent regulations regarding photography, onward tickets, and currency possession. Visitors should be aware that a severe drought has affected the availability of basic foodstuffs in most urban centers. End Summary. The Department of State advises U.S. citizens to exercise caution along Zimbabwe's eastern border with Mozambique. This region has been subject to incursions by armed bands from Mozambique, although no incursions have been reported since 1990. The main tourist areas from Inyanga to Vumba have not been affected, but tourists should consult local authorities before traveling beyond these main tourist areas or taking off-road excursions anywhere near the eastern border. The Gonarezhou National Park in southeast Zimbabwe remains closed to all visitors due to these security problems. Travelers should expect to encounter police and military roadblocks in some regions of the country. Muggings, purse snatchings, and break-ins continue to be a problem in Harare and Bulawayo. Visitors should be particularly careful in downtown Harare, and should avoid shops and supermarkets where groups of people are awaiting the delivery of basic foodstuffs. Be aware that Zimbabwean authorities are extremely sensitive about photographing certain locations and buildings, particularly government offices, military installations, official residences, and embassies. Visitors are strongly advised to ask police permission before taking pictures. Avoid using the local public transportation system. There have been several fatal bus accidents resulting from overloading of buses, inadequate maintenance, unskilled drivers, and occasional cases of drivers operating buses while intoxicated. Be aware that there have been several incidents in which there were long delays before authorities notified the U.S. Embassy of the arrest or detention of Americans. U.S. officials have protested strongly, and while there has been some improvement, there are still no guarantees that Americans detained for any reason by Zimbabwean police will have early access to U.S. consular officials. The current southern African drought has seriously affected the availability of some basic foodstuffs for the general population. Although there has not yet been any reported shortage of food at hotels or other tourist destinations, there have been disturbances in parts of Zimbabwe at shops that have run out of staples such as corn meal, cooking oil, butter and sugar. Electric power outages are expected from the drought. Although no visa is required to enter Zimbabwe, immigration authorities require the following: (A) a firm itinerary, (B) sufficient funds to support the visit, and (C) a return ticket to the United States. Onward tickets to non-U.S. destinations will often not suffice, and if these requirements are not met, immigration authorities can order departure by the next available flight. Currency transactions are strictly regulated. Tourists must declare to Zimbabwe customs all currency and travelers checks with which they enter the country. Failure to declare can mean confiscation and a fine. U.S. citizens traveling to Zimbabwe are encouraged to contact the U.S. Embassy upon arrival to register their presence and to obtain an update on local conditions. The Embassy is located at 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue in Harare. The Telephone is 794-521. In emergency situations, an Embassy duty officer can be contacted through the Marine Security Guard on duty in the Chancery. No. 92-084 This replaces the previous travel advisory dated November 25, 1991, to advise of drought-related problems and to reinstate the reference to the closure of Gonarezhou National Park. Entry Rqments /Travel Advisories